2维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演变过程和微观结构特征

通过单向拉伸和分段式加载-卸载实验,研究了二维编织C/SiC复合材料的宏观力学特性和损伤的变化过程.用扫描电镜对样品进行微观结构分析,并监测了载荷作用下复合材料的声发射行为.结果表明:在拉伸应力低于50MPa时,复合材料的应力-应变为线弹性;随着应力的增加,材料模量减小,非弹性应变变大,复合材料的应力-应变行为表现为非线性直至断裂.复合材料的平均断裂强度和断裂应变分别为23426MPa和0.6%.拉伸破坏损伤表现为:基体开裂,横向纤维束开裂,界面层脱粘,纤维断裂,层间剥离和纤维束断裂.损伤累积后最终导致复合材料交叉编织节点处纤维束逐层断裂和拔出,形成斜口断裂和平口断裂.     

单向碳/碳复合材料高温拉伸行为失效机理研究

碳/碳复合材料是一种耐高温、耐摩擦的新型复合材料。为了研究碳/碳复合材料在高温环境拉伸载荷作用下的损伤和失效机理,针对有、无抗氧化涂层(以下简称"涂层")[0]_(16)单向板碳/碳复合材料,开展了700℃下轴向拉伸测试,并对相应试验件的断口进行了SEM显微观测分析。拉伸试验结果表明:有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料在700℃下的应力-应变曲线呈线性,相比于室温,700℃下有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料的拉伸强度和弹性模量均得到了强化;无涂层单向碳/碳复合材料在700℃下的应力-应变曲线呈高度非线性,相应的力学性能下降明显。显微观测结果表明:试验700℃下有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料纤维束损伤形式为纤维束内纤维拉伸破坏、基体开裂和纤维拔出破坏;无涂层单向碳/碳复合材料纤维束断口变细且呈散状分布。     

三维针刺碳纤维增强SiC复合材料在加载-卸载下的拉伸行为

对T300碳纤维增强三维针刺碳纤维增强SiC(C/SiC)复合材料(纤维体积含量为30%)的单调和加载-卸载拉伸载荷下的拉伸行为进行了研究.结果表明:T300碳纤维增强三维针刺C/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂应变分别为129.6MPa和0.61%.单调和加载-卸载拉伸应力-应变曲线均为非线性变化,主要是复合材料中裂纹的扩展,界面相脱黏和滑移,以及纤维的逐步断裂和拔出所致,使得复合材料在拉伸载荷下呈非脆性破坏.卸载应力水平对卸载后的残余应变和再加载模量有较大影响.卸载应力小于80 MPa时,随着卸载应力的增加,残余应变线性增加,模量线性降低:卸载应力高于80MPa时,二者随着卸载应力的增加而呈二次函数快速变化.     

基于深度学习的平纹Cf/SiC复合材料原位拉伸损伤演化与断裂分析

为揭示平纹C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演化及失效机理,开展了X射线CT原位拉伸试验,获得材料的三维重构图像,利用深度学习的图像分割方法,准确识别出拉伸裂纹并实现其三维可视化。分析了平纹C_f/SiC复合材料损伤演化与失效机理,基于裂纹的三维可视化结果对材料损伤进行了定量表征。结果表明:平纹C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸力学行为呈现非线性,拉伸过程中主要出现基体开裂、界面脱黏、纤维断裂及纤维拔出等损伤;初始缺陷易引起材料损伤,孔隙多的部位裂纹数量也多;纤维束外基体裂纹可扩展至纤维束内部,并发生裂纹偏转。基于深度学习的智能图像分割方法为定量评估陶瓷基复合材料损伤演化与失效机理提供了有效分析手段。     

三维编织Cf/SiC复合材料的拉伸破坏行为

通过三维编织碳纤维(carbon fiber，Cf)／SiC复合材料样品单向拉伸以及单向拉伸加卸载实验．结合样品断口观察．从宏观上分析了三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料单向拉伸时的力学响应，为进一步描述三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料力学行为奠定了实验基础。实验结果表明：三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料单向拉伸时，卸载模量衰减与应力呈线性关系，残余应变的增加与应力呈二次函数关系。微裂纹主要在编织节点处萌生，沿纤维束界面扩展，最终在编织节点处汇合，导致样品发生破坏。     

平纹SiC纤维织物剪切性能

SiC纤维织物是耐高温陶瓷基复合材料的一种重要增韧材料。本文以平纹SiC纤维织物为研究对象，开展了单轴拉伸试验和±45°偏轴拉伸试验，得到了其拉伸和剪切性能；进行了纱线抽出试验，得到其经纬纱线间的摩擦系数；通过X射线CT检测，得到其细观结构；利用最小二乘法拟合出经纬纱线的横截面和卷曲形状曲线；通过建立纱线的简支梁模型，计算出剪切变形中经纬纱线摩擦力矩，预测了平纹SiC纤维织物的剪切应力-应变曲线。剪切变形过程分为纯剪和纱线挤压阶段，两个阶段的交界点为织物的锁紧角。研究结果对设计和制备平纹SiC纤维织物预制体具有参考价值。     

陶瓷基复合材料拉伸力学性能试验方法研究

本文以2D SiC/SiC、2.5D C/SiC与SiC/SiC拉伸试样为研究对象，通过试验方法对比了数字图像相关(DIC)、引伸计、应变片三种应变测量方式的测量结果，得出更准确可靠的应变测量方法；通过对比单调拉伸与循环加-卸载两种载荷形式下的试验结果，结合声发射信号，分析了不同载荷形式对测试结果的影响；针对PIP制备工艺，研究了同一构型对C/SiC与SiC/SiC两种材料的适用性。     

聚四氟乙烯复合材料力学性能研究与有限元分析

在万能材料试验机上对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料进行不同温度及不同拉伸速率下的单轴拉伸性能测试,获得温度范围为253~333 K、拉伸速率范围为10~200 mm/min条件下的一系列拉伸应力–应变曲线,发现PTFE复合材料的拉伸性能对温度变化敏感,对拉伸速率变化不敏感。为了能定量描述PTFE复合材料的力学特性,同时也为有限元数值模拟提供材料模型,根据拉伸试验结果,建立了PTFE复合材料单轴拉伸本构模型,该本构模型以数学公式的形式较好地表达了PTFE复合材料应力–应变曲线随拉伸速率及温度的变化关系。最后,对PTFE复合材料板材进行了单向压缩实验,并利用ABAQUS软件,使用所建立的本构模型,对PTFE复合材料板材进行单向压缩的有限元分析,通过仿真结果与实际试验结果对比,验证了建立的本构模型的正确性,表明该本构模型具有一定的通用性。     

玻璃纤维针织物增强聚丙烯复合材料的拉伸性能

本文通过实验对由GF/PP复合纱制得的玻璃纤维针织物增强聚丙烯复合材料的拉伸性能进行了研究.拉伸应力-应变曲线研究表明,玻璃纤维针织物增强聚丙烯复合材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线与纯聚丙烯的形状相似,且玻璃纤维针织物的加入确实提高了纯聚丙烯的拉伸性能;对断裂面进行的研究表明,研究中的复合材料的纤维/基体界面结合情况良好.     

二维机织碳纤维/碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料损伤分析

利用声发射技术全程监测二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸实验,通过声发射多参数分析法和断口显微观察,结合材料拉伸应力-变曲线,分析了二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化过程和损伤机理。结果表明：材料拉伸损伤演化经历3个阶段：第一阶段为无损伤阶段,材料无损伤发生;第二阶段为损伤初始阶段．损伤主要为微裂纹开裂．并且微裂纹开裂基本上均匀发生在样品工作段;第三阶段为损伤加速阶段,损伤主要为宏观基体、界面开裂和纤维束断裂．井且集中发生在断口区域。损伤第二阶段与第三阶段的转换点在拉伸强度的76％左右,转换点的确定对二维机织C／SiC复合材料工程应用有重要意义。     

Microstructure and tensile behavior of (BN/SiC)n coated SiC fibers and SiC/SiC minicomposites

Interphase plays an important role in the mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). In this paper, the microstructure and tensile behavior of multilayered (BN/SiC)_n coated SiC fiber and SiC/SiC minicomposites were investigated. The surface roughness of the original SiC fiber and SiC fiber deposited with multilayered (BN/SiC), (BN/SiC)₂, and (BN/SiC)₄ (BN/SiC)₈ interphase was analyzed through the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Monotonic tensile experiments were conducted for original SiC fiber, SiC fiber with different multilayered (BN/SiC)_n interfaces, and SiC/SiC minicomposites. Considering multiple damage mechanisms, e.g., matrix cracking, interface debonding, and fibers failure, a damage-based micromechanical constitutive model was developed to predict the tensile stress-strain response curves. Multiple damage parameters (e.g., matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix crack stress, tensile strength and failure strain, and composite’s tangent modulus) were used to characterize the tensile damage behavior in SiC/SiC minicomposites. Effects of multilayered interphase on the interface shear stress, fiber characteristic strength, tensile damage and fracture behavior, and strength distribution in SiC/SiC minicomposites were analyzed. The deposited multilayered (BN/SiC)_n interphase protected the SiC fiber and increased the interface shear stress, fiber characteristic strength, leading to the higher matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix cracking stress, tensile strength and fracture strain.     

In-situ tensile damage and fracture behavior of PIP SiC/SiC minicomposites at room temperature

In-situ tensile damage and fracture behavior of original SiC fiber bundles, processed and uncoated SiC fiber bundles, SiC fiber bundle with PyC interphase, SiC/SiC minicomposites without/with PyC interphase are analyzed. Relationships between load-displacement curves, stress-strain curves, and micro damage mechanisms are established. A micromechanical approach is developed to predict the stress-strain curves of SiC/SiC minicomposites for different damage stages. Experimental tensile stress-strain curves of two different SiC fiber reinforced SiC matrix without/with interphase are predicted. Evolution of composite’s tangent modulus, interface debonding fraction, and broken fiber fraction with increasing applied stress is analyzed. For the BX™ and Cansas-3303™ SiC/SiC minicomposite with interphase, the composite’s tangent modulus decreased with applied stress especially approaching tensile fracture; the interface debonding fraction increased with applied stress, and the composite’s tensile fracture occurred with partial interface debonding; and the broken fiber fraction increased with applied stress, and most of fiber’s failure occurred approaching final tensile fracture.     

3D-SiC decorated with SiC whiskers: Chemical vapor infiltration on the porous 3D-SiC lattices derived from polycarbosilane-based suspensions

SiC_w/3D-SiC composites were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of the 3D SiC lattices, which were prepared via direct ink writing of polycarbosilane-based suspensions. Microstructure, composition and tensile strength of the composites were investigated. Curing and pyrolysis temperature greatly affected the shrinkage, weight loss, density and composition of the 3D SiC. Although sound structure with spanning feature was achieved, cracks and pores in 3D SiC were formed during the pyrolysis owing to the large shrinkage. CVI process decreased the porosity and led to fully dense surface of the SiC_w/3D-SiC composites. After 60h of CVI, short β-SiC fibres or long SiC whiskers were deposited in the structural spacing of 3D lattices or spherical pores inside the filaments, respectively. The tensile strength of the composites by CVI increased from 3.3 MPa to 15.7 MPa (20 h) and 47.3 MPa (60 h), due to the high strength of dense CVI layers and in-situ formed SiC whiskers in pores. This work showed a way to strengthen the 3D SiC with in-situ formed whiskers via the polymer precursor routes.     

Strength enhancement of 2D-SiCf/SiC composites after static fatigue at room temperature

The fracture behavior of 2D-woven-SiC-fiber/SiC-matrix composites (2D-SiC_f/SiC) has been studied under monotonic tensile test conditions in air at room temperature. The specimens statically fatigued at 90% σ_R showed a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and failure strain than those of the original ones. Microstructural observations suggest that the static fatigue process enhances slow crack growth (SCG) mechanisms in fibers and the extensive fiber/matrix debonding after fatigue could be responsible of the enhanced final strength observed. Ultimate tensile stress has been evaluated from mirror radii of broken fibres, although this method turns up to overestimate experimental data. In contrast, the fracture behavior of Nicalon fiber bundles agrees with the results obtained in these composites.     

A chemo-mechanical coupled constitutive model applied to the oxidation simulation of SiC/SiC composite

Herein, a chemo-mechanical coupled constitutive and failure model is proposed to predict the tensile behavior of SiC/SiC composites under oxidizing environments. The diffusion of O₂ through the oxide scale and the oxidation reaction of SiC/O₂ are modeled and implemented in finite element software, through a user-defined element. Numerical validation studies and tests are conducted on a domestic SiC fiber. An orthotropic constitutive model for reinforcements, which considers modulus reduction due to oxidation damage, and a continuum damage model associated with O₂ diffusion along the micro-cracks in the SiC matrix are subsequently presented. The developed framework is used to simulate the mechanical behavior and oxidation process of a single fiber SiC/SiC composite.     

Micromechanical model of time-dependent damage and deformation behavior for an orthogonal 3D-woven SiC/SiC composite at elevated temperature in vacuum

This paper presents a micromechanical model to predict the time-dependent damage and deformation behavior of an orthogonal 3-D woven SiC fiber/BN interface/SiC matrix composite under constant tensile loading at elevated temperature in vacuum. In-situ observation under monotonic tensile loading at room temperature, load–unload tensile testing at 1200 °C in argon, and constant load tensile testing at 1200 °C in vacuum were conducted to investigate the effects of microscopic damage on deformation behavior. The experimentally obtained results led to production of a time-dependent nonlinear stress–strain response model for the orthogonal 3-D woven SiC/SiC. It was established using the linear viscoelastic model, micro-damage propagation model, and a shear-lag model. The predicted creep deformation was found to agree well with the experimentally obtained results.     

化学气相渗透2.5维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能

采用等温减压化学气相浸渗(isothermal low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration,ILCVI)工艺制备了在厚度方向上具有纤维增强的2.5维(2.5 dimensional,2.5D)碳纤维增强碳化硅多层陶瓷基复合材料,从而使一端封口的防热结构部件的制备成为可能.ILCVI致密化后,复合材料的密度、孔隙率分别为1.95～2.1 g/cm3和16.5%～18%.沿经纱和纬纱两个方向对2.5D C/SiC复合材料进行室温拉伸实验.结果表明:复合材料在纵向和横向的拉伸应力-应变均表现为明显的非线性行为.复合材料具有较高的面内拉伸性能,纵横向的拉伸强度分别为326MPa和145MPa,断裂应变分别为0.697%和0.705%.复合材料的拉伸断裂为典型的韧性断裂,经纱和纬纱的断裂都表现为纤维的多级台阶式断裂以及纤维的大量拔出.     

Creep properties of melt infiltrated SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™-iBN and Hi-Nicalon™-S fibers

Isothermal tensile creep tests were conducted on 2D woven and laminated, 0/90 balanced melt infiltration (MI) SiC/SiC composites at stress levels from 48 to 138 MPa and temperatures to 1400°C in air. Effects of fiber architecture and fiber types on creep properties, influence of accumulated creep strain on in-plane tensile properties, and the dominant constituent controlling the creep behavior and creep rupture properties of these composites were investigated. In addition, the creep parameters of both composites were determined. Results indicate that in 2D woven MI SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™-iBN or Hi-Nicalon™-S fibers, creep is controlled by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC matrix, whereas in 2D laminated MI SiC/SiC composites with Hi-Nicalon™-S fibers, creep is controlled by the fiber. Both types of composites exhibit significant variation in creep behavior and rupture life at a constant temperature and stress, predominantly due to local variation in microstructural inhomogeneity and stress raisers. In both types of composites at temperatures >1350°C, residual silicon present in SiC matrix to reacts with SiC fibers and fiber coating causing premature creep rupture. Using the creep parameters generated, the creep behaviors of the composites have been modeled and factors influencing creep durability are discussed.     

Effects of cyclic tensile loading on the rupture behavior of orthogonal 3-D woven SiC fiber/SiC matrix composites at elevated temperatures in air

This study examined the rupture mechanisms of an orthogonal 3D woven SiC fiber/BN interface/SiC matrix composite under combination of constant and cyclic tensile loading at elevated temperature in air. Monotonic tensile testing, constant tensile load testing, and tension–tension fatigue testing were conducted at 1100 °C. A rectangular waveform was used for fatigue testing to assess effects of unloading on the damage and failure behavior. Microscopic observation and single-fiber push-out tests were conducted to reveal the rupture mechanisms. Results show that both oxidative matrix crack propagation attributable to oxidation of the fiber–matrix interface and the decrease in the interfacial shear stress (IFSS) at the fiber–matrix interface significantly affect the lifetime of the SiC/SiC composites. A rupture strength degradation model was proposed using the combination of the oxidative matrix crack growth model and the IFSS degradation model. The prediction roughly agreed with the experimentally obtained results.     

树脂基碳纤维丝束本构方程的研究

分析了三维完全各向异性、三维正交各向异性和横观各向同性材料的本构关系,提出树脂基碳纤维丝束采用横观各向同性的本构方程,并基于该方程,通过隐式计算模块Abaqus/Standard中的牛顿迭代法求解材料的拉伸性能,与试验作对比。结果表明:拉伸应力—应变关系曲线与试验值比较吻合,能较好地模拟树脂基碳纤维丝束的形变,较准确地反映拉伸力学响应;该本构方程模型能够有效地预测碳纤维复合材料的拉伸力学行为。