冷冻保护剂导入细胞过程的模拟和优化

在细胞的低温保存中,通常需要导入冷冻保护剂来减轻冷冻过程对细胞的损伤。利用Kedem-Katchalsky模型模拟冷冻保护剂导入过程中细胞体积的变化以及胞内保护剂浓度的变化,考察导入过程对细胞的体积损伤和渗透损伤,以达到优化保护剂的导入过程的目的。结果表明：低浓度（1～2mol／L）保护剂一步导入过程的体积损伤和渗透损伤很小。因此在导入保护剂时可采用一步法;对于高浓度（6～9mol／L）的保护剂,相对于一步导入,分步导入和连续导入能显著减轻保护剂导入过程对细胞造成的体积损伤和渗透损伤。另外,分步导入以四步较好,连续导入可采用线性梯度和S型曲线梯度导入方式。     

高温氧化对30Cr1Mo1V钢蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在室温、540℃和650℃下,分别研究了空气或氩气气氛中氧化对30Cr1Mo1V钢蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明:在高温下,在空气中和加载频率较低时,30Cr1Mo1V钢的裂纹扩展速率均明显增加.在加载过程中引入保载时间,空气中30Cr1Mo1V钢的裂纹扩展速率明显高于惰性环境中,说明氧化影响着疲劳裂纹扩展行为.在惰性气氛中,裂纹扩展速率随保载时间的延长而增大.在空气中,当保载时间超过60 s时,裂纹扩展速率随时间呈线性比例增大,表明此时裂纹扩展行为与时间因素相关.     

冻融劣化后预加载历史对混凝土损伤特性影响

为了研究冻融劣化和荷载预损伤对混凝土动态损伤特性的影响,利用10 MN大型多功能液压伺服静动力三轴仪及TR-TSDRSL冻融仪,对历经不同冻融循环后混凝土进行一定幅值的加载历史后,按照不同应变率单调加载直至破坏,并通过Najar能量法对损伤变量D进行了定义,从弹性模量、应变速率和预加载历史三个因素对试件进行损伤分析。试验结果表明,随应变速率的增加,混凝土强度总体呈线性增长,强度增加比例为40%左右,两者拟合后发现预加载历史对混凝土强度的增幅更敏感;随着预加载历史的增大,混凝土强度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;弹性模量、应变速率和预加载历史三者之间预加载历史的损伤率敏感性更高。随着预加载历史的增大,正式加载时混凝土的压密阶段提前,损伤快速发展阶段提前。     

基于工况点线性模型的内燃机车柴油机在线辨识

建立了内燃机车柴油机各工况点及其附近的等效线性模型，用一系列等效的工况点线性模型描述了柴油机复杂的非线性特性。在分析柴油机闭环辨识条件的基础上，使用相关分析——最小二乘两步法，对装备在内燃机车上的12V180ZJ型柴油机进行了在线辨识。辨识试验与仿真结果表明，这种建模方法是合理可行的。该模型可用于柴油机控制系统的分析与设计。     

基于多轴非线性连续损伤模型的汽轮机转子低周疲劳损伤分析

针对当前汽轮机转子低周疲劳损伤分析存在较大误差的问题,引入了非线性连续损伤力学理论,并结合多轴疲劳损伤的临界面原理,建立了多轴非线性连续损伤累积模型.基于该模型,结合某型船用汽轮机转子典型工况下的瞬态温度场和热应力场的弹塑性有限元分析结果,对复杂应力引起的转子低周疲劳损伤进行分析,并与等效应变法的寿命预测模型和线性损伤累积模型进行了比较.结果表明:基于临界面法的非线性连续损伤累积模型,不仅考虑了多轴复杂应力应变的大小、方向和加载的附加强化效应的影响,而且正确地反映了转子低周疲劳损伤的非线性累积过程,其分析结果更接近于工程实际.     

基于SWMM模型的服务区降雨径流和非点源污染控制研究

为解决高速公路服务区降雨径流污染物控制问题，以铁山服务区为例，采用SWMM模型构建了服务区水文和水质模型，基于LID设施选取原则与服务区场地条件，研究了不同暴雨重现期条件下无LID设施、渗透铺装与绿色屋顶组合、下凹式绿地与绿色屋顶组合、渗透铺装与下凹式绿地组合4种方案下服务区雨水径流及污染物的控制效能。结果表明，3种组合LID设施对服务区降雨径流量、径流峰值、污染物浓度和污染物总负荷均有一定的削减作用，其中渗透铺装与下凹式绿地的LID组合设施方案截污减排效果最优；LID设施在降雨强度小时对降雨径流和污染物的控制效能较降雨强度大时更强。     

用于非比例载荷下疲劳分析的最大最小循环计数法

研究了最新ASME-Ⅷ-2规范推荐的用于非比例载荷下循环计数的最大最小循环计数法。首先通过定义最大最小循环计数法在应力-应变迟滞回线上的循环路径,赋予了最大最小循环计数法合理的物理意义。然后结合von-Mises损伤准则和Miner线性损伤累积理论,编写了非比例加载下使用最大最小循环计数法进行疲劳循环计数的实用程序,并成功应用该程序实现了对某核电站振动小支管疲劳寿命的预测。对比了非比例载荷下最大最小循环计数法和传统雨流计数法的循环统计结果,表明非比例载荷下最大最小循环计数法统计的等效应力幅值约为雨流法的1.085倍,循环次数约为雨流法的1.478倍。     

基于声发射技术的冻融劣化混凝土单双轴动态抗压试验

为研究混凝土材料在冻融循环后单双轴动态抗压时的力学性能,利用10 MN大型多功能液压伺服静动力三轴仪进行单、双轴试验,采用新型动态无损检测声发射技术实时采集声发射数据,分别建立不同加载速率、不同冻融循环次数下的应力和声发射参数与时间的对应关系,分析混凝土在不同工况下内部损伤破坏的过程及规律。结果表明,动态加载速率下,在加载前期无声发射能量信号产生,达到峰值应力附近时能量急剧释放;双轴状态下声发射最大能量滞后效应增大,卸载阶段有声发射能量产生;随着冻融循环次数的增加,损伤演化路径随冻融程度的加深逐渐发生前移。所建立的损伤模型能很好地反映由声发射能量数确定的损伤值D与应力水平V(%)之间的关系。     

应用等效应变法的30Cr1Mo1V钢疲劳-蠕变交互作用的试验分析

在540℃和565℃两种温度下进行了30Cr1Mo1V转子钢的疲劳-蠕变交互作用实验.采用Felltham公式建立了应变保持下应力与时间的关系;得到了应变循环幅保持不变、疲劳-蠕变交互作用下的循环应力-应变关系.根据等效应变概念建立了应变-寿命关系,并从分散度因子和标准偏差方面对等效应变法和线性累计损伤法的寿命预测有效性进行了比较;建立了等效应变的临界损伤公式和考虑硬度修正的等效应变寿命关系.试验结果表明,在预测寿命时等效应变法比线性累计损伤法具有更高的精度,等效应变的应力下临界损伤公式能够很好地预测实际损伤,考虑硬度修正的等效应变-寿命曲线和纯疲劳应变-寿命曲线基本一致.图5表2参9     

蚁群算法在P-Ⅲ型分布曲线参数估计中的应用

针对蚁群算法具有正反馈、并行计算、较强的鲁棒性,通过对标准蚁群算法的修改,提出一种可用于P-Ⅲ型分布曲线参数估值的连续蚁群算法.以黄河循化站实测资料为例,结果表明,基于离差平方和最小准则的蚁群算法所得的P-Ⅲ型曲线参数精度优于矩法、线性矩法和适线法,收敛速度快.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。