载气与玻璃微球间热传递系数的影响因素

为实现干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺中载气与微球间传热过程的有效控制,建立了载气与微球之间综合热传递系数的计算模型,研究了载气环境参数(组分、温度和压力)和微球几何参数(直径和壁厚)对热传递系数的影响。结果表明:在常用的工艺参数范围内,热传递系数对载气温度、压力以及微球壁厚的变化不敏感,但热传递系数随微球直径的增大显著降低、随载气中氦气含量的提高而显著增加,且这种递减趋势随载气中氦气含量的增加而趋于显著。     

干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球的炉内成球过程分析

基于干凝胶粒子炉内成球过程的分解实验结果及各阶段中间产物的分析测试结果,通过对干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺的传热、传质和运动的过程分析,将干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球炉内成球过程合理简化为吸热、封装、气泡形成及聚并、精炼、冷却5个阶段。吸热阶段的升温速率以及发泡剂的分解温度和发泡效率、精炼阶段的精炼时间和温度、冷却阶段的冷却速率是影响干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺和空心玻璃微球最终质量的关键因素。     

同位素稀释质谱法测定空心玻璃微球内氘气总量

作为惯性约束核聚变(ICF)第一代靶丸,空心玻璃微球(HGM)内充燃料气体的组分、比例和密度均有严格要求,气体总量的测定至关重要。介绍了同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS)测定空心玻璃微球内氘气气体总量的分析方法。该方法采用氢气为稀释剂,活性炭作为吸附剂制备氘气和氢气的混合气体,用质谱计测定样品中氢同位素丰度。通过热力学公式推导、计算,求得HGM内氘气摩尔数。实验结果表明:用IDMS法测量HGM内痕量氘气总量切实可行,其测量下限为10-8 mol,测量结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=4或3,按照极差法计算),符合测量要求。     

液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的过程分析

将液滴法制备空心玻璃微球（HGM）的过程划分为液滴的形成、凝胶球壳的形成与干燥、干凝胶球壳的熔炼等阶段,分析了各阶段的物理过程,提出了控制液滴大小、初始速度和液滴中玻璃形成物含量的定量方法,阐述了炉体轴向温度分布、抽气速率和吹扫气体组成对形成HGM的影响。     

由玻璃组成计算空心玻璃微球的耐压强度

根据玻璃性质的加和性原则,分别由玻璃组成计算了空心玻璃微球（HGM）的弹性模量、拉伸强度和抗压强度,并利用经验公式计算了6种配方HGM在不同形状因子下的耐内压强度和耐外压强度。初步实验验证表明：HGM的耐压强度的计算结果与测量值基本吻合。     

炉内成球法制备SiC空心陶瓷微球

采用干凝胶法,以聚碳硅烷（PCS）为原料,通过炉内成球技术制备了SiC空心陶瓷微球。并利用TG、IR、SEM、XRD等方法对陶瓷微球进行了成键结构、表面形貌等分析,讨论了有机聚合物的陶瓷化过程机理。结果表明,干凝胶成球技术能利用经纯化处理的聚碳硅烷在500~600 ℃下得到SiC空心陶瓷微球,采用乙醇作为发泡剂可使PCS凝胶粒子得到良好发泡效果,提高载气中氦气含量至50%~80%可提高干凝胶粒子在吸热阶段的升温速率,微球经辐照后在850 ℃下碳化生成以β-SiC为主要相结构的球壳,球壳具有较好的表面平整度。     

快点火用氘代聚合物空心微球研究进展

氘代聚合物空心微球是惯性约束聚变快点火物理研究中亟需的一类靶丸。本文总结近年来国内外快点火物理实验中使用的氘代聚合物空心微球种类,介绍快点火物理实验对氘代聚合物空心微球质量的严苛要求和各类氘代聚合物空心微球的制备方法,重点阐述氘代聚合物空心微球质量的影响因素和研制进展,并指出氘代聚合物空心微球研制的发展方向。     

薄壁玻璃微球制备工艺

叙述了玻璃溶液浓度,发泡剂加入量,液滴炉各温区温度和抽气速度等因素对制备空心玻璃微球壁厚的影响,确定了制备１μｍ以下超薄壁空心玻璃微球的工艺条件。     

浮液法制备惯性约束聚变靶用聚苯乙烯空心微球

介绍了惯性约束聚变靶用聚合物微球制备方法及常用聚合材料的特性。以聚苯乙烯为成球物质了乳液法制备ＰＳ空心微球的制备民溶液配方，并对影响产品微球产率及质量等的主要因素进行了初步探讨。该法制得的空心塑料微球样品的主要技术指标均已达到ＩＣＦ制靶要求。     

乳液法制备惯性约束聚变靶用聚苯乙烯空心微球

介绍了惯性约束聚变（ＩＣＦ）靶用聚合物微球制备方法及常用聚合材料的特性。以聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）为成球物质，详述了乳液法制备ＰＳ空心微球的制备工艺和溶液配方，并对影响产品微球产率及质量等的主要因素进行了初步探讨。该法制得的空心塑料微球样品的主要技术指标均已达到ＩＣＦ制靶要求。     

UO2核芯还原炉设计模拟研究

以N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型为基础,针对UO₂核芯颗粒制备过程中的焙烧还原炉设备,采用计算流体力学方法模拟考察了南非和国内正在使用的两种还原炉体设计及入流速度对内部流场的影响。从模拟结果中可发现,两种炉体设计均无法实现气流在轴向上的均匀分布,而是呈现出炉体顶部气量大、底部气量小的分布状态,这是导致颗粒还原不均匀的原因之一,且这种不均匀性随气速增加变化不大。在分析轴向压力变化影响径向气流分布的基础上对还原炉体进行了改进,提出了一种新型设计,模拟结果证实改进后的炉体设计能够实现径向气流在轴向上更为均匀的分布,因而可推定该新型炉体设计可使炉内不同轴向高度处的颗粒还原更加均匀。     

基于单一气源的PECVD方法制备SiC薄膜及其微观结构研究

为制备出满足惯性约束聚变（ICF）实验要求的SiC薄膜,本文采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积（PECVD）法,以四甲基硅（TMS）作为唯一反应气源,在不同工作压强下制备SiC薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜、表面轮廓仪、原子力显微镜、精密电子天平、X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱对薄膜进行表征与分析。结果表明：SiC薄膜的成分与工作压强密切相关,随着工作压强的增加,薄膜中Si含量整体呈下降趋势;随着工作压强的增加,薄膜沉积速率先增大后减少,密度先减小后增大;与其他制备工艺相比,采用单一气源制备SiC薄膜,其表面粗糙度极低（1.25～1.85 nm）,薄膜粗糙度随工作压强的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

Preparation of ultrafine tungsten wire via electrochemical method in an ionic liquid

Ultrafine tungsten wire less than 10 μm in diameter is often used as wire array load applied in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) physical experiments. In order to obtain a higher yield of X-ray, both initial radius and line quality of metal wire were required to be of high quality simultaneously. This paper has studied the electrochemical method to corrode tungsten wires uniformly in an ionic liquid electrolyte containing 1 wt% sodium hydroxide. A three electrode system composed of a tungsten anode electrode, a stainless steel cathode and a saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, was used in the electrochemical experiments. Liner sweep voltammetry (LSV) and Tafel experiments were used to investigate the electrochemical behaviors of tungsten wires in ionic liquid and aqueous solution. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, the morphologies of tungsten wire surface with uniform corrosion under different applied voltages have been demonstrated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were employed to track the evolution of the crystal structure before and after corrosions, and there is an obvious difference in peak intensities. The ultrafine tungsten wire with a uniform diameter of 8.5 μm was obtained under the optimized electric potential (2.5 V) applied for decreasing diameter at 30 °C.     

基于高斯克里金代理模型对模拟高放废液煅烧产物性能影响因素的研究北大核心CSCD

高放废液煅烧产物是两步法冷坩埚玻璃固化工艺中间过程产物,其性能(如:煅烧产物含水率和堆积密度、脱硝率等)对于整体系统工艺控制和玻璃产品质量有较为重要的影响。通常影响煅烧产物性能的因素包括:回转煅烧炉加热温度、炉体倾角(倾角)、炉体转速(转速)、模拟废液组分等。为了获得不同煅烧产物影响因素对其性能影响程度,采用高斯克里金代理模型对燃耗33 GW·d/t(以U计,下同)和45 GW·d/t乏燃料模拟高放废液在台架开展的转形工艺试验数据进行影响因素计算和分析,结果显示:该试验条件下,煅烧产物堆积密度的影响因素排序是模拟废液组分>倾角>转速;含水率主要影响因素排序是倾角>模拟废液组分>转速等。同时,采用建立的代理模型对高放废液转形试验四种加热温度、五种倾角和两种模拟废液组分产生的煅烧产物含水率和堆积密度进行预测,显示前两区加热温度在540~680℃、炉体倾角为3%作为试验参数对于煅烧产物性能较为合适。由此,通过代理模型方法用于辨识煅烧产物性能影响因素的研究分析方法可为工艺优化过程提供基础数据和技术支撑。     

Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Infrared Radiation on Cryogenic Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets

The present work applies the finite element method to calculate the maximum allowable time that cryogenic inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets can be exposed to infrared radiation (IR). Hence, a 3-D numerical model integrated with discrete coordinate radiation model was developed to investigate the influence of transmittance of the laser entrance holes (LEHs) and boundary conditions on the temperature field distribution and the maximum DT layer deterioration time for CH, Be, and diamond capsules. Our study shows that introducing such a radiation model can accurately obtain more detailed spatial and temporal distribution information in the ICF targets. The simulation results demonstrate that the Be and diamond capsules provided much better temperature field homogenization than the CH capsule under equivalent boundary conditions, but the CH capsule was heated more by IR radiation than the Be and diamond. In addition, the maximum DT layer deterioration time was significantly increased to 3 s when decreasing the transmittance of the LEH from 0.2 to 0.01. However, either reducing the capsule IR absorption or increasing the inner hohlraum IR absorption demonstrated no conclusive increase in the maximum DT layer deterioration time. These results are expected to provide useful parameters in the design of cryogenic targets and shroud systems.     

Preliminary Idea of Target Fabrication and Numerical Simulation on EOS Measurement of Liquid Deuterium

Study of the EOS of liquid deuterium is crucial for ICF research. Here a preliminary idea of target fabrication and numerical simulation on EOS measurement of liquid deuterium is presented.     

Scanning transmission ion microscopy computed tomography (STIM-CT) for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets

ICF target quality control in the laser fusion program is vital to ensure that the energy deposition from the lasers results in uniform compression and minimization of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities, which requires surface finishes on the order of submicron-scale. During target fabrication process the surface finish and the dimensions of the hohlraum need be well controlled. Density variations and nonspherical or nonconcentric shells might be produced. Scanning transmission ion microscopy computed tomography (STIM-CT) is able to reconstruct the three-dimensional quantitative structure of ICF targets a few tens of micrometers in size. Compared to other types of probe techniques, the main advantage of STIM-CT is that quantitative information about mass density and sphericity can be obtained directly and non-destructively, utilizing specific reconstruction codes. We present a case of ICF target (composed of polyvinyl alcohol) characterization by STIM-CT in order to demonstrate the STIM-CT potential impact in assessing target fabrication processes.