天然气-煤共气化制备合成气新工艺

天然气-煤共气化新工艺是基于天然气蒸气转化法和煤气化工艺进行耦合发展起来的新型工艺.本文分析了该工艺的技术原理,理论上可以直接制备H2/CO为1～2可调节的合成气;详细地介绍了天然气-煤共气化新工艺的主反应设备合成气制备炉的结构及工艺流程,通过对该工艺过程的热力学和动力学分析得出工艺的最优工艺参数,通过试验可以直接制备出H2/CO为1～1.5、可调节的合成气,从而证明该工艺过程的可行性,并指出天然气-煤共气化新工艺是一项值得开发的新型合成气制备技术.     

天然气一煤共气化制备合成气新工艺

天然气一煤共气化新工艺是基于天然气蒸气转化法和煤气化工艺进行耦合发展起来的新型工艺。本文分析了该工艺的技术原理，理论上可以直接制备H2／CO为1～2可调节的合成气；详细地介绍了天然气一煤共气化新工艺的主反应设备合成气制备炉的结构及工艺流程，通过对该工艺过程的热力学和动力学分析得出工艺的最优工艺参数，通过试验可以直接制备出H2／CO为1～1，5、可调节的合成气，从而证明该工艺过程的可行性，并指出天然气一煤共气化新工艺是一项值得开发的新型合成气制备技术。     

基于煤和天然气联合制取合成气工艺研究进展

回顾了以煤和天然气为原料通过不同工艺流程制备合成气用以化工合成或发电的研究进展。介绍了以煤和天然气为原料分别制取合成气后再汇合的工艺流程和共气化技术等不同工艺路线的特点。研究了煤气化和天然气转化制备合成气时不同工艺路线在元素互补、能量利用、杂质混合等方面的表现。结果表明是否考虑煤和天然气的碳氢元素互补以及煤气化热量的有效利用将成为决定工艺流程优劣的重要因素。研究表明,煤气化和天然气转化分别制备合成气后汇合的工艺技术更易实现工业化应用,共气化技术的工业化应用较易受到气化炉反应条件的限制,尤其是内置换热管式的共气化技术。进行比较后,认为以煤和天然气为原料的多原料系统能够降低原料消耗、同时减排二氧化碳,符合煤炭的清洁利用要求,具有一定优势。     

移动床煤与天然气共气化制备合成气的工艺技术

煤与天然气共气化是基于天然气蒸汽转化和煤气化工艺耦合的一种新工艺.阐述了煤与天然气共气化制合成气的技术原理.实验研究表明合成气最佳出口温度为1000 ℃,氧气、水蒸气和天然气在同一位置进入反应器能有效降低火焰区温度;理论计算得到的合成气有效气体浓度（CO+H₂）大于95%.实验研究和理论计算结果都表明,煤与天然气共气化可以直接得到H₂/CO在1.0～1.5之间可以调节的合成气.     

煤-天然气气流床共气化新技术研究

煤-天然气气流床共气化技术是实现不同工艺优势互补的高效能源综合转化技术。通过建立煤-天然气共气化试验装置,研究气化温度、气化压力、天然气/煤、水煤浆浓度对煤-天然气共气化主要指标的影响。通过分析合成气中主要气体组成、氢碳比(H2/CO)以及CH4含量变化,优选煤-天然气共气化试验条件,最后进行煤-天然气共气化优化试验。结果表明,煤-天然气共气化较合适的反应条件为:气化温度1 300~1 400℃,天然气/煤0.75~1.50 Nm3/kg,水煤浆浓度58%~61%。以西湾煤为原料,在制浆浓度59%,入炉煤量18 kg/h,天然气/煤0.94 Nm3/kg,气化温度1 350℃、气化压力0.5 MPa的条件下,煤-天然气共气化试验装置生产的合成气产量为46.06 Nm3/h,H2+CO含量为88.64%,CH4含量为0.66%,H2/CO为1.23。说明煤-天然气气流床共气化技术是一项高效的气化技术,该技术的开发有利于实现煤与天然气共气化技术的大规模工业化应用。     

合成天然气(SNG)原料气来源的探讨

简述了合成气的来源及甲烷化对合成气的要求,综述了以煤气化合成气、焦炉煤气、黄磷尾气、生物质、电石气等为原料,制备合成天然气的技术现状,详细介绍了煤气化制备天然气的工艺路线及不同气化技术对原料气中甲烷的影响,对比了不同工艺路线制备天然气的优缺点。不同合成天然气原料气来源技术的开发利用,既解决了天然气的市场需求,又实现了资源的再利用,具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

国内外甲烷催化部分氧化技术进展

介绍了国内外甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气技术的研究进展。主要工艺包括固定床工艺、流化床工艺和陶瓷膜工艺。此外，在反应器方面，还对两项最新专利技术进行了讨论。最后，提出了甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气技术的发展趋势，为我国在天然气利用方面的技术开发提供了参考和依据。     

煤制天然气气化技术选择

介绍了煤制天然气的主要工艺过程及煤气甲烷化技术现状。以褐煤为原料生产替代天然气,对GSP、Shell、BGL、Lurgi 4种煤气化技术进行了主要技术经济指标分析对比,认为对于煤制天然气来说,采用碎煤移动床气化优于气流床粉煤气化技术,综合指标以熔融排渣的BGL技术性能最好。     

固定床中天然气与煤联合气化制合成气反应过程的实验研究

用固定床反应器模拟合成气制备炉,对天然气与煤联合气化反应过程进行了研究. 实验结果表明,在合成气制备炉下部主要发生甲烷和碳的氧化反应,氧气完全消耗. 合成气在制备炉内上升过程中,未转化完的甲烷继续裂解,中间产物水蒸汽和CO2被还原. 出口合成气在离开制备炉时整个炉内体系接近反应平衡.     

煤气化化学与技术进展

阐述了煤气化化学及气化过程,说明煤气化过程主要包括煤的热裂解、部分氧化燃烧、炭的气化、炉渣的生成和排出4个转化步骤。论述了固定床气化技术、流化床气化技术、气流床气化技术3种煤气化技术的工艺、设备、优缺点和适用范围。从煤灰液渣对耐火衬里的腐蚀机理、煤灰化学组成、灰熔融性和灰熔融温度、液渣黏度四方面分析了气流床灰/渣特性。最后阐述了美国煤气化技术进展及发展方向,提出应重点开展IGCC煤气化、低阶煤(褐煤和次烟煤)气化技术研究,开展以提高气化炉可靠性、气化效率和煤种适应性为目标的气化炉优化研究,控制多种污染物排放至极低水平的合成气净化技术研究,低成本高效率的O2分离技术及H2和CO2的分离技术研究等。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。