无公害蔬菜病虫害的综合防治

无公害蔬菜是指产地环境、生产过程、目标产品质量，符合国家或农业行业无公害农产品标准和生产技术规程，并经产地和市场质量监督检验部门检验合格，使用无公害产品标识销售的蔬菜产品。生产无公害蔬菜的宗旨是使蔬菜中对人体健康有毒害的物质和有害生物，严格控制在国家或行业标准允许的范围之内。因此，病虫害综合防治技术在无公害蔬菜生产技术中占有十分重要的地位。     

发挥腐植酸类物质在无公害疏菜生产中的作用

蔬菜是人民生活中必不可少的重要副食品之一，是保证人民身体健康的维生素和矿质元素的重要来源。随着国民经济的迅速发展，人民生活水平正在从温饱向小康过渡，与此同时，人们对蔬菜的消费也已进入从数量型向质量型转变的时期，对无污染的、安全、优质、营养类蔬菜的需求日益迫切。然而目前生产的蔬菜质量却不尽人意，有机磷超标、硝态氮累积严重。重金属污染、病原微生物污染等也时有发生，这些都已成为无公害蔬菜生产发展的严重障碍，同时也直接威胁着人类的健康生存。因此，如何保证无公害蔬菜的生产和供给，以尽快满足人民生活的需要已成为国内外众多科研工作者关注的焦点，而腐植酸类物质在蔬菜生产中的应用对于解决上述问题将会起到积极的作用。     

无公害蔬菜生产如何科学使用农药

<正>所谓无公害蔬菜是指蔬菜中有害物质(如农药残留、重金属、亚硝酸盐等)的含量,控制在国家规定的允许范围内,人们食用后对身体健康不造成危害的蔬菜。科学使用农药是生产无公害蔬菜的关键一环,具体来说,菜农应注意掌握以下几点:一、尽可能选用微生物农药或生化制剂。微生物农药或生化制剂既能防病治虫,又不污染环境和毒害人畜,且对天敌安全,害虫不产生抗药性。     

无公害蔬菜生产对农药的要求

从蔬菜生产特点和蔬菜害虫发生特点及无公害生产要求，提出对高效、速效、低毒、低残留农药的具体要求。     

发挥腐植酸类物质在无公害蔬菜生产中的作用

蔬菜是人民生活中必不可少的重要副食品之一,是保证人民身体健康的维生素和矿质元素的重要来源。随着国民经济的迅速发展,人民生活水平正在从温饱向小康过渡,与此同时,人们对蔬菜的消费也已进入从数量型向质量型转变的时期。对无污染的、安全、优质、营养类蔬菜的需求日益迫切。然而目前生产的蔬菜质量却不尽人意,有机磷超标、硝态氮累积严重,重金属污染、病原微生物污染等也时有发生,这些都已成为无公害     

生物催化在农药合成中的应用

随着社会经济的快速发展,我国在农业生产方面也有了很大的发展。农药的使用是农业生产过程中的重要环节,随着人们生活水平和环保理念的提高,大多数人对于农药的要求越来越高。因为种植蔬菜或者水果少不了农药进行趋避虫害,因此,我们只能尽量研制绿色无公害的农药进行使用,保护人们的身体健康。近些年来,生活催化技术在农药合成方面得到广泛的应用,一种高效又无公害的农药是大家迫切需求的,也一定会创造出巨大的经济效益。为了改善农药中的药物残留,以及普遍存在的耗费原料多,污染环境严重以及不利于人们身体健康的问题,我国相关研究人员逐渐开始运用生物催化的原理来制造绿色又高效的新型环保农药,为我国农业发展提供了新的思路,促进我国经济社会发展。文章对当今生物催化技术在农药合成中的发展进行了分析和探讨,比如杀虫剂,除草剂等和人们日常生活息息相关的农药,并对此提出了一些建议和意见。     

CIS育苗营养基对西红柿品质影响的实验研究

加强无公害农业关键技术和无公害农业专用生产资料(农药、肥料、种苗基质、饲料、饵料等)的研制开发，依靠科学技术控制有害化学品的滥用，是提高谷物、果蔬、畜禽及水产品品质的重要手段。现代化种苗产业是构筑蔬菜和经济作物生产现代化的基础，也是无公害食品、绿色食品和有机食品生产的第一环节。我们采用低位草本泥炭为原料，开发研制成功CIS育苗营养基，不仅实现了提高种苗产业技术水平的目标，在增加蔬菜产量、提高农产品品质等方面也取得了显著效果。试验结果表明，CIS营养基育苗与营养土育苗、穴盘育苗、泥炭块育苗相比，可提高西红柿产量14．13％～43．08％，提高西红柿果实中Vc含量36．13％～61．73％，提高可溶糖15％～20％，提高糖酸比5．8%～32．54％，降低硝酸盐含量4．6％～24．64％。CIS育苗营养基为提高种苗生产技术水平，增加蔬菜产量，改善蔬菜品质，促进无公害食品和绿色食品生产提供了新型资材。     

无公害蔬菜生产的农药选择

目前，随着化学农药的大量使用，农药残留问题日益引起人们的注意，人们对无公害蔬菜的呼声越来越高，为了确保消费者的身体健康，从源头上解决蔬菜农药残留超标问题，在使用化学药剂防治病虫的同时，如何科学合理地选择化学农药，将农药残留控制在允许的水平以下，发展绿色农业，已成为人们普遍关心的问题。     

我国禁用和在某些作物上限用的农药品种

为了保护人类居住的环境不进一步的恶化，保证人们的身体健康，加快”无公害”农产品的生产和发展，增强我国农产品国际市场竞争力，从源头上解决农产品尤其是蔬菜、水果、茶叶、中草药等作物的农药残留超标问题，农业部先后公告了禁止和限制使用的农药名单，及停止受理一批高毒、剧毒农药的登记申请，撤消一批高毒农药在一些作物上的登记。     

防治蔬菜菜青虫高效、低毒、无公害农药的筛选

通过对10种杀虫剂田间小区药效筛选试验,结果表明锐劲特、阿维菌素、高渗苦参碱、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、B.t.对菜青虫具有良好的防治效果。其中锐劲特、阿维菌素、高渗苦参碱和B.t.具有高效、低毒、无公害等特点,是无公害蔬菜生产中防治蔬菜害虫的理想药剂。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.