页岩油预处理制取加氢原料的研究

以黑龙江达连河油页岩热解的页岩油为原料,采取"破乳-萃取-蒸馏"方法对页岩油原料进行预处理,脱除原料中的水分和杂质等非理想组分,使页岩油的含水量降至0.17%,固体含量降至0.01%,明显改善页岩油的质量,经预处理后的页岩油可作为催化加氢的原料。     

木焦油环氧树脂固化剂的制备与性能研究

通过质谱分析法,对减压蒸馏处理后的精木焦油进行了成分分析。分析结果表明:总的酚类物质在处理后木焦油中的质量分数为39.6%,占处理前木焦油质量的34%以上。通过曼尼希反应,以木焦油为原料制备了酚醛胺类木焦油环氧树脂固化剂,并考察了木焦油的用量、甲醛与三乙烯四胺质量比、反应温度对涂膜性能的影响。采用正交试验优化了固化剂的合成工艺。试验结果表明:木焦油占原料质量的44.4%,n(甲醛)∶n(三乙烯四胺)=1∶1.2,反应温度为80℃为最佳合成工艺条件。     

基于木焦油制备功能制剂的研究进展

首先对木焦油进行概述,详细介绍了木焦油的特性、理化性质及相关实际应用,其次阐述了木焦油制备功能制剂的作用机制。国内外研究主要集中在以木焦油为原料制备胶黏剂、阻聚剂、固化剂以及鞣剂这4类功能制剂上,文章详细介绍了这4种功能制剂的制备、性能分析及研究现状,分析了基于木焦油为原料制备功能制剂具有的优势及不足,并指出了木焦油型功能制剂的前景和发展方向。通过对木焦油及木焦油型功能制剂的全面分析,认为对木焦油中各化学成分进行深度利用是木焦油资源化发展的方向之一,并且在化工改性领域具有极大的市场潜力,既能实现开发木焦油利用新途径,又为制备功能制剂提供丰富的原料来源。     

木焦油树脂胶粘剂的固化性能研究

采用木焦油和甲醛以不同比例制备了热固性焦油树脂和热塑性焦油树脂,并与苯酚、固化剂等制备了固砂剂。分别考察了木焦油的成分、热稳定性,筛选出了合适的溶剂,并探究了原料比例、不同催化剂、偶联剂添加量、固化条件对固砂强度的影响。研究结果表明:木焦油能够耐受400℃以下的高温,胶粘剂中加入木焦油有利于提高酚醛树脂的耐热性能,丙酮为木焦油较佳的溶剂;以草酸作催化剂,m(木焦油):m(甲醛)=11∶1合成木焦油树脂,再加入w(KH-550)=1%,对树脂改性,制备的固结砂棒在300℃高温蒸汽下恒温12 h后,抗压强度可达到3.35 MPa,满足稠油蒸汽吞吐井防砂要求。     

硫酸法烷基化原料的预处理工艺

对用碳四做原料生产烷基化汽油的杂质影响和处理工艺路线选择进行探讨,所选预处理工艺技术在国内某600kt/a异辛烷装置得到工业应用,处理后的烷基化原料中丁二烯、二甲醚、甲醇含量均降至50ppm以下,完全满足进料要求。同时,其1-丁烯异构化为2-丁烯的异构化率大于70%,丁烯收率大于98%。     

木焦油酚醛树脂复合固砂剂的研究

以木焦油和甲醛为原料、对甲苯磺酸为催化剂制备了木焦油树脂,然后与酚醛树脂复配,并加入硅烷偶联剂配制成复合固砂剂。通过FTIR和热重分析对木焦油树脂结构进行了表征,并对复合固砂剂的固砂性能进行了考察。结果表明,优化复合固砂剂配方为:木焦油树脂与酚醛树脂质量比4∶1、10%固化剂、1%偶联剂ND-42,制得的固结岩心在300℃水蒸气下恒温12 h后的抗压强度达到3.85 MPa,渗透率为1.22μm~2,且具有较强的抗酸、抗盐及耐高温性能,能满足高温出砂井的防砂要求。     

影响木焦油抗聚剂生产的几个主要因素

木焦油是合成橡胶工业重要原料之一,它在合成橡胶生产过程中起抗聚合作用,可以防止管道堵塞,保证生产过程中的安全,以及提高橡胶产品的产量和质量。木焦油抗聚剂是我厂木材热解的主要产品,现就影响木焦油抗聚剂生产的几个主要因素进行商榷。     

木焦油改性生物油-酚醛树脂胶粘剂的工艺条件研究

以木焦油作为BOPF(生物油-酚醛树脂)的改性剂,制备BTPF(木焦油改性生物油-酚醛树脂)胶粘剂,并用于胶合板的制备。以木焦油加入量、催化剂(NaOH)含量和反应时间作为试验因素,以胶接强度、黏度和凝胶时间作为评价指标,采用正交试验法优选出制备BTPF胶粘剂的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:当w(木焦油)=15%、w(NaOH)=4%和反应时间为40 min时,BTPF胶粘剂的综合性能相对最好,并且完全满足GB/T 14732-2006标准中的指标要求,相应胶合板的胶接强度(1.54 MPa)和甲醛释放量(0.25 mg/L)达到了GB/T 18580—2001标准中的Eo级指标要求。     

木焦油基活性碳的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

木焦油是木质生物质材料的高温裂解产物。以木焦油为碳源,以甲醛化处理后的木焦油为前体,通过碳化-活化制备木焦油基活性碳材料。并以制备的木焦油基活性碳为吸附剂,研究了其对模拟水体中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。结果表明,以木焦油为前驱体经高温碳化活化制备的多孔活性碳,比表面积可达1373Sm_²?g_^-1,表面含有丰富的含氧官能团。木焦油基活性碳对亚甲基蓝具有良好的吸附性能,准二级动力学模型能更准确的描述木焦油基活性碳吸附亚甲基蓝的动力学过程。吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,木焦油基活性碳对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附容量可达559 mg?g_^-1。热力学分析表明亚甲基蓝在木焦油基活性碳上的吸附是放热和自发的。利用木焦油制备的活性碳材料对亚甲基蓝具有较高的吸附容量,是一种具有潜在应用前景的吸附材料。     

煤系针状焦原料预处理技术进展

针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极的新型材料。据针状焦成焦机理,煤焦油和煤焦油沥青作为针状焦生产原料时必须进行预处理将其中的喹啉不溶物等杂质除去。煤系针状焦原料的预处理方法主要包括溶剂法、过滤法、离心分离法、加氢法、改质法及溶剂-加氢法。上述方法均可将煤焦油和煤焦油沥青中的喹啉不溶物降至满足针状焦生产的要求,其中溶剂法中的溶剂-沉降法现已得到工业化应用。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。