温度饱和水下的裂隙岩体力学特性研究*

在理论上，利用O‘Connell的饱和水裂隙岩体等效弹性模量与岩石模量的关系式，并由式中的裂隙密度概念意义，建立了温度作用下的裂隙密度与Oda提出的裂隙张量之间的关系式；在试验的基础上，给出了温度、饱和水下的单裂隙岩体应力－应变、抗压强度回归拟合关系表达式。并通过试验与拟合结果对以加以验证，其裂隙岩体力学模型可为裂隙岩体THM耦合分析提供合理的依据。     

裂隙岩体渗透张量的对称性证明及主渗透性推导

裂隙岩体具有显著的各向异性和非均质性的特点,研究时主要分为等效非连续介质模型、等效连续介质模型和孔隙–裂隙双重连续介质模型3种情况考虑。岩体渗流参数是岩体渗透特性的量化形式,是连续介质模型求解裂隙岩体渗流场的基础。基于裂隙岩体的性质及工程设计方面的考虑,经常把裂隙岩体当作各向异性的多孔连续介质来处理,而渗透张量的对称性是连续介质的标志。各类教科书缺乏渗透张量的对称性证明,而是直接使用这一结论。,为更加深入地理解裂隙岩体渗透张量的本质,证明含有单个裂隙、单组裂隙或多组裂隙的裂隙岩体的渗透张量的对称性,阐明渗透张量的主轴与主渗透性以及水力梯度与渗透流速的关系,进而推导出渗流控制方程。     

岩石裂隙组构的定量测定

裂隙组构是用张量确定岩石内部裂隙几何分布的常用方法。基于体视学原理描述组构的理论框架,提出定量测定岩石裂隙组构的方法。该方法采用归一化思想定义裂隙张量,张量的迹恒等于1极大方便了裂隙组构的测定。用测试线测定岩石的平面裂隙张量,用该张量偏张量的第二、第三不变量定义幅值参量和分量角度,定义的2个标量分别确定裂隙各向异性的大小和方向,用这2个量就可以描述平面裂隙的分布规律。用正交面中任意2个幅值参量即可唯一确定三维正交各向异性裂隙张量。随裂隙分布几何关系变化,正交各向异性自然退化为横观各向同性和各向同性的形式。煤岩CT试验结果的验证表明,该张量能够较好描述裂隙的平面分布特点。     

考虑渗流特性的岩体结构面分形特性研究

 裂隙的连通性和密度是影响岩体渗流特性的重要因素。从岩体渗流研究的需要出发,对计算机模拟的岩体裂隙网络,应用分形几何理论,提出考虑裂隙连通性和密度影响的岩体结构面信息维数的计算方法,建立信息维数与岩体渗透系数的关系,进而可以用信息维数和岩体结构面几何参数来直接推求各向异性裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量。工程算例表明：(1) 考虑渗流应力耦合作用时,用容量维数计算的渗透系数比用信息维数计算的值高出2倍多,说明用容量维数计算岩体渗透系数会夸大裂隙岩体的渗透能力;(2) 信息维数能较好地反映裂隙密度对渗流的影响。信息维数越大,表明岩体内连通裂隙数量越多,因而岩体的渗透性就更大一些。     

大型地下水封石油洞库裂隙岩体各向异性渗透特性的分析和应用

依托黄岛地下水封石油洞库工程,研究裂隙岩体各项异性渗透特性。考虑裂隙结构面的粗糙情况,对单一平板裂隙渗流立方定律进行修正,并推导出对应的三维裂隙岩体渗透张量计算式。根据油库库区水文地质资料可知:基岩裂隙在空间上的分布具有明显的方向性,将库区地质结构分成五个区,计算各分区裂隙岩体的渗透张量。建立基于裂隙岩体各向异性渗透张量理论的三维地下水非稳定流数值模型,运用该模型模拟施工不同阶段库址区渗流场的变化。通过对模拟结果和观测资料的对比分析,表明采用该模型的模拟结果比较符合实际,可以预测开挖及运营期间渗流场的变化。     

核废料贮存裂隙岩体水热耦合迁移及其与应力的耦合分析

 博士学位论文摘要　核废料深层地质贮存的安全性分析, 一个重要指标就是要充分体现在贮库裂隙围岩介质中地下水流动、附加应力和热载耦合作用下的岩体性能稳定。为了达到这一耦合过程对岩体行为的全面理解, 试从各自耦合过程特征出发, 把裂隙岩体视为等效连续介质, 对裂隙岩体介质THM 耦合参数特性进行分析, 从而建立描述裂隙岩体介质THM 耦合的数学模型。概括起来, 从以下几方面来完成这项研究。在裂隙岩体力学模型方面, 利用O ′Connell 建立的干(或饱和水) 裂隙岩体等效弹性模量与岩石模量的关系式, 并由式中的裂隙密度概念意义, 建立了温度作用下的裂隙密度与O da 提出的裂隙张量之间的关系式。在裂隙岩体渗透模型方面, 利用O da提出的描述裂隙岩体渗透特性的附加裂隙张量, 并以裂隙结构面的开度、岩体裂隙数(包括受温度影响开通裂隙数)、裂隙连通率、附加应力、剪切膨胀和化学成份为研究对象, 建立了具有THM 耦合特性的渗流系数张量。在理论分析方面, 建立了THM三方面满足的本构方程式和描述核废料贮库裂隙岩体介质热2液2力耗散过程的定解方程。在实验基础上, 给出了温度、饱和水下的单裂隙岩体应力2应变、抗压强度回归拟合关系表达式以及岩体裂隙结构面的温度2应力2水力耦合本构关系式。在数值分析方面, 利用加权残数法理论, 导出了求解所建立的THM 耦合数学模型的有限元计算公式, 并编制了二维有限元计算程序。用BM T1 问题的算例, 获得了较满意的计算结果, 从而显示了其数值模拟的成功性。     

层状裂隙岩体蠕变柔量估计的合理方法

基于Taylor模型方法和粘弹性断裂力学理论，推导了层状裂隙岩体的单轴、剪切以及体积蠕变柔量，并合理考虑了裂隙相互作用效应的影响，分析了层状裂隙岩体单轴蠕变和剪切蠕变的各向异性。计算分析指出，裂隙岩体的单轴蠕变柔量随裂隙密度参数的增加而增大，随裂隙倾角的增加而减小。考虑裂隙相互作用效应时，层状裂隙岩体的蠕变柔量明显大于不考虑裂隙相互作用的情况。该方法为通过室内岩石流变实验了解实际工程中裂隙岩体的蠕变特性提供了一种可能。     

节理岩体正交各向异性等效变形参数研究

将节理岩体变形视为线弹性的岩块变形和非线性弹性的结构面变形之和,在分析已有结构面变形特点的基础上,提出了一种新的结构面法向变形计算公式,该公式可以考虑岩体初始应力状态对变形的影响。然后,利用岩体裂隙网络和等效连续应变理论,研究节理岩体等效应变的计算方法,并根据正交各向异性的弹性本构模型,将岩体作为正交各向异性连续材料计算其等效变形参数。最后,编制相应的计算程序,通过计算实例验证了研究成果的合理性。     

深部裂隙岩体中弹性波传播与衰减规律试验研究

为研究深埋裂隙岩体中弹性波的传播与衰减规律,采用室内模型试验,得到弹性波在深部裂隙岩体中传播时的波速值及首波波幅值随地应力变化的曲线,并对试验过程中弹性波的传播与衰减规律进行分析,对裂隙岩体中弹性波的波速增量、衰减程度与围压、裂隙数量、裂隙分布角度之间的关系进行了探讨和拟合。试验研究结果表明:在三轴压缩试验中,当围压一定而轴向压力增加时,弹性波波速值的变化经历快速增长、缓慢增长、基本稳定、快速降低4个阶段,并在轴向应力达到峰值强度的60%时,波速值迅速下降,因此可判断该点为岩体中裂纹开始扩展的起始点,同样首波波幅值的衰减程度也呈现出类似变化规律;在三轴拉压试验中,当围压一定而轴向拉力增加的过程中,弹性波波速值不断降低,波幅值的衰减程度也是不断增强。围压、裂隙角度、裂隙数量对弹性波的传播速度和衰减程度均产生一定影响,影响程度的敏感性为:裂隙数量围压裂隙角度。     

等效连续介质模型渗透张量的确定

提出了渗透张量的基本概念，对用裂隙几何参数确定三维问题的渗透张量进行了计算分析，介绍了三种渗透张量的现场测试方法，为研究裂隙岩体的渗透性提供了依据。     

Seismic anisotropy due to stress-induced cracks

Energy conservation principles are used to derive anisotropic elastic properties and seismic wave velocities of an otherwise isotropic material containing preferentially oriented microcracks. The energy stored in deforming a cracked elastic material equals the sum of energy stored in deforming the homogeneous, isotropic and intact portion of the material, and in the cracks. Both elastic properties and seismic velocities and attenuation of this material are therefore dependent on average crack length, orientation and density. This work found that P-wave velocities in all principal directions: the direction normal to crack planes, and parallel to the short and the long axis of crack planes, decrease as crack density increases. The shear wave velocities in the crack planes, that is, when both the particle motions and the propagation directions are parallel to the planes, remain unchanged because the shear modulus in those planes is not changed. The shear wave velocities in the other two principal directions are found to decrease with increasing crack length and density. These results show that in a cracked, otherwise isotropic elastic material, shear waves in the direction parallel to the crack planes travel the fastest and any other shear waves that make a non-zero angle with the crack planes travel slower. Measured results in both laboratory and field, as summarized by Crampin et al. (J. Petroleum Tech. 1989; 283–288), have confirmed these findings.     

Preferred orientations of open microcracks in granite and their relation with anisotropic elasticity

In order to study how to deal with open microcracks in rock, anisotropic behaviors of Oshima granite were investigated by carrying out wave velocity tests and uniaxial compression tests, together with observations of microcracks under an optical microscope equipped with a universal stage. Anisotropy in the longitudinal wave velocity V_L and secant deformation modulus E₁₀ at 10% strength is caused by pre-existing open microcracks, not by pre-existing healed microcracks. The structural anisotropy formed by open microcracks, which is quantitatively represented by a second-rank tensor (called crack tensor), is in good agreement with the directional changes of E₁₀ and V_L. The mechanical, as well as structural, anisotropy shows rhombic symmetry with orthogonal symmetry axes in the directions roughly normal to the rift, grain and hardway planes, which are parallel to the major joint sets in the field. Since longitudinal wave velocity changes drastically depending on the density and orientation of open microcracks in granitic rocks, it is suggested that the crack tensor can be determined from non-destructive wave velocity tests. The elastic modulus tensor theoretically formulated in terms of the second-rank crack tensor can be used, as a first-order approximation at least, to describe the anisotropic elasticity of Oshima granite induced by pre-existing open microcracks. It is of particular importance to point out that the micro-scale structure by open microcracks is geometrically similar to the macro-scale structure by joints and faults (scale independent). This finding strongly suggests that some of the conclusions related to open microcracks are applicable to deal with macro-scale cracks in rock masses.     

PS测井在地基勘察中的应用

PS测井技术是地震勘探方法之一,也是一种简便、快速、准确的原位测试技术,它通过获取地震波经过不同深度的岩土层的直达波旅行时便可求得纵、横波波速,进而通过弹性波理论基础计算出泊松比、剪切模量及弹性模量、体积模量及岩体完整性系数等岩土层动弹性力学参数。这些参数可以划分风化层位的界面,也可对围岩等级做出评定,为工程设计提供依据。本文简述了PS测井技术的工作原理、野外实测技术以及数据处理和资料解释全过程,并且结合某一场地的工程实例说明了PS测井技术在岩土工程勘察设计中的应用情况及应用效果。     

岩石弹性模量与弹性波速的关系

根据应力波传播速度,用Hooke介质模型推算岩石的弹性模量,所得数值远大于静态模量。用双组分Hooke介质混合物模型说明了产生这种差异的机理,给出了包含细结构尺度、相界面尺度、相界面状态等的内的波长、弹性模型量与弹性波速的关系式。     

小观音坝址区岩体弹性波特征及其应用

  利用勘探平硐的硐壁波速和硐间整体穿透波速的测试成果,分析了小观音坝址区岩体弹性波速度的空间分布特征,鉴于该坝址区以自重应力为主的地应力场特征,讨论了岩体弹性波速度与地应力场的关系。在建立岩体弹性波速度与岩体力学参数间关系的基础上,并以岩体波速为桥梁,探讨了岩体力学参数与地应力之间的关系。利用建立的各种关系,对坝址区难以开展现场试验但又需要岩体力学参数的某些地段,可以通过弹性波测试甚至根据空间位置,确定或估算其岩体力学参数,以供坝址区岩体质量评价、岩体力学分析和计算使用。     

岩体中弹性波传播尺度效应的初步分析

含缺陷岩体具有尺度效应,此类岩体中传播的弹性波也有尺度效应。对现场测点 EC37-201-06 ,在 3.0 ´ 3.2 m² 的范围内采用动态有限元方法进行了 15 种尺度的弹性波传播规律的分析研究。对现场测点 EC37-101-06 ,在 1.2 ´ 1.2 m² 的范围内采用准静态有限元方法进行了 60 种尺度的弹性波波速与围压及计算尺度的关系的计算分析。前者采用了射线理论分析思想,而后者采用等效介质分析思想,得到了相应的弹性波的尺度效应,但二者规律有差异。为建立二者间的联系,也为了工程应用,基于量纲理论分析方法,给出了一个半理论的波速与入射波频率的计算公式。与现场声波和地震波测试结果,以及考虑随机分布单节理散射模型的计算结果进行比较,初步分析结果表明,此公式基本可行。     

Triaxial apparatus equipped with elastic waves and matric suction measurement techniques

A recently developed technique for elastic wave measurement, a disk transducer method, and a pressure membrane technique for suction measurement were merged into a modified triaxial testing apparatus enabling the procurement of both the elastic waves and the matric suction of a cylindrical specimen. The apparatus was employed to evaluate the variation in suction in sandy soil possessing a low range of suction (less than 100?kPa). Fine sand with two types of fines, namely, non-plastic silt and kaolin clay, was mixed with Toyoura sand in order to prepare sandy soil specimens. Both compressional and shear wave velocities were evaluated in conjunction with the associated matric suction. The matric suction was varied by injecting water into the specimens, and the relevant elastic wave velocities were obtained by a disk transducer. This research has corroborated the applicability of the disk transducer method to unsaturated soil specimens as well as the effects of matric suction on the mechanical behaviour of sandy soils possessing a low range of suction.     

Elastic wave velocities and permeability evolution during compaction of Bleurswiller sandstone

Field observations and laboratory experiments have recently documented the formation of compaction bands in porous sandstones [Mollema and Antonellini, Tectonophysics 1996;267:209–28; Olsson and Holcomb, Geophys Res Lett 2000;27:3537–40; Bésuelle, J Geophys Res 2001;106:13435–42; Klein et al., Phys Chem Earth 2001;26:21–5]. It has been observed experimentally [Wong et al., J Geophys Res 2001;28:2521–4; Baud et al., J Geophys Res 2003, submitted; Fortin et al., 2003, Abstract EGS-AGU Nice] that under axisymmetric compression, compaction bands develop sub-perpendicular to the main compressive stress which is predicted theoretically in the framework of strain localization theory [Bésuelle, J Geophys Res 2001;106:13435–42; Issen and Rudnicki, J Geophys Res 2000;105:21529–36]. Volumetric strain, fluid transport and elastic properties are intimately coupled to one another, for they all depend on a few intrinsic parameters such as the porosity, the crack density, and the matrix and fluid elastic properties. On the one hand, Scott et al. [Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 1993;30:763–9] showed that elastic wave velocities were clearly affected during the deformation of porous sandstones. On the other hand, Zhu and Wong [J Geophys Res 1997;102:3027–41] showed that the relation between the evolution of permeability and volumetric strain during compaction of sandstones was not straightforward. In this study, we present for the first time the simultaneous evolution of volumetric strain, elastic wave velocities and permeability for a set of deformation experiments of Bleurswiller sandstone. We show that, although very coherent to one another, those three sets are not systematically correlated. Indeed, inelastic compaction, whether it is distributed or localized, is accompanied by a drastic decrease of elastic wave velocities due to grain crushing, a decrease of permeability and porosity due to pore collapse. Using simple statistical physics concepts based on the study of Kachanov [Adv Appl Mech 1993;30:259–445] and Guéguen and Dienes [Math Geol 1989;21:1–13], we try to understand and address the issue of coupling/decoupling between volumetric strain (mainly sensitive to equant porosity variations), elastic properties (mainly sensitive to crack density) and permeability (theoretically sensitive to both) during the formation of compaction bands. Finally, we show that the mineral composition of a sandstone is a key parameter controlling the effective pressure at which the onset of pore collapse P^* takes place.     

Stress Induced and Inherent Anisotropy on Elastic Stiffness of Soft Clays

The influence of anisotropy on the elastic shear modulus of clays was addressed using test results obtained from a series of laboratory tests; i.e., triaxial test and Square oedometer. Under various stress stages imposing under triaxial condition, the deviator stress had an indiscernible influence on the elastic shear modulus. The path of vertically logged elastic shear modulus of clay could reasonably be expressed in terms of mean effective stress. Two pairs of bender elements were installed in the square oedometer so that shear wave velocities of samples which were trimmed parallel or perpendicular to their bedding direction can be measured in the vertical and horizontal directions. For sample trimmed parallel to the bedding direction (conventional one), the horizontal shear wave velocity was larger than the vertical one. The opposite observation, however, was observed for sample trimmed 90 degrees apart. The extents of different in vertically and horizontally logged shear wave velocities from both types of samples were almost similar. This clearly indicated the influence of inherent anisotropy rather than the stress induced. The mean effective stress can well represent the stage variable of elastic shear modulus.     

基于瑞利波法对混凝土表面裂缝检测的数值研究

基于瑞利波及衍射纵波的传播时间差法,利用有限元法分析了瑞利波在含不同长度及角度裂纹的混凝土介质中的传播规律,提出了混凝土介质中表面裂缝长度和角度的计算公式,并验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。研究结果表明:在传播过程中,瑞利波一部分沿着介质表面(含裂纹表面)传播,另一部分在裂缝尖端发生模式转换,形成衍射横波和衍射纵波,弹性波传播到介质边界时被粘弹性人工边界全部吸收,消除了反射波的影响;表面裂缝长度和角度的计算结果误差基本在5%以下,只有个别数据误差较大,在一定范围内,随着裂缝长度和角度值的增大,计算结果的准确度越高。