高效环保型轿车防冻液的研究开发

普通防冻液配方含有对人体和环境有害的物质,属于中低档次的配方,而用于高档汽车的有机酸型防冻液,由于价格昂贵应用受到了限制.结合我公司引进的日本乙烯L系列防冻液的使用经验,开发了具有经济、高效和环保特点的新型防冻液.通过交通部后勤研究所等权威部门的检测认为,新开发的防冻液中有机酸和无机盐相结合,符合日本汽车工业无胺、非硼、非硅的防冻液品质要求,可广泛应用于日系汽车和其他中高档汽车.     

乙二醇型防冻液中沸点测定结果的不确定度评定

文章根据JJF1059-1999<测量不确定度评定与表示>,以发动机冷却液沸点测定法测定乙二醇型防冻液中沸点的不确定度的评定为例,分析了使用SH/T0089-91<发动机冷却液沸点测定法>测定样品的不确定度计算方法和步骤,建立了乙二醇型防冻液中沸点测定方法的评定方式.     

防冻液自动喷洒系统在装车系统中应用

文章介绍了装车站防冻液系统通过PLC集中控制、利用液压传动及动滑轮组传递变距原理实现不同车型的自动升降装置,根据不同车型车皮的间距,设置定位电子眼实现喷洒的启停,使防冻液喷洒在装车系统中实现了自动化。     

东风雪铁龙轿车防冻液的研制

传统防冻液含有对人体和环境有害的物质,因而应用范围受到限制.采用有机羧酸与无机缓蚀剂作为防冻液的腐蚀抑制剂,研制出东风雪铁龙轿车发动机专用防冻液.玻璃器皿腐蚀试验和行车试验结果表明,由高效的无机缓蚀剂和有机羧酸盐组成的防冻液具有良好的防腐蚀性能,通过了法国PSA集团的产品检测.由于采用了环保配方,有着传统无机型防冻液无法比拟的优势,适用于对环保有要求的国产和进口轿车.     

宁夏开发出高性能环保太阳能换能液产品

目前,国内存平板太阳能或真空热管太阳能热水器中使用的人多为汽车防冻液产品,主要成分为乙二醇。由于太阳能热水器使用环境与汽车发动机差异较大,汽车防冻液在热水器中长期使用会存在易结垢、腐蚀材质、换热效率低、毒性大、安全性能低等诸多缺陷。     

成品油火车定量装车计量系统问题分析

针对成品油火车贸易交接计量,采用质量流量计定量装车系统,并结合我公司定量装车系统实现贸易交接,对流量计、罐车、油罐等比对进行了分析。虽然不能实现单车都能和定量装车系统质量流量计一致,但定量装车系统和罐车总量比对满足成品油贸易出厂要求,可以使用定量装车系统实现火车出厂计量。     

汽车防冻冷却液的研究进展

从乙二醇型防冻冷却液的配方类型着手,对各配方的优缺点进行了探讨,并就国内防冻冷却液的现状做了详细的阐述.按照缓蚀剂组成将防冻冷却液分为无机盐为主的常规防冻冷却液类型(硅酸盐、硼砂、磷酸盐、钼酸盐)和以有机酸为主的防冻冷却液类型(复合了无机盐的有机酸配方、全有机酸配方).     

动力电池简易热管理系统的研究

动力电池的寿命及可靠性对整车的安全性至关重要,基于液冷冷却方式,本文设计并研制了一套动力电池简易热管理机组,通过软件仿真、实验室测试及装车测试证实了方案的可行性。研究表明：通过抽取大巴的空调风及环境风分别在夏季及春秋两季对低温换热器中的防冻液进行冷却,能够较好的匹配动力电池在不同环境下对制冷能力的要求;在实验室及装车两种情况下,机组在设计工况下的制冷量均大于2.5 kW;机组采用PTC制热时,实际功率与设定功率之间的误差在2%以内;机组装车后,引风管长度小于2 m,风管90°弯的数量小于2个时,机组换热量仍然满足设计要求;在实验数据与模拟数据误差为15%的条件下,采用Dymola软件对机组进风口的导流板进行优化,得到导流板的角度为73°时能够使进风口的风均匀分布于低温换热器表面。     

如何识别次品防冻液

通常人们都认为防冻液是一种季节性的简单产品,就是冬天汽车水箱用来防冻的东西,其实这是一个误解。防冻液应该叫汽车防冻冷却液,它具有冬天防冻、夏天防沸的功能,并且能够防腐、防垢、保护发动机的冷却系统,改善散热效果,提高发动机效率。因此,防冻液不只是冬天用的,它应该替代水全年用于汽车发动机的冷却。防冻液的发展已经历了相当长的一段时间。最初防冻液的作用就是用来降低发动机水箱的冰点或是提高沸点而已,但随着汽车工业的发展,发动机功率的增大,转速加快,对发动机冷却介质——防冻液的性能要求也越来越高。按现在的要求来说,一种…     

复合稳定剂对化学镀镍-磷合金的影响

为满足化学镀镍对镀液稳定性、沉积速率和镀层性能的要求,研究了化学镀Ni-P合金的多种复合稳定剂组合.对镀液稳定性、沉积速率以及镀层的孔隙率、耐蚀性和结合力进行了测试.结果表明,使用优选的复合稳定剂ZD(由不饱和有机酸、无机盐和含硫化合物复配而成),在86～88 ℃下,向50 mL化学镀液中加入100mg/L的PdCl2溶液3 mL,243 s无沉淀;镀层孔隙率为0.06个/cm2,耐浓硝酸时间为171 s,镀速为18.5 μm/h,结合力满足GB/T 13913-92要求.该复合稳定剂协同效果好,不含重金属离子,符合环保要求.     

混凝土防冻剂的研究进展

混凝土外加剂因其良好的性能已经成为新型混凝土必不可少的部分,在当今建筑工程中发挥了巨大作用。而防冻剂作为一种高性能混凝土外加剂,在建筑工程领域也已经得到了广泛的应用。简要回顾了混凝土防冻剂历史及研究现状,并对需要进一步研究的相关问题提出了建议。     

钝化膜不产生六价铬的三价铬彩色钝化工艺

镀锌件三价铬彩色钝化液对环境污染小,但是三价铬钝化件,特别是彩色钝化件,在空气中放置一段时间后会出现微量的六价铬,影响了三价铬钝化液的应用与推广。为此,研究了一种新型的镀锌件三价铬彩色钝化液,探讨了工艺参数对钝化膜外观和耐蚀性的影响,结果表明：该钝化液形成的钝化膜耐蚀性好,经过144h的中性盐雾试验不产生白锈,放置60...     

Green manufacturing—performance of a biodegradable cutting fluid

Huge quantity of petroleum and mineral-based cutting fluids mixed with carcinogenic additives to increase their performance is used every year in the manufacturing industry. Application of such fluids poses a serious hazard to the environment, workers, and personnel who directly or indirectly come in contact with them. Disposal of these cutting fluids without neutralization has a high potential of contaminating the water bodies and affects the aquatic life. Various vegetable-based cutting fluids have been formulated from edible oils, but less work is reported on non-edible oils. In this work, non-edible neem oil was used as a base oil and a food grade emulsifier was used. Thus, the cutting fluid is totally biodegradable. Various cutting fluids were formulated, and then, experiments were done on EN8 with uncoated carbides on lathe machine and various results reported. The neem oil has inherent anti-microbial properties and thus prevents microbial contamination for a long period of time. This newly developed cutting fluid does not require any neutralization before disposal.     

Development of an Extended Corresponding States Principle Method for Volumetric Property Predictions Based on a Lee–Kesler Reference Fluid

The corresponding states principle (CSP) and the extended CSP have proven to be valuable tools in the prediction of properties of fluids and fluid mixtures. However, the accuracy of the application of these principles to property prediction is crucially dependent on the accuracy of the equation of state of the reference fluid or fluids involved. In this work, a new methodology of property prediction is developed and discussed. The revised extended corresponding states method, as developed by Marrucho and Ely, is combined with a reformulated (Teja-like) Lee–Kesler approach. The reformulated Lee–Kesler method is used to generate a pseudo-reference fluid, specific to each target fluid, which allows better mapping characteristics with any specified target fluid. This methodology is tested for the prediction of bulk volumetric properties of non-polar as well as polar fluids (specifically, alternative refrigerants). The results with different pseudo-reference fluids are compared with those of the original Lee–Kesler model and those obtained with n-propane as a single reference fluid. In the case of polar fluids, the prediction of properties is improved if the Taylor series expansion of the compressibility factor in the Lee–Kesler approach is affected in terms of the dipole moment rather than the acentric factor. The details of the combined reformulated Lee–Kesler extended corresponding states methodology are elucidated.     

Optimization of cutting fluid performance

This paper describes a new drilling test (Upton 1997) for the evaluation of cutting fluid. The technique is based upon a procedure which relies on gathering performance data from tests using the same drill with different fluids, or lubricant concentrations, rather than determining the lifetime or wear rate of individual tools. The results presented here, are used to illustrate the findings for changes in fluid concentration. This non lifetime method is useful because fluids can be quickly compared, and assessed by reference to cutting force analysis and component surface finish measurement. (Upton 1996) Alternative life tests tend to be more expensive because they require a greater volume of fluid, larger quantities of workpiece material and are time consuming. Despite the trends towards 'dry cutting' and low friction tool coatings, there is still a need for cutting fluids because of their ability to improve product quality, remove heat and swarf from the tool/workpiece interface and increase tool life. Improvements in cutting fluid performance are desirable because of ongoing costs associated with fluid use, maintenance and subsequent disposal. Increased environmental awareness and health and safety considerations also dictate that new formulations are introduced.     

Inorganic immersion fluids for ultrahigh numerical aperture 193 nm lithography

Immersion lithography has become attractive since it can reduce critical dimensions by increasing numerical aperture (NA) beyond unity. Among all the candidates for immersion fluids, those with higher refractive indices and low absorbance are desired. Characterization of the refractive indices and absorbance of various inorganic fluid candidates has been performed. To measure the refractive indices of these fluids, a prism deviation angle method was developed. Several candidates have been identified for 193 nm application with refractive indices near 1.55, which is approximately 0.1 higher than that of water at this wavelength. Cauchy parameters of these fluids were generated and approaches were investigated to tailor the fluid absorption edges to be close to 193 nm. The effects of these fluids on photoresist performance were also examined with 193 nm immersion lithography exposure at various NAs. Half-pitch 32 nm lines were obtained with phosphoric acid as the immersion medium at 1.5 NA. These fluids are potential candidates for immersion lithography technology.     

A collision model for safety evaluation of autonomous intelligent cruise control.

This paper describes a general framework for safety evaluation of autonomous intelligent cruise control in rear-end collisions. Using data and specifications from prototype devices, two collision models are developed. One model considers a train of four cars, one of which is equipped with autonomous intelligent cruise control. This model considers the car in front and two cars following the equipped car. In the second model, none of the cars is equipped with the device. Each model can predict the possibility of rear-end collision between cars under various conditions by calculating the remaining distance between cars after the front car brakes. Comparing the two collision models allows one to evaluate the effectiveness of autonomous intelligent cruise control in preventing collisions. The models are then subjected to Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the probability of collision. Based on crash probabilities, an expected value is calculated for the number of cars involved in any collision. It is found that given the model assumptions, while equipping a car with autonomous intelligent cruise control can significantly reduce the probability of the collision with the car ahead, it may adversely affect the situation for the following cars.     

Equation of State for Repulsive Models of n-Alkane Pure Fluids and Mixtures

Theoretically-based equations of state previously developed for hard models of molecular pure fluids and mixtures are extended in this paper to repulsive models of pure n-alkane fluids and mixtures. For pure fluids, the compressibility factor is expressed in terms of a scaling of the excess compressibility factor of a hard-sphere fluid with a packing fraction equal to the effective packing fraction of the true fluid. For mixtures, the excess compressibility factor is expressed as a similar scaling of the excess compressibility factor of a hard-sphere fluid mixture. The theory requires two parameters, namely the scaling factor and the effective (averaged) molecular volume of the fluid (mixture), which can be determined from the molecular geometry. Results are in generally good agreement with available simulation data.     

Improving the design of higher-capacity railway tank cars for hazardous materials transport: optimizing the trade-off between weight and safety

As with many aspects of modern industrial society, decision-makers face trade-offs in considering hazardous materials transportation equipment and practices. Tank cars used for transport of hazardous materials can be made more resistant to damage in accidents through use of a thicker steel tank and other protective features. However, the additional weight of these features reduces the car's capacity and thus its efficiency as a transportation vehicle. In this paper the problem of tank car safety versus weight is developed as a multi-attribute decision problem. North American railroads recently developed specifications for higher capacity tank cars for transportation of hazardous materials including enhanced safety design features. A group of tank car safety design features or "risk reduction options" (RROs) were analyzed with regard to their effect on the conditional probability of release in an accident, and their incremental effect on tank car weight. All possible combinations of these RROs were then analyzed in terms of the reduced release probability per unit of weight increase and the Pareto optimal set of options identified. This set included the combinations of RROs that provided the greatest improvement in safety with the least amount of additional weight for any desired level of tank car weight increase. The analysis was conducted for both non-insulated and insulated tank cars and used two objective functions, minimization of conditional probability of release, and minimization of expected quantity lost, given that a car was derailed in an accident. Sensitivity analyses of the effect of tank car size and use of different objective functions were conducted and the optimality results were found to be robust. The results of this analysis were used by the Association of American Railroads Tank Car Committee to develop new specifications for higher capacity non-insulated and insulated, non-pressure tank cars resulting in an estimated 32% and 24% respective improvement in safety.