叶片蒸汽冷却耦合换热特性的数值研究

为评估透平叶片的蒸汽冷却效果,以Mark II叶片为对象,采用热流固耦合的数值计算方法,通过与实验数据进行比较考察了不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响,对比分析了空气、过热蒸汽和湿蒸汽冷却效果的差异,研究了冷却蒸汽质量流量、进口湍动度和叶片表面粗糙度对蒸汽冷却效率的影响.结果表明:SST转捩湍流模型对于流动换热计算有较高的精度;与空气冷却相比,过热蒸汽冷却的效率更高,叶片壁面温度更低;与过热蒸汽冷却相比,湿蒸汽的冷却效率更高,叶片壁面温度更低,且随着蒸汽湿度的增加,冷却效率提高,叶片壁面温度降低;增加冷却蒸汽的质量流量可使冷却效率提高,但冷却蒸汽的温升减小;当湍流强度小于3%时,冷却效率随冷却蒸汽进口湍流强度的增大而提高;增加叶片粗糙度使得叶片冷却效率显著提高.     

不同蒸发冷却装置工作的影响因素及对比

采用CFD模拟了2种蒸发冷却装置,讨论了一次空气入口温度和喷淋水温度对蒸发冷却装置效率的影响。通过模拟一、二次空气出口处的温度分布,水蒸气相分布以及装置内整个通道的温度分布,得到影响2个蒸发冷却装置的传热性能的变化规律。同时,比较2个蒸发冷却装置的传热性能,给出了一种确定蒸发冷却装置性能的方法。对于管式蒸发冷却装置,选择管径为5 mm和10 mm,管间距为5 mm和10 mm的装置进行模拟。对于板式蒸发冷却,取板长度为500 mm和1 000 mm,并且板宽度为6 mm,8 mm和10 mm用于模拟。通过模拟得到装置尺寸对蒸发冷却效率的影响。     

应用BP神经网络的管式间接-直接复合式蒸发冷却空调机组性能预测

为了减少空调机组性能实验的次数,利用已有复合式蒸发冷却空调机组测出的实验数据为训练样本,采用BP神经网络的方法,训练预测了机组混合运行管式间接段和直接段的送风干球温度、湿球温度及热湿交换效率,并和实验测定值进行比较;结果显示:送风干球温度的平均相对误差为1.86%,送风湿球温度的平均相对误差为2.52%,热湿交换效率的平均相对误差为1.47%,验证了BP神经网络在蒸发冷却机组的性能预测中具有很好的适应性,在训练次数大约为1600时,达到了设定的目标精度要求。     

板式间接蒸发冷却器热工特性的实验研究

对自行研制设计的间接蒸发冷却换热试件开展了实验，研究了影响换热器换热性能的因素。结果表明：板式间接蒸发冷却器换热效率随二次空气入口的速度升高、一次空气入口的温度、二次空气入口的湿球温度升高而变大，随一次空气入口的速度变大而变小。实验结果对于深入认识间接蒸发冷却器的换热机理及开展换热器的优化设计有着很大的指导意义。     

被动蒸发冷却墙体换热性能的研究

采用数值模拟的方法分析由含湿多孔陶瓷管组成的被动蒸发冷却墙体(PECWs)的换热性能。研究不同排列方式对空气温度及水蒸气质量分数的影响,研究得出:在含湿多孔陶瓷管处于叉排布置情况下,流经其表面的空气温度变化和相对湿度变化较大,而且蒸发冷却效果更佳。     

Maisotsenko循环在燃气轮机进气冷却中的应用研究

采用基于Maisotsenko循环的露点间接蒸发式冷却作为进气冷却的手段,研究了不同环境条件下其对燃气轮机性能的提升效果。建立了针对某9E级燃气轮机的热力循环过程的计算模型,并利用该热力模型分析了进气温度变化对燃机出力的影响。基于Maisotsenko循环的原理,以温降为指标对露点间接蒸发冷却器的性能进行了分析。以功率和效率作为指标,对燃气轮机性能随环境条件的变化情况做了数值模拟,对露点蒸发式冷却与无进气冷却、直接喷雾式冷却对燃机性能的影响进行了计算分析。结果表明,在高温低湿度的条件下,露点间接蒸发式冷却能有效提升燃机性能。     

喷雾冷却技术对建筑空调性能改善及适用性分析

目前模块式风冷热泵广泛用于住宅和各类商用建筑,但采用空气换热存在换热效率低的问题。在翅片管冷凝器上增设喷雾设备,在与空气进行显热交换的基础上,利用水的蒸发冷却过程增加潜热交换。经过测试,喷雾装置可显著强化冷凝器的换热效果,提高冷凝器的热交换量,降低热泵机组制冷运行的冷凝压力。在原基础上改进,提出新型风冷热泵喷雾系统,在冷凝器出口设置过冷器,利用喷雾水过冷,增加节流阀前液体过冷度,提高整体制冷性能。通过模拟计算得出,在标准工况下,相较于原系统,机组冷凝温度可下降7.3℃,制冷量提升8.02%,机组COP上升20.4%。根据湿球温度在不同区域建立模型,分析不同地区的适用性,得出在低湿度地区可将COP提升39.81%。     

湿燃气透平叶片热流固耦合换热特性的数值研究

为评估湿空气透平循环中湿燃气对透平叶片燃气侧换热特性的影响,以及湿空气对透平叶片冷却效果的影响,以C3X叶片为例,采用热流固耦合的数值计算方法,研究了湿燃气含湿量对透平叶片表面温度和传热系数的影响,对比分析了干空气与湿空气冷却效果的差异.同时在研究范围内给出了透平叶片燃气侧传热系数的无量纲关系式,为湿化燃气轮机透平叶片的优化和冷却结构设计提供参考.结果 表明:湿燃气含湿量对透平叶片燃气侧的流动性能基本无影响;当湿燃气含湿量从0 g/kg增加到150 g/kg,主流进口温度为1473 K时,透平叶片表面平均传热系数增加10％,且增加幅度随着主流进口温度的升高而增大,叶片表面最高温度平均提高10 K;与干空气相比,湿空气作为冷却工质时的叶片表面温度更低,冷却效率更高,且冷却效率随着湿空气合湿量的增加而提高.     

压气机进气用雾化式蒸发冷却器实验研究

从实验角度对压气机进气用蒸发式冷却器进行了。探讨了含有水滴的空气的湿度测量方法。针对不同的常温蒸发加湿方案,研究了不同喷水量对蒸发冷却效果产生的影响。对于不同形式的雾化喷嘴在不同的喷射方向下对蒸发冷却效果所产生的影响进行了实验分析。     

空调系统空气处理设备技术问答

1.问:一般的空调系统包含有哪些空气处理设备?它们的功能是什么? 答:在空调系统中,所谓空气处理设备,就是指用于对空气进行加热、冷却、加湿、减湿和净化处理的设备。空调系统中设置空气处理设备的目的,是为了满足空调房间的温度、湿度、湿度和洁净度要求的。 一般的空调系统中,用作处理空气的设备,主要有:喷水室,表面式热交换器,电加热器,蒸汽加湿器和空气过滤器等。 喷水室:主要由喷嘴,前后挡水板,水管路系统和外壳组成,用于处理空气的水从喷嘴喷出与空气直接接触,产生水与空气的热湿交换。根据所喷出的水的温度不同,可以实现空气的不同的处理过程。在一般空调系统中,喷水室常被用作冷却和加湿空气用。当所喷的水温低于空气的干球温度,等于或高于空气的露点温度时,可实现空气的等湿冷却和加湿冷却处理。当水温低于空气的露点温度时,可实现空气的减湿冷却处理。所以在夏季常用低于空气露点温度的水来喷淋空气,以实现空气的降温和降湿目的。而在冬     

Effects of evaporative inlet and aftercooling on the recuperated gas turbine cycle

Inlet air cooling and cooling of the compressor discharge using water injection boost both efficiency and power of gas turbine cycles. Four different layouts of the recuperated gas turbine cycle are presented. Those layouts include the effect of evaporative inlet and aftercooling (evaporative cooling of the compressor discharge). A parametric study of the effect of turbine inlet temperature (TIT), ambient temperature, and relative humidity on the performance of all four layouts is investigated. The results indicate that as TIT increases the optimum pressure ratio increases by 0.45 per 100 K for the regular recuperated cycle and by 1.4 per 100 K for the recuperated cycle with evaporative aftercooling. The cycles with evaporative aftercooling have distinctive pattern of performance curves and higher values of optimum pressure ratios. The results also showed that evaporative cooling of the inlet air could boost the efficiency by up to 3.2% and that evaporative aftercooling could increase the power by up to about 110% and cycle efficiency by up to 16%.     

The impact of fouling on performance evaluation of evaporative coolers and condensers

Fouling of evaporative cooler and condenser tubes is one of the most important factors affecting their thermal performance, which reduces effectiveness and heat transfer capability with time. In this paper, the experimental data on fouling reported in the literature are used to develop a fouling model for this class of heat exchangers. The model predicts the decrease in heat transfer rate with the growth of fouling. A detailed model of evaporative coolers and condensers, in conjunction with the fouling model, is used to study the effect of fouling on the thermal performance of these heat exchangers at different air inlet wet bulb temperatures. The results demonstrate that fouling of tubes reduces gains in performance resulting from decreasing values of air inlet wet bulb temperature. It is found that the maximum decrease in effectiveness due to fouling is about 55 and 78% for the evaporative coolers and condensers, respectively, investigated in this study. For the evaporative cooler, the value of process fluid outlet temperature T_p,out varies by 0.66% only at the clean condition for the ambient wet bulb temperatures considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel design and modelling of an evaporative cooling system for buildings

Passive evaporative cooling has great potential as an alternative to conventional air‐conditioning in arid hot climates because of its low cost and zero pollution. This paper describes a novel evaporative cooling system with an automatic wind‐tracking device to improve its operating efficiency. The design and operating principles are discussed. A mathematical model is simplified by the assumption of convective heat and mass transfer of staggered streamlets of water. A computer program has been developed to calculate the deflection and length of spray water streamlets, as well as evaporative water mass, minimum cooled water temperature and required cooling time. A typical example illustrates that approximately 20 kg water are evaporated and around 26 min are required for 980 kg of water to be cooled from 28°C to the wet bulb temperature of 19.2°C of ambient air in a typical arid hot climate (relative humidity = 0.30, dry bulb temperature = 32°C and wind velocity = 4 m s^?1). The application of adsorbents, would allow the evaporative cooling system to be applied in hot, humid climates, in addition to hot climates with low humidity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical and testing performance of an innovative indirect evaporative chiller

An indirect evaporative chiller is a device used to produce chilled water at a temperature between the wet bulb temperature and dew point of the outdoor air, which can be used in building HVAC systems. This article presents a theoretical analysis and practical performance of an innovative indirect evaporative chiller. First, the process of the indirect evaporative chiller is introduced; then, the matching characteristics of the process are presented and analyzed. It can be shown that the process that produces cold water by using dry air is a nearly-reversible process, so the ideal produced chilled water temperature of the indirect evaporative chiller can be set close to the dew point temperature of the chiller’s inlet air. After the indirect evaporative chiller was designed, simulations were done to analyze the output water temperature, the cooling efficiency relative to the inlet dew point temperature, and the COP that the chiller can performance. The first installation of the indirect evaporative chiller of this kind has been run for 5 years in a building in the city of Shihezi. The tested output water temperature of the chiller is around 14–20 °C, which is just in between of the outdoor wet bulb temperature and dew point. The tested COP_r,s of the developed indirect evaporative chiller reaches 9.1. Compared with ordinary air conditioning systems, the indirect evaporative chiller can save more than 40% in energy consumption due to the fact that the only energy consumed is from pumps and fans. An added bonus is that the indirect evaporative chiller uses no CFCs that pollute to the aerosphere. The tested internal parameters, such as the water–air flow rate ratio and heat transfer area for each heat transfer process inside the chiller, were analyzed and compared with designed values. The tested indoor air conditions, with a room temperature of 23–27 °C and relative humidity of 50–70%, proved that the developed practical indirect evaporative chiller successfully satisfy the indoor air conditioning load for the demo building. The indirect evaporative chiller has a potentially wide application in dry regions, especially for large scale commercial buildings. Finally, this paper presented the geographic regions suitable for the technology worldwide.     

Performance enhancement of gas turbines by inlet air‐cooling in hot and humid climates

In this paper, a model to study the effect of inlet air‐cooling on gas turbines power and efficiency is developed for two different cooling techniques, direct mechanical refrigeration and an evaporative water spray cooler. Energy analysis is used to present the performance improvement in terms of power gain ratio and thermal efficiency change factors. Relationships are derived for an open gas turbine cycle with irreversible compression and expansion processes coupled to air‐cooling systems. The obtained results show that the power and efficiency improvements are functions of the ambient conditions and the gas turbine pressure ratio. The performance improvement is calculated for, ambient temperatures from 30 to 50°C, the whole range of humidity ratio (10–100%) and pressure ratio from 8 to 12. For direct mechanical refrigeration air‐cooling, the power improvement is associated with appreciable drop in the thermal efficiency. The maximum power gain can be obtained if the air temperature is reduced to its lowest limit that is the refrigerant evaporation temperature plus the evaporator design temperature difference. Water spray cooling process is sensitive to the ambient relative humidity and is suitable for dry air conditions. The power gain and efficiency enhancement are limited by the wet bulb temperature. The performance of spray evaporative cooler is presented in a dimensionless working graph. The daily performance of the cooling methods is examined for an ABB‐11D5 gas turbine operating under the hot humid conditions of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the direct mechanical refrigeration increased the daily power output by 6.77% versus 2.57% for the spray air‐cooling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical model of evaporative cooling processes in a new type of cooling tower

A numerical model for studying the evaporative cooling processes that take place in a new type of cooling tower has been developed. In contrast to conventional cooling towers, this new device called Hydrosolar Roof presents lower droplet fall and uses renewable energy instead of fans to generate the air mass flow within the tower. The numerical model developed to analyse its performance is based on computational flow dynamics for the two-phase flow of humid air and water droplets. The Eulerian approach is used for the gas flow phase and the Lagrangian approach for the water droplet flow phase, with two-way coupling between both phases. Experimental results from a full-scale prototype in real conditions have been used for validation. The main results of this study show the strong influence of the average water drop size on efficiency of the system and reveal the effect of other variables like wet bulb temperature, water mass flow to air mass flow ratio and temperature gap between water inlet temperature and wet bulb temperature. Nondimensional numerical correlation of efficiency as a function of these significant parameters has been calculated.     

Thermodynamic study of wet cooling tower performance

An analytical model was developed to describe thermodynamically the water evaporation process inside a counter‐flow wet cooling tower, where the air stream is in direct contact with the falling water, based on the implementation of the energy and mass balance between air and water stream describing thus, the rate of change of air temperature, humidity ratio, water temperature and evaporated water mass along tower height. The reliability of model predictions was ensured by comparisons made with pertinent experimental data, which were obtained from the literature. The paper elaborated the effect of atmospheric conditions, water mass flow rate and water inlet temperature on the variation of the thermodynamic properties of moist air inside the cooling tower and on its thermal performance characteristics. The analysis of the theoretical results revealed that the thermal performance of the cooling tower is sensitive to the degree of saturation of inlet air. Hence, the cooling capacity of the cooling tower increases with decreasing inlet air wet bulb temperature whereas the overall water temperature fall is curtailed with increasing water to air mass ratio. The change of inlet water temperature does not affect seriously the thermal behaviour of the cooling tower. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Second-law-based performance evaluation of cooling towers and evaporative heat exchangers

In this paper, we present thermodynamic analysis of counter flow wet cooling towers and evaporative heat exchangers using both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A parametric study is carried out to determine the variation of second-law efficiency as well as exergy destruction as a function of various input parameters such as inlet wet bulb temperature. Irreversible losses are determined by applying an exergy balance on each of the systems investigated. In this regard, an engineering equation solver (EES) program, with built-in functions for most thermodynamic and transport properties, is used. The concept of total exergy as the sum of thermomechanical and chemical parts is employed in calculating the flow exergies for air and water vapor mixtures. For the different input variables investigated, efficiencies were, almost always, seen to increase or decrease monotonically. We notice that an increase in the inlet wet bulb temperature invariably increases the second-law efficiency of all the heat exchangers. Also, it is shown that Bejan's definition of second-law efficiency is not limited in evaluating performance. Furthermore, it is understood that the variation in the dead state does not significantly affect the overall efficiency of the system.