基于视频通信的信道码码率分配方法

针对差错信道下视频信源的不等差错保护问题,设计一个新的信道码码率分配策略,对一个图片组中不同位置的帧给予不同强度的保护。该策略考虑了视频信源的误码扩散问题,分析了差错掩盖方法与信道失真计算的关系,通过在编码端有效估计信道差错所引入的失真并建立最优码率分配问题,利用遗传算法快速得到最优的信道码码率分配方案。实验采用H.264视频编码标准,结果证明该策略能较好地提升视频传输系统性能。     

基于晶格量化异构网络视频联合信源信道编码

为提高异构网络视频传输质量,提出一种基于晶格量化的异构网络视频联合信源信道编码方法。首先,利用多描述联合信源信道编码的信号源并行信道传输方案,建立高斯视频源传输的多描述独立的并行信道传输框架;其次,采用晶格尺度量化方法分别考虑有或无边信息解码器情形下实现模拟映射带宽的降低,通过带宽扩展来提高异构网络视频传输性能;最后,通过与VPS、FMS和DMUS 3种算法在编码冗余度、编码速率、峰值信噪比、端到端视频帧延迟以及有效损失率指标上的对比试验,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

渐进图像传输的码率分配快速算法

针对带限时变信道上的渐进图像传输,提出了一种信源信道联合编码码率分配快速算法,首先参考一组速率兼容信道码字的误码性能划分信道分区,在各分区内缩小可用信 道码率集后,通过前后向码率搜索求解最佳码率分配。该算法运算复杂度低,计算次数比启发式码率搜索算法降低了一个数量级,缩短了运算时间。因此,将其应用于自适应传输 系统,可根据信道状况快速调整码率分配。仿真结果表明,接收端重建图像的PSNR值始终在29.5 dB以上,同时波动范围小于4 dB,具有优良稳定的传输质量。     

FGS编码视频传输的非均匀FEC保护

本文提出了在丢包网络传输过程中,针对FGS分级编码视频流的优先级差异,提供非均匀FEC编码保护,同时考虑采用一致的信源信道联合统计率失真模型作为约束,根据一定的传输信道带宽和平均丢包率,联合优化信源编码码率和非均匀FEC编码码率的分配.该方法应用于丢包网络的视频传输,可以有效地适应网络传输条件的变化,提高信道带宽利用率,增强视频的传输质量.     

面向异构无线网移动视频传输的联合信源信道编码方式

文中针对异构无线网环境下端到端移动视频传输问题,提出一种新的联合信源信道编码方式DRA-JSCC.现有的联合信源信道编码(JSCC)方式的主要问题是将服务器与客户端之间的网络视为单一的传输链路.在异构无线网环境下该问题更为复杂,因为通信终端之间存在多个可用的无线接入网络,如果在并发传输过程中选择不可靠的传输链路会严重降低视频质量.为了解决上述问题,文中提出一种基于动态速率分配(Dynamic RateAssignment)的联合信源信道编码方式(DRA-JSCC),该方法包含3个主要步骤:(1)根据视频应用可容忍的传输丢失率调整前向纠错编码的冗余度;(2)基于端到端传输的延迟上限调整视频编码速率;(3)进行动态视频流多路径分配使端到端的视频失真最小化.文中构建了JSCC方法在多个无线链路并发传输场景的端到端视频失真优化问题,并且对视频信源以及信道失真进行了综合分析.在仿真平台Exata上使用H.264实时视频流进行的实验表明,DRA-JSCC相对于现有方法能有效提高视频峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio,PSNR)以及降低端到端延迟.     

低延时无线视频传输中的H.264码率控制算法

针对基于ARQ机制下的低延时无线视频传输,提出了一种有效的信道信源联合码率控制方案。该方案首先利用Markov模型作为无线信道模型来预测估计信道的状态和带宽,并以基于Cauchy分布的率失真模型作为信源模型;然后在帧层设计了一种基于PID控制器的缓存控制算法,即根据预测信道带宽和缓存器状态来分配每帧目标比特数,以提高缓存的控制能力;对于宏块层则在监控缓存器状态的同时,利用基于Cauchy分布的率失真模型,最后通过Lagrange方法来优化分配目标比特数。实验结果证明,该算法不仅能显著提高平均峰值信噪比,并能大幅减少跳帧数目。     

LDPC码在小波压缩图像传输中的应用

LDPC码是一种具有低复杂度,强纠错能力的信道编码结构,SPECK算法是嵌入式小波图像压缩编码中性能较好的一种。本文充分考虑SPECK算法和改进LDPC码的特性,提出了根据信源编码后数据在重建时的重要程度进行不等纠错保护的信源信道联合编码方案。实验表明,该方案有利于压缩图像在噪声信道上的可靠传输,提高系统整体纠错性能。     

面向主观质量的视频传输编码参数的选择

在视频传输中有两个重要的问题需要解决:1)在已知网络带宽以及丢包率的情况下如何分配信源和信道的编码速率;2)在信源编码速率限定的条件下如何选择编码的参数。针对问题2),分析了现有的主观质量模型VQMTQ,选择VQMTQ作为视频主观质量评价的指标。联合码率模型在给定目标码率时能够选择最佳的编码参数,使得编码后的视频主观质量尽可能高。该研究对于实际应用具有重要价值,保障了人眼的主观感受。     

三协作节点的功率分配及其信道容量

针对多协作用户的功率分配及其信道容量问题,讨论了在三个协作用户的通信模型中,当信道增益固定情况下的功率分配。以信道容量为目标函数,给出了最优的功率分配算法。实验结果表明,当信源节点到目标节点的信道增益大于信源节点到各中继节点的信道增益时,信源节点可以直接传送给目标节点。当信源节点到各中继节点的信道增益的平方与信源节点发射功率的乘积小于相应中继节点到目标节点信道增益的平方与相应中继节点发射功率的乘积时,信源节点可以完全通过中继节点来传送给目标节点,在其它情况下,信源节点可以一部分通过中继节点传输,一部分直接传输到目标节点。     

一种自适应的视频帧率和速率联合控制算法

在低速率的无线信道上传输视频数据,并保证视频图像的主观质量是视频通信的难点。首先采用Gilbert无线信道模型来预测下一时刻的有效网路带宽,然后对TMN8速率控制算法进行了改进。并在此基础上,根据视频运动的分类和估计的信道速率,对视频的帧率和速率进行自适应的调整。通过采用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和双激励评分系统两种评测机制评测表明：该算法比TMN8算法的PSNR值总体要高2dB,且该算法比TMN8算法视频的主观质量有明显的提高。     

Error-Resilient Video Encoding and Transmission in Multirate Wireless LANs

In this paper, we present a cross-layer approach for video transmission in wireless LANs that employs joint source and application-layer channel coding, together with rate adaptation at the wireless physical layer (PHY). While the purpose of adopting PHY rate adaptation in modern wireless LANs like the IEEE 802.11a/b is to maximize the throughput, in this paper we exploit this feature to increase the robustness of wireless video. More specifically, we investigate the impact of adapting the PHY transmission rate, thus changing the throughput and packet loss channel characteristics, on the rate-distortion performance of a transmitted video sequence. To evaluate the video quality at the decoder, we develop a cross-layer modeling framework that considers jointly the effect of application-layer joint source-channel coding (JSCC), error concealment, and the PHY transmission rate. The resulting models are used by an optimization algorithm that calculates the optimal JSCC allocation for each video frame, and PHY transmission rate for each outgoing transport packet. The comprehensive simulation results obtained with the H.264/AVC codec demonstrate considerable increase in the PSNR of the decoded video when compared with a system that employs separately JSCC and PHY rate adaptation. Furthermore, our performance analysis indicates that the optimal PHY transmission rate calculated by the proposed algorithm, can be significantly different when compared with rate adaptation algorithms that target throughput improvement.     

Joint Source Coding and Network-Supported Distributed Error Control for Video Streaming in Wireless Multihop Networks

Real-time video communication over wireless multihop networks has gained significant interest in the last few years. In this paper, we focus our attentions on the problem of source coding and link adaptation for packetized video streaming in wireless multihop networks when network nodes are media-aware. We consider a system where source coding is employed at the video encoder by selecting the encoding mode of each individual macro-block, while error control is exercised through application-layer retransmissions at each media-aware network node. For this system model, the contribution of each communication link on the end-to-end video distortion is considered separately in order to achieve globally optimal source coding and ARQ error control. To reach the globally optimal solution, we formulate the problem of joint source and distributed error control (JSDEC) and devise a low-complexity solution algorithm based on dynamic programming. Extensive experiments have been carried out on the basis of H.264/AVC codec to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm over the existing joint source and channel coding (JSCC) algorithm in terms of PSNR perceived at the decoder under time-varying multihop wireless links.     

视频通信中的抗误码技术

随着第三代移动通信和宽带无线技术的发展,视频抗误码与纠错技术是近年来多媒体通信领域研究的热点之一。该文从视频通信的系统模型出发,对视频通信中抗误码方法的研究及新进展进行了全面的总结。分别对信源编码端的抗误码、信道的差错控制技术、信源信道联合编码、解码端误码检测和误码隐藏方法等进行了详细评述,并总结了国际编码标准H.263+、H.263++、MPEG-4、H.264中的抗误码技术的发展,同时,指出了视频抗误码技术的发展方向和研究重点。     

容错视频编码与传输技术研究

随着无线网络和多媒体技术应用的广泛和深入,在不可靠信道上传输视频的需求日益增长,视频编码和传输中的错误控制问题已经引起了广泛关注.本文全面回顾了过去10多年来的容错编码与传输技术,包括基于编码端的容错、基于解码端的差错掩盖以及信源信道联合编码.此外还对最新的视频编码标准H.264/AVC的容错工具进行了介绍并展望了容错视频编码与传输技术的发展方向.     

Low-Delay Low-Complexity Bandwidth-Constrained Wireless Video Transmission Using SVC Over MIMO Systems

We propose an efficient strategy for the transmission of scalable video over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. In this paper, we use the latest scalable H.264 codec (SVC), which provides combined temporal, quality and spatial scalability. At the transmitter, we estimate the decoded video distortion for given channel conditions taking into account the effects of quantization, packet loss and error concealment. The proposed scalable decoder distortion algorithm offers low delay and low complexity. The performance of this method is validated using experimental results. In our proposed system, we use a MIMO system with orthogonal space-time block codes (O-STBC) that provides spatial diversity and guarantees independent transmission of different symbols within the block code. The bandwidth constrained allocation problem considered here is simplified and solved for one O-STBC symbol at a time. Furthermore, we take the advantage of the hierarchical structure of SVC to attain the optimal solution for each group of pictures (GOP) of the video sequence. We incorporate the estimated decoder distortion to optimally select the application layer parameter, i.e., quantization parameter (QP), and physical layer parameters, i.e., channel coding rate and modulation type for wireless video transmission.      

联合H.264和多码率Turbo码的无线视频传输

提出了一种无线视频流联合信源信道编码传输的具体方案,结合H.264视频编码,对其进行合理数据分割后采用UEP技术,并联合信道设计了一个支持信道UEP的多码率Turbo编解码器,同时把Turbo编码与type-Ⅲ HARQ混合自动重传请求机制结合以达到更可靠的数据传输保证。通过仿真实验证明,这种设计方法可进一步优化系统在恶劣的无线信道下的链路吞吐量和取得更好的视频重建质量。     

Region-based rate control and bit allocation for wireless video transmission

In this paper, we propose a joint source-channel region-based rate control algorithm for real-time video transmissions over wireless systems. During the video transmission, the channel throughput available to the video encoder in the wireless systems is inherently variable, due to the retransmission of the error packets using the automatic repeat request (ARQ) error control. The variable data rate of the wireless system is characterized by the packet-level Gilbert two-state Markov Model, the parameters of which are extracted from the statistical properties of the channel information obtained from the wireless channel simulator. The proposed algorithm adopts a fast but effective block-based segmentation method to extract the regions of interest. Unlike traditional bit allocation methods used in the region/content-based rate control, the algorithm exploits the most effective criteria "coding qualities" as quantitative factors to directly control bit allocation among different regions so as to achieve better visual quality in the regions of interest. The computational complexity of the algorithm is low making it suitable for real-time applications. Compared with the MPEG-4 rate control algorithm, our algorithm can effectively enhance the perceptual quality for the regions of interest and significantly reduce the number of frame skipping; thereby, improve the smoothness of the video.     

Scalable Joint Source and Channel Coding of Meshes

This paper proposes a new approach for joint source and channel coding (JSCC) of meshes, simultaneously providing scalability and optimized resilience against transmission errors. An unequal error protection approach is followed, to cope with the different error-sensitivity levels characterizing the various resolution and quality layers produced by the input scalable source codec. The number of layers and the protection levels to be employed for each layer are determined by solving a joint source and channel coding problem. In this context, a novel fast algorithm for solving the optimization problem is conceived, enabling a real-time implementation of the JSCC rate-allocation. An instantiation of the proposed JSCC approach is demonstrated for MeshGrid, which is a scalable 3-D object representation method, part of MPEG-4 AFX. In this context, the L-inflnite distortion metric is employed, which is to our knowledge a unique feature in mesh coding. Numerical results show the superiority of the L-inflnite norm over the classical L-2 norm in a JSCC setting. One concludes that the proposed joint source and channel coding approach offers resilience against transmission errors, provides graceful degradation, enables a fast real-time implementation, and preserves all the scalability features and animation capabilities of the employed scalable mesh codec.     

Packet loss resilience using unequal forward error correction assignment for video transmission over communication networks

Forward error correction (FEC) methods have been developed for packet loss resilience in application layer for real-time video transmission over communication networks. In this paper, an efficient packet loss resilience method is proposed using closed form solution for unequal FEC assignment based on a new packet distortion model. We first derive the packet distortion model by investigating the error concealment property and error propagation effect in H.264. To select the source and channel rate minimizing the overall distortion, we present a model-based rate allocation algorithm using the packet distortion model and rate-distortion function. Then we propose the closed form solution for unequal FEC assignment, which uses the packet distortion model and considers channel status information. Simulation results show that the proposed method gives substantial improvement for the received video quality in packet-lossy Internet and wireless network environments, while it requires much less computational complexity compared to the previous scheme.     

用于IP网络的差错复原编解码器

随着因特网的飞速发展,基于IP网络的视频通信越来受到重视,但由于IP网络属于易于发生差错的信道,因此,基于IP网络的视频业务必须要到信道差错的影响,为了抗信道差错,差错复原技术已成为易发生差错信道下视频编码的重视组成部分,针对IP网络时常发生拥塞和带宽经常变动而造成的数据分组丢失,时延和抖动问题,提出了用于IP网络的差错复原技术综合应用解决方案,该方案通过综合运用多种差错原复技术,大大提高了压缩码流的抗差错能力和解码器和差错复原能力,同时应用该方案实现了具有差错复原性能的H．263、H．26L视频编码解器。利用Internet网络模型对编解码器的差错复原能力进行了实验,实验结果表明,该视频编解码器具有良好的差错复原性能,重图象的主客观质量得到了明显的改善。