给水泵轴断裂失效分析

采用断口分析、金相检验、力学性能测试和化学成分分析等方法，对服役10多天便发生断裂的给水泵轴进行了失效分析。结果表明，断口宏观上有明显的贝纹线花样，贝纹区面积较小，而瞬断区面积很大，其微观形态主要为疲劳辉纹，因此泵轴的断裂属早期疲劳断裂。而材料的显微组织中存在较多的呈带状分布的δ-铁素体和残余奥氏体，使材料强度偏低，这是引起泵轴早期断裂的主要原因。     

潜油电泵轴断裂失效分析

用表面探伤、化学分析、力学性能、微观观察、断口分析等方法，对断裂的潜油泵轴进行失效分析，结果表明，泵轴的材质与性能均符合有关标准要求。泵轴失效首先是１＃泵轴卡死断裂，随后造成２＃泵轴卡死过载断裂。     

40Cr钢机油泵轴断裂分析

采用化学成分分析、断口分析、硬度测试及金相检验等方法,对某汽车机油泵轴的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该泵轴的断裂为早期疲劳断裂,造成疲劳断裂的主要原因是未按要求对泵轴进行调质处理,致使材料的力学性能未达到设计要求,疲劳强度降低。     

火电机组给水前置泵轴断裂原因分析

某火电厂4号机组B给水前置泵轴投运仅19h即发生断裂。经对断裂泵轴进行宏观分析、化学成分分析、常温力学性能测试、金相检验及断口扫描电镜分析,探讨并明确了泵轴断裂原因,同时提出了防范措施。结果表明：该给水前置泵轴断裂为疲劳断裂,在弯曲及扭转载荷作用下于变截面的应力集中部位的不连续及夹杂物处形成疲劳裂纹,同时大量夹杂物及沿晶分布的粗大a铁素体的存在严重降低了基体强度,使轴体所能承受的循环应力大大降低,即在较低的循环应力作用下疲劳裂纹不断扩展并最终断裂。     

HXD1机车牵引电机转轴组件断裂失效分析

HXD1型电力机车的牵引电机转轴和小齿轮轴采用圆锥过盈配合传动结构(下称转轴组件),使用中该组件出现了早期断裂失效.本文通过理化检测、断口和配合面宏/微观形貌观察等失效分析技术对失效组件进行了分析.结果表明,材料成分、组织和显微硬度正常,小齿轮轴和电机转轴的失效形式分别为高周疲劳断裂和微动疲劳断裂.造成组件失效的原因和过程是,小齿轮轴近齿端油槽-油孔交界线处有较大的结构应力集中,油槽底部周向加工刀痕造成附加应力集中,在应力集中和旋转弯曲疲劳载荷作用下油孔边两个应力集中点萌生了疲劳裂纹并扩展;随小齿轮轴裂纹的不断扩展转轴组件结构刚度减小,继而诱发了与小齿轮轴匹配的电机轴配合面的微动疲劳,电机轴疲劳裂纹萌生于微动区的边缘处;电机转轴先于小齿轮轴完全断裂.基于本文的分析结果提出了提高组件抗疲劳断裂的技术措施.     

某汽车轮毂轴断裂原因分析

某汽车在行驶过程中,其后轮毂轴在安装轴承附近发生断裂,该车累计行驶里程为17km,轮毂轴材料为65Mn弹簧钢。通过外观检查、断口宏微观观察、能谱分析、化学成分分析、硬度检测和金相检验等实验,确定了轮毂轴的失效性质及失效原因。结果表明:轮毂轴失效性质为疲劳断裂;轮毂轴内部存在锻造裂纹是轮毂轴发生疲劳断裂失效的主要原因;锻造裂纹的产生可能为切削量不足导致轮毂轴原材料料头端部存在块状缺陷。     

电厂外供泵轴断裂原因分析

某外供泵在运行期间其泵轴发生断裂。通过宏观和微观检验、化学成分分析以及硬度测试等方法对泵轴断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该轴的热处理没有达到要求,使各项强度指标显著降低,加上在应力集中部位键槽根部产生了疲劳裂纹,并进一步扩展,最终导致泵轴断裂。     

动力站碱液输送泵泵轴断裂原因分析

某动力站碱液输送泵泵轴在运行期间发生断裂,通过断口分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试、拉伸试验和垢样分析等方法对泵轴断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:泵轴断裂一方面是因为泵轴材料没有进行调质处理,疲劳强度降低;另一方面是因为输送泵机械密封不良造成碱液泄漏,生成的结晶物使轴套间的间隙阻塞,导致泵轴动作不灵甚至卡死,增加了泵启动的阻力和轴的扭矩,从而使泵轴发生了疲劳脆性断裂。     

调速器步进电机轴断裂失效分析

某电厂调速器步进电机轴在开机调负荷过程中发生断裂,对断裂电机轴进行了宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析,并对步进电机轴材料进行了切应力校核。结果表明:该调速器步进电机轴断裂失效为低应力高周旋转/弯曲疲劳断裂。电机轴断裂失效的主要原因一方面是因为变径部位退刀槽位置容易造成应力集中现象,从而促使步进电机轴表面产生疲劳裂纹;另一方面是因为硫化物、碳化物等夹杂物的存在会降低材料的塑性、韧性和疲劳强度,进一步造成应力叠加,材料力学性能降低,加速疲劳裂纹的形成和扩展。     

凝结水泵轴断裂原因分析

某燃机电厂凝结水泵轴在机组运行过程中发生断裂,通过断口宏、微观形貌分析、化学成分分析、金相检验和力学性能测试等方法对泵轴的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于热处理工艺不当,导致泵轴显微组织中存在魏氏组织和明显的带状偏析,使其抗疲劳性能下降;加之泵轴在运行过程中受到持续的交变应力,从而导致泵轴于应力集中的键槽位置过早地发生疲劳断裂。     

汽车发动机曲轴断裂分析

某6缸发动机曲轴在运行8910km时,第六曲拐颈断裂。对断裂曲轴进行了断口观察、化学成分复验、基体硬度和显微组织检验。结果表明,曲轴的拐颈断裂为扭转疲劳断裂,断裂疲劳源位于油道孔与倒圆角曲面交接处,此处的切削加工刀痕及金属损伤形成应力集中且处于最大主应力面上,因而引发扭转疲劳断裂。     

CRACK BRIDGING IN THE FATIGUE OF FIBROUS COMPOSITES

Abstract— Recent observations of fatigue cracks bridged by continuous fibers in titanium alloy and titanium aluminide composites are compared to analogous observations in fiber-reinforced ceramics under monotonic loading. Three failure modes have been identified under axial loading in each case: longitudinal failure (failure parallel to the fibers) and noncatastrophic and catastrophic mode I failure (failure normal to the fibers). The criteria for transition from one failure mode to another are reviewed. Models developed previously to describe the failure of fiber-reinforced ceramics are extended to describe the mechanics of mode I fatigue crack growth. The extension is straightforward as long as the fibers do not fail in the crack wake, i.e. the failure mode is noncatastrophic mode I failure.     

沙滩车倒车档轴断裂分析

采用化学分析、断口形貌分析和金相组织检验等方法，对沙滩车断裂的倒车档轴进行了分析。结果表明，倒车档轴断裂属多源旋转弯曲疲劳断裂，裂源处机加工精度不高，造成应力集中，是发生断裂的原因之一；而该倒车档轴由于渗碳淬火层深度不够，心部铁素体较多，导致其抗疲劳能力下降，因此热处理工艺不当也是发生断裂的另一重要原因。     

Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-shaft

A failure investigation has been conducted on a diesel-engine gear-shaft used in a truck, which is made from 45# steel. The crack initiated from the root transition region between the cylinder and the platform of the gear-shaft, and propagated toward the direction with an angle of 45° to the axial direction first, then toward the direction normal to the axial direction. Multiply-origin fatigue fracture is the dominant failure mechanism. The oil hole on the cylinder of the gear-shaft was stopped up by the overlong bolt to lead to the absence of oil lubrication between the cylinder surface and the internal circle surface of the gear so that the friction force between them increased, which is mainly responsible for the failure of the gear-shaft. The absence of the induction-hardened layer in the root transition region between the cylinder and the platform of the fixed plate of the gear-shaft makes the fatigue strength decrease in this region. The fatigue crack initiated and propagated in this region easily under the abnormal stress.     

Failure Investigation of a Locomotive Turbocharger Main Shaft and Bearing Sleeve

A failure investigation was conducted on a locomotive turbocharger main shaft and a bearing sleeve which had been assembled with the main shaft. The fracture of the main shaft took place at a sharp edged groove between two journals with different cross-sectional areas. The dominant failure mechanism of the main shaft was low-cycle and rotation-bending fatigue. Wear failure occurred on the bearing sleeve through a mixed mode of abrasive and adhesive wear. Detailed metallurgical analysis indicated that the bearing sleeve and the journal surface assembled with the sleeve had been subjected to abnormally high temperatures which led to increased friction between the bearing sleeve and the bearing bush, the sleeve, and the journal surface. In addition, the abnormally high temperature softened the induction-hardening case on the journal surface and decreased the fatigue strength. Fatigue crack initiation occurred at the root fillet of the groove because of the stress concentration in that area.     

Failure analysis of a hydraulic Kaplan turbine shaft

This paper shows the results of the failure analysis of a 105 MW Kaplan turbine auxiliary shaft from a hydropower plant. As a part of the failure analysis, the turbine operation history was revised and the metallographic study was done. A sample of the cracked turbine shaft was examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Failed auxiliary shaft was coupled to the main turbine shaft and its principal function was turning the runner blades according to flow direction. In order to complement the cause of failure, a finite element analysis (FEA) was done to calculate the stress level under the maximum and minimum turbine blade inclination position. The results of present investigation showed that failure was caused by high cycle and low stress fatigue. The presence of a stress concentrator on the turbine shaft was a crucial factor to the fatigue crack-initiation phase. The FEA revealed also that the frequently load variations, showed in the operation history, could have contributed to the crack propagation.     

Failure Analysis of Gearbox and Clutch Shaft from a Marine Engine

This article presents metallurgical failure analysis of a gearbox shaft and a clutch shaft from a marine engine. The gearbox shaft was made of low alloy steel, and the clutch shafts were components made of carbon steel. Fracture surface examination revealed circumferential ratchet marks with the presence of inward progressive beach marks suggesting rotary-bending fatigue failure in the case of gearbox shaft. The star-shaped pattern on the clutch shaft fracture surface suggested that the failure was due to torsional overloading which might have initiated at corrosion pits visible around the fracture surface. The gearbox shaft experienced rotational bending stresses which induced fatigue failure because the fatigue strength of the alloy was too low. The fatigue failure of the gearbox shaft led to the torsional failure of the corroded clutch shaft. The sudden, high level failure load on the clutch shaft occurred when the gear box shaft failed.     

Failure Analysis of High-Speed Pinion Gear Shaft

The failure of a high-speed pinion gear shaft was investigated. The pinion gear was an integral part of a system used to compress the natural gas. It was a high-speed gear mounted on two roller bearings. An abnormal wear pattern was observed on the shaft surface, beneath the inner race of the bearing. The material from shaft was observed to be dislodged and stuck to the surface of the inner race. This transfer of material imparted an imbalance to the assembly, and abnormal sounds and fumes were observed two days before failure. The macrofeatures of the fracture surface resemble these of fatigue but electron microscopy showed brittle and mostly intergranular fracture. Fatigue features such as striations were not found on the fracture surfaces. Fatigue samples made from the same material and heat-treated to the same hardness were tested under uniaxial fatigue and the fracture features were compared with the original crack surface. The microfeatures of fracture surfaces were almost identical. The root cause of failure was determined to be fatigue, and cracks on the pinion shaft in the region beneath the inner bearing race lead to the transfer of material.     

基于失效评定图(FAD)研究含疲劳裂纹T型圆钢管节点的安全性

失效评定曲线(FAD)常用来评价焊接结构在出现裂纹后的安全性,为了验证这种曲线在评价焊接管结构在节点部位出现疲劳裂纹后安全性的适用性,采用实验测试和有限元分析的方法研究了3个含疲劳裂纹的T型管节点试件在静力作用下的极限承载能力及破坏过程。3个T型管节点试件首先进行疲劳实验在焊趾处产生表面裂纹,然后通过在支管端部施加轴向拉力作用检测节点的破坏过程。基于自行开发的含表面裂纹T型管节点的有限元网格自动产生程序以及ABAQUS分析软件,研究了在管节点破坏过程中表面裂纹最深点的应力强度因子大小,并通过实验的荷载-位移曲线确定了T节点试件的塑性极限承载力。在这些结果的基础上,验证了FAD在评价含疲劳裂纹的焊接管节点安全性方面的适用性。研究结果标明:FAD在评价含疲劳裂纹管节点的安全性方面是安全可靠的,但偏于保守。