The effect of geomagnetically induced currents on the thermal conditions of power transformers

Methods to calculate the thermal processes and temperature of the most heated points of the tank and windings of a power transformer in conditions of flow of geomagnetically induced currents in grounded windings are developed. Dependences of additional loss in the tank and windings are obtained for a TRDN-63000/115/6.3/6.3 power transformer. It is shown that additional losses in power transformer windings are caused by the geomagnetically induced currents and depend on the first and nth harmonic components of magnetizing current, as well as on the load factor of a power transformer. The dependences of excess temperature of the most heated points of windings over ambient temperature on the geomagnetically induced current and load factor are determined. It is found that the excess temperature of the most heated point of winding over ambient temperature is also affected by the total additional loss of active power in the tank caused by the eddy currents at a geomagnetic storm. The acceptable load capacity of power transformers in geomagnetic storms with different intensities is determined in dependence on the ambient temperature. An increase in the load capacity of power transformers above set values in geomagnetic storms can lead to overheating of transformer windings and triggering of transformer gas protection, which will cause an electric power system to malfunction.     

地磁感应电流对变压器振动、噪声的影响

为研究太阳活动引起的地磁暴在电网中产生地磁感应电流对电网运行的不利影响,通过对岭澳核电站和上河变电站主变压器中性点电流实测数据与相关地磁台磁暴数据相关性的比较分析,说明了我国电网已经受到地磁暴的侵袭;通过分析比较正常运行变压器的振动噪声特性和地磁感应电流作用下变压器的振动噪声特性,认为地磁暴会引起变压器振动噪声的增大,江苏、浙江、广东等电网发现了大量变压器振动噪声异常的事件为地磁暴在输电线路中产生的地磁感应电流所致。目前,1000kV特高压工程已开工建设,与500kV电网相比,特高压线路的单位电阻更小,并且线路更长、建设规模更大,更易受到地磁暴的影响,因此磁暴影响问题迫切需要研究。     

A method for the indication of power transformer saturation

DC currents flowing from the earth cause many Hydro-Québec transformers to saturate due to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) or monopolar operation of HVDC systems with ground return. The resulting voltage distortion may affect the operation of control systems. This paper offers an explanation of the internal behavior of currents generated in the presence of DC currents. It also contains a harmonic analysis of these currents together with a detailed study of the magnetizing current. In saturation, a transformer core acts as a source of current generating harmonics, some of which will flow directly toward the primary and secondary windings. On the basis of these observations, the paper proposes a measurement method for obtaining the parameters needed to calculate a reliable indicator of the state of saturation of transformers. The method is based on the difference between the primary and secondary currents and on amplitude readings of the second and fourth harmonics.     

220kV变电站主变110kV侧接地方式分析

220 kV变电站主变中性点接地方式直接影响到主变的安全稳定运行,当220 kV变电站的110 kV侧发生单相接地故障时,有可能造成主变遭受冲击而损坏。因此列举出了220 kV变电站中可能出现的主变中性点接地方式,分析了110 kV侧发生单相接地故障时,主变中性点接地方式对流入主变短路电流的影响,并计算了相应的短路电流,提出单相接地故障对主变的冲击最严重。可以通过改变主变中性点的接地方式来保护主变,最后提出了具体的保护措施,并给出唐山供电公司的一个应用实例。     

直流输电地中电流对电网设备影响的分析与处理

自2002年12月500 kV 直流输电开始单极对地的调试和运行以来，附近的500kV 交流变电所主变压器出现噪声大幅度上升(上升21dB )等问题。研究分析了直流输电的地中直流电流对交流电网设备影响，包括直流偏磁对变压器和电流互感器、电网谐波对继电保护装置及地中直流对变电所接地网腐蚀的影响，提出了变压器中性点注入反向直流电流限制变压器直流偏磁的措施。     

Fluxes of electromagnetic field energy in HTSC transformers

The transfer of electric power in an HTSC electromagnetic system is considered using the Poynting vector. An analysis of the process of transfer of electromagnetic field energy in HTSC transformers with and without an iron core is given. It is shown that the power of an HTSC transformer increases when its magnetic core is made from amorphous electrical steel. Schemes of HTSC transformers with a localized magnetic field are given with cylindrical and disk symmetrical interleaved windings providing the cost-saving process of transfer of large electromagnetic energy at a high degree of its uniformity and improve the factor of nonuniformity of electromagnetic flux density.     

磁暴对我国特高压电网的影响研究

随着我国长距离输电的发展,江苏、广东等地曾多次发现磁暴在电网中产生了较大幅度的地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC),有可能对电网造成危害。文章通过对电网GIC监测数据和地磁数据进行分析,指出除磁暴强度外,大地电性结构、电网结构与参数也是影响GIC水平的重要因素;借助磁暴产生GIC的物理模型并根据特高压电网线路电阻小、输电距离长、采用单相变压器等特点预测未来特高压系统中的GIC干扰问题将更加严重;根据2010年我国特高压规划建立了电网的等效模型,利用典型磁暴感应出地面电场的数值初步估算了各变电站的GIC水平;最后对目前研究中有待解决的关键问题进行了总结,并结合我国国情提出了解决方案。     

大地电导率横向变化对地磁暴感应电场H极化及地磁感应电流的影响

磁暴感应地电场在输电网、铁路、管线中产生地磁感应电流(GIC),对设备的正常运行产生不利影响。大地电导率的横向差异使磁暴感应地电场在海岸等复杂地质结构地区发生畸变,而"海岸效应"就是H极化情况下的一种典型畸变现象。本文考虑大地电导率的横向变化建立了分块模型,应用有限元法计算了H极化情况下磁暴感应地电流场的分布,定量分析电导率变化系数与地电场畸变现象之间的关系,揭示大地电导率横向差异对地电场分布的影响规律;假设变电站位于分界面附近,讨论电导率变化系数、变电站与分界面距离等因素对线路GIC的影响,为电网GIC的准确计算提供理论基础。     

Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can cause saturation of the magnetic circuit of transformers in a power system. This saturation can increase the MVAr absorption of the transformers, leading to voltage-control problems, generating significant harmonic currents, and cause heating of the internal components of the transformer itself, leading to gas relay alarm/operation as well as possible damage. This paper sets out the methods used to examine these effects using a mathematical model explicitly incorporating the electric and magnetic circuits, including the shunting effect of the tank to predict the current and flux waveforms. The model has been used to predict GIC effects for a variety of winding connections for single-, three-, and five-limb core-type transformers connected to the National Grid Company plc transmission system in England and Wales. The size and form of the return limbs along with the tank shunting effect determine the magnitude and the often complex shape of the waveforms resulting from GIC. Field and factory DC injection tests on various types of transformers have been conducted to validate the model and gain an insight into the magnetic behavior of transformers. With the aid of finite-element analysis (FEA) techniques and a consideration of the various constructional arrangements of the core and coils in the tank, it is possible to evaluate the power losses and accompanying temperature rises of the core, structural components, windings, and tank. Some guidance on the acceptable GIC current levels for various transformer types is given.     

直流电位补偿法抑制变压器直流偏磁的研究

根据直流系统单极大地回线方式运行时变压器的直流偏磁原理,分析比较了现有几种抑制变压器直流偏磁的措施,运用直流电位补偿法原理进行了正、负电位补偿的模拟试验。试验表明直流电位补偿法能在一定程度上抵消系统单极运行流过变压器中性点的直流电流,抑制直流偏磁。且同等条件下正电位补偿电流的利用率大于负电位,但负电位补偿能对地网起到阴极保护作用。此外,还分析了补偿装置的布置及其对周边设施的影响,分析表明直流电位补偿法在现场实施中具有可操作性。     

三相电力变压器的场路耦合模型及突发短路过程计算

电力变压器在电网中运行,受到电网电压约束,分析其突发短路时的电磁过程,一般需要采用场路耦合的方法。T法具有求解变量少、计算代价小的优点,引入绕组的耦合电压项后,可用于电力变压器的计算。本文建立了三相变压器基于T-T0-W表述的场路耦合三维有限元模型,通过考虑变压器绕组的不同联接方式及多种负载情况,对变压器在不同短路情况进行了计算、分析。结果表明,在复杂短路过程中的短路电流可能超过突发三相短路时的最大电流。     

Peak-switching currents of power transformers

The switching conditions of nonloaded transformers have been investigated to understand the effect of current inrushes and limitations by considering the connecting circuit of the windings, magnetization performances, contact parameters, type of switcher drive, and the value and sign of residual magnetization. The peak-switching currents have been calculated, simulated, and measured and the results have been compared. The obtained results make it possible to increase the power efficiency of the facility by decreasing the losses and maintainign the quality factor of electric power in transient modes.     

Mechanism of pole‐mounted transformer damage by backflow lightning and measures against the damage on low‐voltage distribution line

Pole‐mounted transformers are especially vulnerable to lightning damage. The progress of the information society imposes increasingly stringent requirements for the reliability of electric power supply, and this in turn necessitates a reduction in lightning damage to pole‐mounted transformers. Lightning protective devices (surge arresters) are now being installed around the primary bushing of the transformers, which has decreased the number of disconnections around the primary bushing due to lightning. But surge arresters installed on the primary side of the transformer cannot protect it against backflow lightning entering the secondary side of the transformer. The characteristic of transformer damage by backflow lightning is that the electromagnetic force produced by the current flowing into the secondary side deforms the transformer windings. This paper elucidates the mechanism of transformer damage by lightning flowing into the secondary side by comparing actual lightning damage cases with the results of verification tests using a short‐circuit generator. Effective countermeasures against transformer damage by backflow lightning are examined by EMTP calculations, which indicate that neutral grounding on the low‐voltage distribution line is the most effective way of decreasing the current flowing into the transformer. The lower the grounding resistance, the less current flows into the transformer. In addition, decreasing the voltage on the secondary side is important in order to protect the secondary‐side bushing. The calculation results indicate that surge arresters installed around the secondary side of the transformer are effective in decreasing the voltage on the secondary side. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 1–11, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20921     

采用电网直流等效模型评估地磁感应电流水平的影响因素分析

由地磁暴引起的电网地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC)的频率很低,但并不为0,所以采用电网直流等效模型进行GIC水平评估时必然会产生误差。文章分析了线路等效电感、变压器等效电感和高压并联电抗器等效电感对采用电网直流等效模型评估GIC水平所产生误差的影响程度,通过仿真计算分析了变压器绕组联结组别和变压器铁心结构对变压器等效电感的影响,最后针对我国电网的特点,提出了用于评估超、特高压电网电磁感应电流水平的电网等效模型。     

大型变压器三维瞬态涡流场场路耦合模型

为分析变压器在端口电压约束下的电磁过程 ,本文研究了三维电磁场的场路耦合问题。根据A法和T法的各自特点 ,考虑变压器绕组的结构特点 ,引入外施电压的耦合 ,分别建立基于A法和基于T法的变压器三维场路耦合模型。将两种方法用于变压器绕组突发短路过程的计算 ,计算结果一致 ,但采用基于T法的三维场路耦合模型计算量小 ,非常适于涡流区所占比例较小的电磁设备的求解     

Geomagnetically induced currents: present knowledge and futureresearch

The knowledge base regarding the production of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in power systems is briefly reviewed. The relationship between electric and magnetic fields for a layered earth is derived and used to calculate the electric fields produced in Quebec during the March 13, 1989, magnetic disturbance. Factors influencing the distribution of GIC throughout a system are also examined. The transfer functions of the earth and of power systems vary with frequency and so the relation between GIC and magnetic field variations is most appropriately examined in the frequency domain. Data collection requirements to allow this in future research are discussed     

直流入侵三相三柱变压器励磁电流及谐波计算

直流输电系统单极运行时一大地为直流电流的回路,导致大地电位相对于无限远处升高。直流电流通过两个Y0连接的变压器中性点侵入电力系统,故针对三相三柱变压器直流入侵情况建立了直流入侵下的三相三柱变压器的电路模型和相应的方程,结合三柱磁路的麦克斯韦方程和非线性的B—H曲线方程,利用数字迭代法,在MATLAB环境下编程计算了三相三柱变压器直流入侵下的变压器励磁电流和谐波特征。结果表明直流入侵三相三柱变压器下并无磁通的偏移,励磁电流波形亦无畸变,但波形总体沿纵轴方向平移,平移大小为入侵直流电流的大小,励磁电流增加了直流分量,这将增加电路的电阻性热损耗,其它次谐波没有变化,结论为直流入侵三相三柱变压器没有直流偏磁现象。这与文[7]的试验结果完全一致,从计算上验证了试验结果。     

接地变压器低压绕组匝间短路故障的电磁特征研究

接地变压器具有系统中性点引出和站用电双重功能,在我国大中型变电站中被普遍采用,其运行可靠性直接影响电网的安全稳定。针对接地变压器低压绕组匝间绝缘短路故障检测方法缺失问题,基于磁场-电路耦合原理,利用ANSYS软件建立接地变压器二维有限元模型。通过对比高、低压侧电流的仿真值与计算值,验证模型的正确性。在此基础上分析其低压绕组单匝匝间短路故障时的电磁特征。研究结果表明:当接地变压器低压绕组发生单匝匝间短路故障时,短路环内部有很大的短路电流;电压、电流相位角,功率因数角以及高、低压侧三相电流均会发生变化,但电流波动达不到接地变压器保护的动作定值;同时,短路环附近的磁场也会发生畸变。     

Effects of DC ground electrode on converter transformers

The effects of transferred DC voltage to a converter station ground from the DC ground electrode were studied with a time-domain analysis model of a converter substation and interconnected system. The model explicitly represents all grounds of the system (AC and DC) and the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of the converter transformer. The transferred DC voltage from DC ground electrode to station ground has been shown to cause the flow of direct current in the windings of the converter transformer. The effects of these currents have been studied with a parametric analysis. The major parameters considered were the separation distance between station ground and DC ground electrode, and the source voltage. The study suggests that for separation distances larger than 10000 feet, the transferred DC voltage to the station ground is less than 1% of the DC ground potential rise. For smaller separation distances, a substantial percentage of the DC ground potential rise is transferred to the station ground, which causes the flow of direct current in the winding of the converter transformers     

基于系统等值阻抗的变压器抗短路能力核算

为评估在运的大型电力变压器抗短路能力水平,确保电网安全稳定运行,文章提出了一种基于系统等值阻抗的变压器短路电流核算方法。在对变压器高中侧的外部系统进行等值基础上,通过已知的母线短路电流和变压器参数反推系统的等值阻抗,然后根据系统阻抗和变压器参数求得各种短路情况下流过变压器的短路电流。仿真及实例验证说明了算法的准确性,应用算法可以实现对变电站各种方式下短路电流的快速批量计算。使用文章提出的方法对母线短路电流、变压器并联数量等因素对变压器短路电流的影响进行了分析,并结合制造厂提供的短路电流限值对变压器的抗短路能力进行评估,为生产管理部门的技术改造提供技术参考。