期刊文献

<正>双尾型丙烯酰胺类疏水缔合共聚物的合成与表征姜峰,蒲万芬,杜代军,任强,荆雪琪摘要:通过光引发自由基聚合的方式,将双尾型丙烯酰胺类疏水单体(N-苯乙基-N-十四烷基甲基丙烯酰胺,PETMAM),与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)等水溶性单体进行共聚,制备出双尾型疏水缔合水溶性共聚物(DTHAP),来解决丙烯酰胺类聚合物耐温抗盐性以及稳定性差的难题。通过测定聚合物溶液的表观黏度作为评价其性能的主要手段,考察了丙烯酸加量、盐、表面活性剂(SDS)含量、疏水单体含量等因素对聚合物性能的影响,从而确定了比较理想的反应条件。实验中发现:     

耐盐型疏水缔合聚合物的制备及流变性能

采用丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烷磺酸(AMPS)和水溶性阴离子疏水单体S-18制备了新型耐盐疏水缔合聚合物S-18HPAM。聚合放热测试表明:疏水单体含量的增加导致放热时间的延长,更有利于疏水结构的形成。微观结构测试表明:聚合物具有复杂的网状结构,在NaCl溶液中网状结构更为明显。流变测试结果表明:聚合物在盐溶液中具有良好的耐温和抗剪切性能。聚合物质量分数为0.3%(基于溶液总质量),温度90℃,剪切速率170 s–1和NaCl质量浓度20000 mg/L条件下,剪切后表观黏度大于70 mPa·s。在总矿化度20000 mg/L模拟地下水条件下,S-18HPAM质量分数为0.3%,剪切后黏度为70 mPa·s,加入质量分数0.5%表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)后,黏度增加到170m Pa·s。储能模量G'随着聚合物质量分数的增加而增大,体系弹性增强,同时疏水结构单元数量增加,形成致密的空间网络结构。     

疏水缔合型聚合物P(AM/TA)溶液性质的研究

采用沉淀聚合法制备了疏水缔合型聚合物丙烯酰胺 /丙烯酸十四酯共聚物P(AM/TA)。研究了在链结构中引入不同疏水基团摩尔分数的共聚物的溶液性质。结果表明该共聚物在w(NaCl) =1 5 %的溶液中的黏度较之水溶液有较大提高 ,表现出明显的抗盐性质 ,而临界缔合质量分数和特性黏度均出现下降趋势。该聚合物是一种性能优异的疏水缔合型增稠剂。作者对共聚物溶液的黏度 -温度性质和剪切速度对溶液黏度的影响也进行了研究。     

一种具有表面活性的双尾疏水缔合丙烯酰胺共聚物

文章以自制双尾疏水丙烯酰胺单体丙烯酰胺(N-苄基-N-辛基丙烯酰胺,N-benzyl-N-octylacrylamide,BOAM)和表面活性单体(辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯,OP-10-AC)与丙烯酰胺(acrylamide,AM)水溶液共聚合成新型疏水缔合共聚物(AM-Na A-OP10AC-BOAM)。实验结果表明,当聚合物浓度大600mg/L时,表观黏度迅速增加,表现出明显的缔合行为;共聚合物溶液具有良好的黏弹性和表面活性,SEM扫描电镜照片显示共聚物溶液中存在网状的缔合微观形貌特征。     

荧光探针研究P(AM/NaAA/DiC_8AM)在水溶液中的缔合行为

以芘为荧光探针研究了孪尾疏水缔合水溶性聚合物聚(丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/N,N-二正辛基丙烯酰胺)[P(AM/NaAA/D iC8AM)]在二次蒸馏水、c(NaC l)=1 mol/L水溶液中的荧光光谱。当x(疏水单体)=0.10%~0.40%、表面活性剂与疏水单体的摩尔比(SMR)为20~70、x(丙烯酸)=20%~40%、ρ(聚合物)=5~50 g/mL时,I1/I3值为1.76~1.25。表明疏水基团间存在疏水缔合相互作用,且随疏水单体用量、聚合物质量浓度及介质极性的增加,和丙烯酸用量、SMR值的减少,芘的I1/I3值降低,疏水缔合作用增强。     

疏水缔合聚合物P(AM-AMPS-SA)的合成与性能研究

采用2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)与丙烯酸十八酯(SA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)通过自由基胶束共聚法合成疏水缔合聚合物P(AM-AMPS-SA)。经红外和核磁共振表征聚合物结构,并测定在不同剪切速率、NaCl、CaCl2浓度及温度条件下的聚合物溶液表观黏度的变化以及聚合物溶液的临界缔合浓度。结果表明,所制备的疏水缔合聚合物P(AM-AMPS-SA),它的临界缔合浓度在0.25~0.3g/dL,具有一定的抗温、抗盐性以及抗剪切性,且对二价盐的抗盐性比一价盐要好。     

疏水缔合型聚丙烯酰胺驱油剂的合成与性能评价

针对聚丙烯酰胺的研究现状及其应用中存在的问题,研制出一种抗温、抗盐性能较强,具有一定增粘性能的新型疏水缔合水溶性聚合物。本文通过较为简易的酸醇直接酯化法合成了一种丙烯酸正辛酯,确定了最适宜的合成条件;将该疏水单体与丙烯酰胺采用胶束共聚法合成了一种新型疏水缔合水溶性聚合物,考察了聚合物浓度、盐及温度等对疏水缔合共聚物溶液表观粘度的影响,实验结果表明,合成的聚合物具有良好的耐温抗盐性能。     

耐温耐盐疏水缔合聚合物的合成及性能评价

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、疏水单体烯丙基十二胺和耐盐单体H-66为原料,通过自由基水溶液聚合制备一种聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物RDTA。通过1H NMR和FTIR表征聚合物结构,通过表观黏度、SEM和流变性能测试研究了RDTA在不同溶液中的缔合效应和该缔合行为随温度变化的影响关系。实验结果表明,RDTA的临界缔合质量分数(W*)在0.25% ~ 0.3%。盐离子对RDTA高分子链的刺激作用能够增强该分子链的结构黏度。弹性模量G′随RDTA质量分数的增加而增大,溶液体系表现出弹性体,体系的空间结构更加密集。70℃、90℃和120℃,170 s-1剪切下,0.5% RDTA在6% NaCl盐溶液中剪切时间 < 300 s时,溶液黏度呈现缓慢上升趋势,说明RDTA在NaCl盐溶液中存在盐刺激RDTA溶液增稠的现象,继续剪切1 h后,剪切剩余黏度仍60 mPa·s以上。     

疏水改性AM/AMPS/TBA三元共聚物的合成与性能研究

针对高温高矿化度油田存在的问题,采用丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(TBA)三种单体,得到一种增粘能力好的疏水改性三元共聚物PAAT。通过对其进行性能评价,实验结果表明：PAAT浓度为2 000 mg·L^-1时,其表观黏度达到175.8 mPa·s,表现出较好增黏能力。在95℃时,PAAT溶液表观黏度为68.6 mPa·s,黏度保留率为45.28%;当Na Cl和CaCl₂的质量浓度增加到50 000 mg·L^-1和5 000 mg·L^-1时,PAAT黏度值和黏度保留率远高于HPAM,表现出良好的抗温抗盐能力,具有良好的市场应用前景。     

兼有离子和疏水缔合两种结构特性的聚丙烯酰胺的缔合性能

合成了新型的表面活性单体二甲基十四烷基（2-丙烯酰胺基丙基）溴化铵（DTAB）,并将该单体与丙烯酰胺在水溶液中自由基均相共聚得到了兼具离子基团和疏水基团的阳离子疏水缔合丙烯酰胺共聚物p(DTAB-co-AM)。通过表观黏度法和芘荧光探针法研究了DTAB含量、NaCl、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAB）对共聚物缔合性能的影响。结果表明：当DTAB含量为0.3%(摩尔)时,共聚物呈盐增黏特性,在1%（质量）的盐溶液中,其临界缔合浓度由纯水中的0.15 g·dL^-1降至0.11 g·dL^-1;当DTAB含量小于0.3%（摩尔）时,仅在浓度大于5%（质量）的盐溶液中具有盐增黏特性。该共聚物与SDS作用,在疏水缔合和静电吸引两种作用下,缔合后体系的黏度最大可增加136倍,由缔合前的12 mPa·s增加到1634 mPa·s,而与CTAB作用,由于只有疏水缔合作用,缔合强度较弱黏度增加不大。     

基于高盐条件下的Bacillus circulans WZ-12 CCTCC M 207006好氧降解氯化碳氢化合物(英文)

A novel saline-tolerant bacterium Bacillus circulans WZ-12 was evaluated for its potential to degrade four chlorinated hydrocarbons under saline conditions.CH2Cl2 was effectively degraded by Bacillus circulans WZ-12 cells in the medium containing NaCl concentrations ranging from 5 g·L-1 to 10 g·L-1,and the maximum degradation efficiency(85%) was achieved at NaCl concentration of 10 g·L-1.Similarly,Bacillus circulans WZ-12 was able to degrade CH2 BrCl,C2H4Cl2,and C2H2Cl2 in the presence of 10 g NaCl per liter within 24 h.Cells of Bacillus circulans WZ-12 grown in minimal salt medium contained low levels of glycine betaine(GB),but GB levels were 3-to 5-fold higher in cells grown in media with high salt.Kinetic analysis revealed that biodegradation of the four chlorinated hydrocarbons was concentration dependent and a linear inverse correlation(R 2-0.85-0.94) was observed between the rate of biodegradation(V) and salt concentration from 5 g·L-1 to 60 g·L-1.The growing cells(in minimal salt medium) degraded approximately 50% of the CH2Cl2 within 24 h,whereas the resting cells(in physiological saline) degraded only 25% of the CH2Cl2 within 24 h and were inactive after 36 h cultivation.Biodegradation could be repeatedly performed for more than 192 h with more than 50% removal efficiency.Bacillus circulans WZ-12 grows well in an aqueous/oil system,hence,it is effective for the treatment of industrial effluents that contain chlorinated hydrocarbons with high salt concentrations.     

Aerobic Biodegradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Bacillus circulans WZ-12 CCTCC M 207006 under Saline Conditions

A novel saline-tolerant bacterium Bacillus circulans WZ-12 was evaluated for its potential to degrade four chlorinated hydrocarbons under saline conditions. CH₂Cl₂ was effectively degraded by Bacillus circulans WZ-12 cells in the medium containing NaCl concentrations ranging from 5 g·L^-1 to 10 g·L^-1, and the maximum degradation efficiency (85%) was achieved at NaCl concentration of 10 g·L^-1. Similarly, Bacillus circulans WZ-12 was able to degrade CH₂BrCl, C₂H₄Cl₂, and C₂H₂Cl₂ in the presence of 10 g NaCl per liter within 24 h. Cells of Bacillus circulans WZ-12 grown in minimal salt medium contained low levels of glycine betaine (GB), but GB levels were 3- to 5-fold higher in cells grown in media with high salt. Kinetic analysis revealed that biodegradation of the four chlorinated hydrocarbons was concentration dependent and a linear inverse correlation (R² 0.85-0.94) was observed between the rate of biodegradation (V) and salt concentration from 5 g·L^-1 to 60 g·L^-1. The growing cells (in minimal salt medium) degraded approximately 50% of the CH₂Cl₂ within 24 h, whereas the resting cells (in physiological saline) degraded only 25% of the CH₂Cl₂ within 24 h and were inactive after 36 h cultivation. Biodegradation could be repeatedly performed for more than 192 h with more than 50% removal efficiency. Bacillus circulans WZ-12 grows well in an aqueous/oil system, hence, it is effective for the treatment of industrial effluents that contain chlorinated hydrocarbons with high salt concentrations.     

氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜的层层自组装制备及其性能

氧化石墨烯（GO）的片层边缘含有 COOH等含氧官能团,因而带负电荷,可以在带正电荷多孔基体上通过层层自组装实现快速沉积。以由3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）修饰的多孔氧化铝管式陶瓷膜为基膜,令GO和聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）以溶液形态在其表面交替沉积实现自组装,继以环氧氯丙烷（ECH）交联之,制备新型氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜。最佳制备工艺是,PEI浓度5 g·L^-1、pH=9,NaCl浓度0.3 mol·L^-1,GO浓度0.6 mg·ml^-1、pH 4.5,层数2层,ECH用量6.25 ml·L^-1,50℃条件下处理70 min。层数为1～4层的自组装膜在0.6 MPa操作压力下对2 g·L^-1的MgCl₂的截留率分别为90.16%、93.71%、97.54%、92.93%,其中1层自组装膜的渗透通量为21.92 L·m^-2·h^-1。氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜对4种无机盐的截留率大小为MgCl₂ >MgSO₄ > NaCl >Na₂SO₄,符合典型正电荷纳滤膜的特征。     

自产气气提与纤维床反应器耦合发酵生产丁醇

采用发酵产物中的二氧化碳（CO₂）和氢气（H₂）作为循环气提气源,对丙酮丁醇梭菌（Clostridium acetobutylicum CGMCC 5234）发酵产物进行原位气提,实现丙酮、丁醇和乙醇混合物（ABE）的连续纤维床固定化发酵生产。连续发酵实验进行了12批次共309 h,总溶剂ABE当量浓度为133.3 g·L^-1（其中丁醇 83.5 g·L^-1,丙酮38.4 g·L^-1,乙醇11.4 g·L^-1）,葡萄糖消耗率为1.29 g·（L·h） ^-1,总溶剂ABE产率为0.431 g·（L·h） ^-1,转化率为0.333 g·g^-1,其中丁醇产率为0.270 g·（L·h） ^-1,转化率为 0.209 g·g^-1,发酵液中丁醇浓度控制在8～12 g·L^-1,显著优于游离发酵的结果。气提提取之后冷凝的ABE溶液出现分层现象,其中丁醇相丁醇浓度高达603.7 g·L^-1,极大地减缓后续分离提纯的负担。结果表明,自产气循环气提与纤维床固定化耦合连续发酵生产ABE（特别是丁醇）的工艺具有可行性和竞争力。     

A double‐tailed acrylamide hydrophobically associating polymer: Synthesis,characterization, and solution properties

In order to improve the salt resistant, temperature tolerance, and stability of the acrylamide‐based copolymer, the double‐tailed hydrophobically associating copolymer (DTHAP) was synthesized. The chemical and spatial network structures of the copolymer were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The salt, temperature, aging resistance, and rheological behavior of the copolymer were investigated in detail. The experimental results showed that the performance of DTHAP were influenced by the amount of AA, PETMAM, SDS, and NaCl in the reaction system. Compared with HPAM, DTHAP solution showed excellent temperature resistance and salt tolerance. No matter in the solution varying NaCl or CaCl₂ concentration from 8 to 80 and 1 to 1.8 g/L, respectively, DTHAP behaved an obvious salt‐thickening phenomenon. The simulative tertiary oil recovery tests at 80°C indicated that DTHAP can remarkably enhance 16.9% of the oil recovery ratio. Even at 100 g/L salt solution, DTHAP exhibited an excellent performance which can also enhance 9.9% of oil recovery ratio. The experiment results indicated that DTHAP was superior to HPAM as a kind of oil displacement agent for enhanced oil recovery, especially in high‐temperature and high‐mineralization oil fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42569.     

C_3N_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂可见光催化降解甲基橙

采用水热合成法制备C_3N_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,以甲基橙为目标污染物,研究催化剂用量、甲基橙溶液初始浓度和pH值、NaCl用量对甲基橙脱色率的影响,并通过C_3N_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的循环使用实验,考察其重复使用性能。结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度20 mg·L~(-1)、复合光催化剂用量3.0 g·L~(-1)及弱酸性条件下,光照反应6 h,目标污染物甲基橙脱色率达98.81%,溶液中的NaCl对催化剂降解甲基橙有抑制作用。催化剂重复使用5次后,溶液脱色率约80%,表明催化剂性能较稳定,可重复使用。     

含硫酸亚铁废溶液的生物氧化过程中氮源对溶解性Fe（Ⅲ）生成量的影响

利用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌将含硫酸亚铁废溶液中的Fe²⁺氧化成Fe³⁺后用于脱除H₂S,同时实现了含硫酸亚铁废溶液的循环利用和H₂S的脱除。而溶解性Fe³⁺较高的生成量是保证该处理系统连续高效运行的关键因素。但在充足氮源和K⁺条件下大量Fe³⁺以黄铁矾沉淀形式存在。因此,本文通过控制氮源种类及投加浓度,减少沉淀生成,增大溶解性Fe³⁺生成量,以期提高H₂S的去除效率。结果表明（NH₄）₂HPO₄可替代以往研究中的（NH₄）₂SO₄作为氮源,确定适宜菌体生长的氮源浓度范围为0.33～1 g·L^-1。在1 g·L^-1 （NH₄）₂HPO₄条件下细菌生长无明显停滞期、Fe²⁺平均氧化速率为0.221～0.229 g·（L·h） ^-1,Fe³⁺生成量为7.62～7.72 g·L^-1,沉淀量为1.17 g·L^-1,因此确定（NH₄）₂HPO₄为1 g·L^-1时最能保证H₂S的脱除效率。为降低工艺成本,最低可采用0.33 g·L^-1为运行浓度。该优化方案不仅保证了菌体的Fe²⁺氧化活性,而且有效地减少了菌体培养过程中沉淀的产生,获得了较高的Fe³⁺生成量和增速,为使用含硫酸亚铁废溶液处理H₂S的工艺条件优化提供了依据。     

氧化还原电位控制的自絮凝酵母自动重复批次发酵

引言随着石油资源的日益减少和环境污染的逐渐加剧,使用可再生的清洁能源已经是世界各国的共识。在众多形式的非矿物质能源中,基于生物质的燃料乙醇已得到了广泛的应用[1]。但是,由于生产成本较高,各国的燃料乙醇生产大都依靠着政策扶植和税收优惠[2]。因此,看似十分"成熟"的乙醇生产产业,仍然需要进一步开发降低成本的创新技术[3]。近些年来,通过基因工程手段改造菌种[4]、     

Study on properties of hydrophobic associating polymer as drag reduction agent for fracturing fluid

In the paper, the hydrophobic associating polymer ACS-210 was prepared by solution polymerization of acrylamide, acrylic acid, salt-resisting monomer and hydrophobic monomer. Chemical structure and properties of the polymer was characterized by FTIR, TGA and XRD. The rheological property of ACS-210 solution was investigated by rheometer. The frictional resistance of the ACS-210 solutions at different application condition was examined using friction testing system. Results showed that the thermal stability of polymer ACS-210 increases and crystallinity of ACS-210 declines after incorporating of hydrophobic monomer. The viscosity of ACS-210 solution of different concentration decreased with prolonging the shearing time and the retention rate of viscosity is relatively high after long shearing time. The relation curve between the viscosity of polymer solution and shear rate followed the power law model. When the concentration of ACS-210 aqueous solution was less than the critical associating concentrations, storage modulus G’ is less than loss modulus G”, the association was weaker between the molecular chains, and the effective spatial structure did not form. After increasing the concentration of the polymer solution, G’ is more than G”, the degree of association of polymer is stronger. The synthesized polymer has favorable drag reduction effect. The molecular weight is not the only factor to determine drag reduction efficiency. The hydrophobic association can also improve the drag reduction efficiency.     

无氟无铵铝合金表面预处理新工艺

针对铝合金表面预处理过程存在污染严重、水耗高等问题,研究开发无氟无铵铝合金表面预处理新工艺。考察了碱性药剂配方组成及浓度、温度和时间对铝耗和铝合金表面形貌的影响,并通过正交实验确定了新工艺的优化方案。研究结果表明,经过“预处理-中和”两个步骤,铝合金表面平整、起砂细腻,铝耗仅为 2.0%。新工艺起砂效果优于传统碱蚀工艺,与传统酸蚀工艺细腻砂面相近。新工艺铝耗比传统碱蚀工艺降低约71%,与传统酸蚀工艺相近。新工艺操作时间比传统碱蚀工艺和酸蚀工艺分别缩短了23%和31%。最佳药剂配方为Na₂CO₃（80 g·L^-1）, NaOH（8 g·L^-1）,Na₂SO₄（25 g·L^-1）, Na₃PO₄（20 g·L^-1）, SDS（0.6 g·L^-1）, 甘油（5 g·L^-1）。 最佳操作条件为55℃和10 min。新工艺不仅从工艺源头消除了氟和氨氮污染,还实现了除油-起砂-去机械纹等多功能一体化集成。具有低污染、低铝耗、低水耗、短流程、高效率等优点,兼具环境友好和资源节约等优势。