基于小波神经网络和D-S证据理论的电力变压器故障诊断研究(英文)

>Transformer faults are quite complicated phenomena and can occur due to a variety of reasons.There have been several methods for transformer fault synthetic diagnosis,but each of them has its own limitations in real fault diagnosis applications.In order to overcome those shortcomings in the existing methods,a new transformer fault diagnosis method based on a wavelet neural network optimized by adaptive genetic algorithm(AGA)and an improved D-S evidence theory fusion technique is proposed in this paper.The proposed method combines the oil chromatogram data and the off-line electrical test data of transformers to carry out fault diagnosis.Based on the fusion mechanism of D-S evidence theory,the comprehensive reliability of evidence is constructed by considering the evidence importance,the outputs of the neural network and the expert experience.The new method increases the objectivity of the basic probability assignment(BPA)and reduces the basic probability assigned for uncertain and unimportant information.The case study results of using the proposed method show that it has a good performance of fault diagnosis for transformers.     

基于粗糙集理论的配电网故障诊断规则提取方法(英文)

As the first step of service restoration of distribution system,rapid fault diagnosis is a significant task for reducing power outage time,decreasing outage loss,and subsequently improving service reliability and safety.This paper analyzes a fault diagnosis approach by using rough set theory in which how to reduce decision table of data set is a main calculation intensive task.Aiming at this reduction problem,a heuristic reduction algorithm based on attribution length and frequency is proposed.At the same time,the corresponding value reduction method is proposed in order to fulfill the reduction and diagnosis rules extraction.Meanwhile,a Euclid matching method is introduced to solve confliction problems among the extracted rules when some information is lacking.Principal of the whole algorithm is clear and diagnostic rules distilled from the reduction are concise.Moreover,it needs less calculation towards specific discernibility matrix,and thus avoids the corresponding NP hard problem.The whole process is realized by MATLAB programming.A simulation example shows that the method has a fast calculation speed,and the extracted rules can reflect the characteristic of fault with a concise form.The rule database,formed by different reduction of decision table,can diagnose single fault and multi-faults efficiently,and give satisfied results even when the existed information is incomplete.The proposed method has good error-tolerate capability and the potential for on-line fault diagnosis.     

Winding Capacitance Dividing Method for Powerformer

It presents a method which can equivalently arrange the capacitance distribution along with the winding of the generator on the terminal and neutral respectively in a reasonable partition,particularly for a type of high-voltage graded insulated cable wound generator,Powerformer.The winding of the Powerformer adopts graded insulation,which leads to the various cable thicknesses in different portion of the winding,and thus,the uneven capacitance distribution.The large capacitive currents and large transient outrush currents resulting from the cable consisting of the stator winding of Powerformer may cause problems to the generator differential protection.Most of literatures available in the field of compensated differential protection focus on the charging current compensation for long transmission line,instead of for generator.The authors give a method which can be used to compensate the capacitive current wholly to improve the reliability of the differential protection of Powerformer.It is proved that the distributed capacitance can be equivalent as the lump circuit with a capacitance partition coefficient ρ,and ρ is proved as a constant no matter whether the generator experiences the normal operation,external phase(s) fault or internal phase(s) fault.The formula of the partition coefficient is provided and the corresponding equivalent circuit of the Powerformer cable to calculate capacitance currents is given.An analysis programming resolving the minimum value of the coefficient ρ is written in MATLAB 7.0/m according to this formula,using the function fmincon() which can work in any type of constraint condition.The program always gets the same global minimum points under the different initial values condition which proves our point by mathematical test.With this new approach to winding capacitance dividing method,the protection scheme used for Powerformer can be validated and improved accordingly.     

基于故障树分析的电力变压器可靠性评估方法(英文)

Accurate assessment of system reliability with limited or insufficient statistical data is difficult. At present, to assess the reliability of the transformers primarily depend on the statistics data, and the result of the assessment does not accurately reflect the reliability of a transformer. Fault tree is a powerful tool for depicting the logical relationships between the faults system. However, for a sophisticated reliability system, like power transformer, fault analysis is hard or infeasible because of the complexities of the equipment configuration and its faults. This paper presents a method which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional fault-tree analysis (FTA) by using FTA based on fault probability and equivalent calculation of each failure mode. Based on the further analysis of typical failure modes and influences of power transformer, the fault-tree of transformer is set up by using FTA techniques and the assessment method for the reliability of transformer is put forward, combined with the index of the importance and the method of improved analytic hierarchy process(IAHP). The assessment examples show the method can deduct the failure modes of transformer clearly, meanwhile, find out the weaknesses in time during the operation and get better assessment results. The method is helpful for the reliability analysis of a sophisticated system.     

Internal electrical fault detection techniques in DFIG-based wind turbines: a review

The keys factor in making wind power one of the main power sources to meet the world’s growing energy demands is the reliability improvement of wind turbines (WTs). However, the eventuality of fault occurrence on WT com ponents cannot be avoided, especially for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based WTs, which are operating in severe environments. The maintenance need increases due to unexpected faults, which in turn leads to higher operating cost and poor reliability. Extensive investigation into DFIG internal fault detection techniques has been carried out in the last decade. This paper presents a detailed review of these techniques. It discusses the methods that can be used to detect internal electrical faults in a DFIG stator, rotor, or both. A novel sorting technique is presented which takes into consideration different parameters such as fault location, detection technique, and DFIG modelling. The main mathematical representation used to detect these faults is presented to allow an easier and faster under standing of each method. In addition, a comparison is carried out in every section to illustrate the main differences, advantages, and disadvantages of every method and/or model. Some real monitoring systems available in the market are presented. Finally, recommendations for the challenges, future work, and main gaps in the field of internal faults in a DFIG are presented. This review is organized in a tutorial manner, to be an effective guide for future research for enhancing the reliability of DFIG-based WTs.     

带并联电抗器的交流特高压输电线路单相自适应重合闸故障识别方法(英文)

In order to avoid single-phase adaptive reclosure overlap in a permanent fault,accurate identification of the fault types on transmission line is necessary.We present a fault nature identification method for ultra-high voltage alternating current(UHVAC) transmission lines with shunt reactor.The voltage amplitude ratios of the neutral small reactance voltage to terminal voltage under transient fault and permanent fault are calculated.The significant differences of the ratio under the two faults have been analyzed.It is found that the ratio can be a criterion to distinguish the fault type,transient or permanent,accurately.Additionally,we also proposed a method that delays a beat frequency oscillation cycle to decide the fault types for the existence of beat frequency oscillation which will cause misidentification on transient faults.Abundant simulation results of ATP/EMTP show that the voltage amplitude ratio under transient fault is between 0.6 and 0.7,which is bigger than 2.5,the ratio under permanent fault.     

Equivalent model of multi-type distributed generators under faults with fast-iterative calculation method based on improved PSO algorithm

There are various types of distributed generators (DGs) with diferent grid integration strategies. The transient char? acteristics of the fault currents provided by the DGs are diferent to those of conventional synchronous generators. In this paper, a distribution network with multi-type DGs is investigated, including consideration of DG low-voltage ride through (LVRT). The fault current characteristics of two typical DGs, i.e. an inverter-interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), are analyzed, considering the specifc operation modes. Based on analysis of the fault characteristics, an equivalent model of the multi-type DGs under symmetrical/asymmetrical fault conditions is established. A fast-iterative fault calculation method for enhancing the calculation efciency while avoid? ing local convergence is then proposed using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A simula? tion system of the distribution network with multi-type DGs is established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results validate the high accuracy and calculation efciency of the proposed calculation method of the fault components. This can assist in the settings of the protection threshold.     

Optimal layout model of feeder automation equipment oriented to the type of fault detection and local action

In feeder automation transformation there are difficulties in equipment and location selection. To help with this, an optimal layout model of feeder automation equipment oriented to the type of fault detection and local action is proposed. It analyzes the coordination relationship of the three most common types of automation equipment, i.e., fault indicator, over-current trip switch and non-voltage trip switch in the fault handling process, and the explicit expressions of power outage time caused by a fault on different layouts of the above three types of equipment are given. Given constraints of power supply reliability and the goal of minimizing the sum of equipment-related capital investment and power interruption cost, a mixed-integer quadratic programming model for optimal layout is established, in which the functional failure probability of equipment is linearized using the 3δ principle in statistics. Finally, the basic characteristics of the proposed model are illustrated by different scenarios on the IEEE RBTS-BUS6 system. It can not only take into account fault location and fault isolation to enhance user power consumption perception, but also can guide precise investment to improve the operational quality and efficiency of a power company.     

A diagnostic method for distribution networks based on power supply safety standards

In order to overcome the shortages of diagnostic method for distribution networks considering the reliability assessment, this paper proposed a method based on power supply safety standards. It profoundly analyzed the security standard of supply for urban power networks, and established quantitative indicators of load groups based on different fault conditions. Then a method suitable for diagnostic evaluation of urban distribution networks in China was given. In the method, “N-1” calibration analysis of the distribution network was conducted. Then the results are compared with quantitative indicators of load groups on different conditions deriving the diagnostic conclusions and the standard revision is discussed. The feasibility and accuracy of the method is finally verified in the case study.     

以槽电势为分析单元的大型发电机定子接地故障定位方法

已有的大型发电机定子绕组单相接地故障定位方法一般以线圈匝电势为分析单元,对于短距绕组的机组存在理论误差。为此,提出一种以槽电势为分析单元的大型发电机定子单相接地故障定位方法。首先,基于绕组连接顺序,以槽电势为单元建立定子绕组电势分布的解析表达式。然后,针对发电机是否配备注入式定子接地保护采取不同的故障定位方案。若配备注入式定子接地保护,则基于注入式设备的过渡电阻测量值构造故障评价指标。若未配备注入式定子接地保护,则引入3次谐波测量值构造不含过渡电阻的故障评价指标。最后,在故障相人为设置多个虚拟参考点,结合绕组电势分布计算各虚拟参考点的故障评价指标,将计算值最小的虚拟参考点视为故障位置,进而确定故障所在槽编号。利用在PSCAD中搭建的准分布参数仿真模型验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Evaluation of the probability density functions of distribution system reliability indices with a characteristic functions-based approach

In reliability analysis of distribution systems, random events like the occurrence of a fault or the time to restore the service after a fault are represented by using random variables (RVs), so that the reliability indices built on the basis of these RVs also become RVs. Existing techniques for the evaluation of the probability distributions of reliability indices are typically based on Monte Carlo and analytical simulations. This paper presents a new method for computing the probability distribution of reliability indices. The random sums introduced by the randomness of the number of fault occurrences in the time interval of analysis are handled by using a characteristic functions-based approach. The direct convolution of the probability density functions is avoided by resorting to the properties of the compound Poisson process. In addition, the direct and inverse discrete Fourier transforms are used to allow for handling any type of probability distribution. The proposed method is an effective alternative to the existing methods, providing a fast and simple computation of probability distributions and moments for local and global reliability indices. Results obtained for large real urban distribution systems are presented.     

基于双频有源调控的大型机组定子接地故障电弧抑制及自适应保护

随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标部署的实施，在新型电力系统中，因大型旋转电机需要担负更重要的功率调控和稳定支撑作用而对其提出了更高的安全平稳运行要求。对于最易发生的定子接地故障，如何有效抑制机组电弧损伤和避免刚性切机冲击显得尤为重要。首先提出基于双频有源调控的大型机组定子接地故障消弧和限流方法，可实现瞬时性故障治愈、永久性故障安全限流，保障定子铁心安全。其次提出与有源消弧协同的接地故障自适应保护方法，可实现柔性平稳切机控制，提高机组和电网的安全性。最后通过仿真和动模试验验证了所提方法的有效性，其消弧和限流效果优于现有无源消弧方法。     

基于零序电压有源调控的发电机定子接地故障消弧方法及保护对策

瞬时性接地故障易威胁发电机安全运行,造成巨大经济损失.传统的消弧线圈和大电阻消弧效果有限,因此在发电机中性点引入零序电压调控的有源消弧装置.分析表明接地故障发生后,根据故障定位结果在中性点注入电流可以精确地补偿故障点电压至0,从而使接地故障电流降为0,达到消弧的目的.为防止消弧过程中性点零序电压抬升导致发电机零序电压保...     

基于UKF和SPRT小电流单相接地故障选线方法

为解决现有小电流系统单相接地故障选线方法在准确率和可靠性等方面存在的问题,提出了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波UKF（unscented Kalman filter）和序贯概率比检验SPRT（sequential probability ratio test）的小电流系统单相接地故障选线方法。首先建立故障线路的无迹卡尔曼滤波数学模型;再利用无迹卡尔曼滤波对系统故障特征信息进行跟踪与预测;通过序贯概率比方法,利用新信息观测值与实际量测值的残差值,计算似然比;构造故障判据,从而快速地选出故障线路。ATP-EMPT和Matlab的大量仿真实验结果表明该方法具有较高的准确率和可靠性。     

基于保护实时故障模型的电网脆弱环节在线辨识

电网脆弱环节的及时有效辨识对预防系统大停电事故的发生具有重要意义。为了实现这一过程,提出了基于保护实时故障模型的脆弱环节在线辨识方法。根据保护设备历史统计信息与时间连续状态离散的Markov过程建立保护时变故障概率模型,在此基础上计及电网实时运行条件,合理量化了保护误动概率与拒动概率变化情况。根据故障传播特性模拟线路故障发生时的保护故障与动作方式,建立保护故障事件集,并应用风险理论结合保护故障概率与故障后果定义了保护故障脆弱度,衡量了保护故障对电网脆弱性的影响,以此辨识系统脆弱环节。算例结果验证了该方法的有效性与合理性。     

同步发电机短路故障分析方法研究

为提高同步发电机励磁绕组匝间短路故障的诊断速度和精度,提出了一种基于“场路结合”算法的故障分析方法。首先,建立了同步发电机励磁绕组匝间短路故障的扩充多回路数学模型。在此基础上,利用有限元分析确定了电感参数表达式,将有限元分析所得电感参数代入回路电压方程即可实现场路结合分析。以1台凸极同步发电机作为平台,进行仿真和实验研究,数据对比表明:场路结合法不仅具有较高的准确度而且可以提高计算效率,可以为励磁绕组匝间短路保护提供依据。     

基于免疫算法的无刷励磁发电机旋转整流器故障诊断

在大型发电机的无刷励磁系统中,旋转整流器承受着强大的离心力和电磁作用,故障发生率相对较高。采用旋转整流器故障时交流励磁机旋转电枢产生的谐波磁场在其定子励磁线圈中感应谐波电势的电磁特性,从中提取旋转整流器故障信号波形。运用傅里叶分解故障信号波形,对故障信号波形的特征值进行编码处理,并用免疫算法中的反向选择算法对傅里叶分解后的故障特征值进行计算,完成旋转整流器的故障诊断。利用人工免疫的反向选择算法,对一台15 kW无刷励磁同步发电机旋转整流器的短路与开路故障进行仿真诊断。仿真结果表明,基于免疫系统反向选择机制的人工免疫算法,与傅里叶分解算法相结合,进一步提高了无刷励磁同步发电机旋转整流器故障诊断的准确率,可达95%以上。     

基于仿射最小路法的含分布式电源配电网可靠性分析

大规模风电和光伏发电以分布式电源形式接入电力系统,提高了配电网可靠性评估的复杂度。针对分布式电源输出功率的随机性问题,建立了基于马尔可夫过程的发电机多容量状态模型以模拟出力波动。在此基础上,为克服区间最小路法过于保守的不足,提出了可以有效缩减区间范围的仿射最小路法,该算法既考虑了配电网元件及负荷的原始参数不确定性,也计及了不确定变量之间的相关性。以IEEE-RBTS母线6配电系统为例,分析瞬时故障对配电网可靠性的影响,并对所提出的模型和算法的合理性进行验证。结果表明,仿射最小路法相比于区间最小路法,在可靠性指标计算方面具有更高的精准度,并且在系统不确定性越大时区间缩减效果越明显,为实际工程中的可靠性评估及系统规划设计提供了有力依据。     

大型隐极发电机定子单相接地故障定位新方法

发电机定子单相接地故障在生产过程中时有发生,如不能快速切除,对发电设备和电力系统都有较大的危害。提出了一种大型隐极发电机定子单相接地故障定位新方法,所提方法通过基波零序电压和故障相基波电势确定定子单相接地故障的位置,适用于中性点经高阻接地的发电机以及中性点不接地的发电机,且不依赖于注入式定子接地保护,所需要的故障信息较少,简单易行,可在现场推广应用。仿真数据和实际故障案例验证了所提方法的正确性。