定向凝固NiAl—Cr（Mo）—Hf合金微观结构的电子显微学研究

利用ＴＥＭ研究了定向凝固方法制备的ＮｉＡｌ－２８Ｃｒ－５．５Ｍｏ－０．５ｈｆ（原子分数,％下同）共晶合金的微观组织与结构,以了解其复相强韧化机理,共晶合金呈典型的胞状结构,并由层片状Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相,ＮｉＡｌ基体,不连续网状分布的Ｈｅｕｓｌｅｒ相ｉ２ＡｌＨｆ组成,ＮｉＡｌ和Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相存在固定的立方－立方取向关系,并共同沿（１１１）方向生长,两相间呈半共格界面,并存在三套规则的界面错配们错网,在     

定向凝固NiAl—28Cr—5.5Mo-0.5Hf合金中Ni_2AlHf相和Ni_(16)Hf_6Si_7相的研究

少量的Ｈｆ（０．５％）加入到定向凝固的ＮｉＡｌ－Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）合金中,会产生Ｈｅｕｓｌｅｒ相Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ,该相呈网状分布在ＮｉＡｌ／Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相界面区域．Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ与ＮｉＡｌ之间不存在固定的晶体学取向关系,但有时也发现二者存在立方－立方取向关系：［１１１］ＮｉＡｌ［１１１］Ｈ,（１０１）ＮｉＡｌ／／（２０２）Ｈ,并通过高分辨电子显微照片分析了二者界面的精细结构由于定向凝固过程中,Ｓｉ元素进入到合金中,所以在此合金中发现了Ｇ－相Ｎｉ１６Ｈｆ６Ｓｉ７．细小弥散的Ｎｉ１６Ｈｆ６Ｓｉ７相呈立方体形状,与Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ相相伴分布在ＮｉＡｌ／Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相界面附近同时讨论ＴＮｉＡｌ／Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ及ＮｉＡｌ／Ｎｉ１６Ｈｆ６Ｓｉ７的界面能量,Ｎｉ１６Ｈｆ６Ｓｉ７相在ＮｉＡｌ中析出的惯习面和Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ相及Ｎｉ１６Ｈｆ６Ｓｉ７相分布形态的成因     

NiAl—28Cr—5Mo—1Hf多相金属间化合物的显微组织及力学性能研究

研究了铸造和ＨＩＰ处理ＮｉＡｌ－２８Ｃｒ－５Ｍｏ－１Ｈｆ（原子分数,％,下）金属间化合物的显微组织,铸造合金是由ＮｉＡｌ,Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）和Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ相组成,经１２５０℃,２００ＭＰａ,４．５ｈＨＩＰ处理后。     

NiAl(Cr)系的机械合金化

利用高能球磨机对不同Ｃｒ含量的Ｎｉ５０－Ａｌ５０－ｘ－Ｃｒｘ（ｘ＝５,１０,１５,２０,２５）粉末进行机械合金化,采用ＸＲＤ,ＳＥＭ,ＴＥＭ和ＤＴＡ等手段系统研究了合金元素Ｃｒ替代Ａｌ后对ＮｉＡｌ机械合金化过程及产物的影响,结果表明,高能球磨显著扩大了Ｃｒ在β－ＮｉＡｌ中的固溶度,Ｃｒ含量的增加使反应机制发生变化,得到逐渐趋于无序的ＮｉＡｌ（Ｃｒ）化合物Ｎｉ５０Ａｌ５０－ｘＣｒｘ（ｘ＝５,１０,１     

碳和钇对Fe－Cr－Al合金500℃时效脆化的影响

测定了Ｆｅ－１５Ｃｒ－４Ａｌ合金在５００℃的时效脆化动力学，利用内耗，ＴＥＭ，ＥＰＭＡ和ＳＥＭ等手段研究了合金在时效后的组织变化和断裂行为．结果表明，时效脆化第一阶段（０－１００ｈ）主要是碳化物在α相晶界析出的作用，它损害界面结合，降低断裂应力，使塑性在时效０．２５ｈ后消失；第二阶段（１００－１０００ｈ）主要是富Ｃｒ－α＇相均匀析出的作用，它通过强化基体引起二次脆化．含０．２和０．４％Ｙ的Ｆｅ－１５Ｃｒ－４Ａｌ－Ｙ合金在固溶态下无Ｓｎｏｅｋ内耗峰，碳在α相中的浓度低于０．０００７％，这是碳原子被Ｙ_２Ｆｅ_（１７）相俘获的结果．因此，含钇合金在５００℃时效时不发生晶界碳化物析出，时效１０００ｈ后塑性无明显变化．     

定向凝固NiAl合金的微观组织和高温力学性能Ⅰ.微观组织和韧 …

利用ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ研究了热等静压处理（ＨＩＰ）后的ＮｉＡｌ－２８Ｃｒ－５．５Ｍｏ－０．５Ｈｆ定向凝固合金微观组织与结构。该合金主要是由ＮｉＡｌ相、Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相和少量聚集在相界处的Ｈｅｕｓｌｅｒ相组成。通过对该合金高温拉伸实验发现：合金的韧脆转变温度（ＢＤＴＴ）与应变速率有关,应变速率提高一个数量级,韧脆转变温度提高５０Ｋ。断口形貌观察发现：ＢＤＴＴ以下,该合金以β相的解理和β／Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）的相剥     

定向凝固NiAl—28Cr—5.5Mo—0.5Hf合金中Ni2AlHf相和Ni16Hf6Si7？…

少量的Ｈｆ（０．５％）加入到定向凝固的ＮｉＡｌ－Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）合金中,会产生Ｈｅｕｓｌｅｒ相Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ,该相呈网状分布在ＮｉＡｌ／Ｃｒ（Ｍｏ）相界面区域,Ｎｉ２ＡｌＨｆ与ＮｉＡｌ之间不存在固定的晶体学取向关系,但有时也发现二者存在立方－立方取向关系：「１１１」ＮｉＡｌ∥「１１１」Ｈ,（１０１）ＮｉＡｌ∥（２０２）Ｈ,并通过高分辨电子显微片分析了是面的精细结构,由于定向凝固过程中, Ｓｉ元素进入到     

NiAl（Co）系机械合金化的研究

用高能球磨机分别对含三种成分的Ｎｉ－Ａｌ５０－ｘ－Ｃｏｘ（ｘ＝５,１０,２０）粉末进行机械合金化。Ｃｏ的加入对合金的机械合金化过程及产物有很大影响。Ｃｏ含量变化使反应机制明显改变。并同时得到不同的反应产物,用ＤＴＡ测定粉末最终产物的热稳定性,Ｎｉ－Ａｌ４５－Ｃｏ５,Ｎｉ－Ａｌ４０－Ｃｏ１０粉末在加热过程中未发生相分解,仍保持β－ＮｉＡｌ（Ｃｏ）结构。而Ｎｉ－Ａｌ３０－Ｃｏ２０球磨所得过饱和固溶体γ     

共晶NiAl—9Mo合金的超塑性行为

研究了共晶 ＮｉＡｌ－９Ｍｏ合金的超塑性行为及其变形机制．该合金的微观组织由 ＮｉＡｌ以及 ＮｉＡｌ和α－Ｍｏ共晶体组成．在 １３２３－１３７３ Ｋ温度区间,以 ５.５５×１０－５－１．１１×１０－４ ｓ－１的应变速率拉伸变形时,表现出超塑性行为,最大延伸率达到 １８０％,应变速率敏感性指数达到 ０．５６．超塑性的变形机制为初生 ＮｉＡｌ基体的晶界滑动,断裂起源于超塑性变形过程中产生的孔洞．     

Ni_3Al－Cr－Zr－B－Mg合金的高温晶界脆性

应用电镜及Ｘ线衍射技术，研究了高温下Ｎｉ_（７５）Ａｌ_（１６．６）Ｃｒ_（７．８４）Ｚｒ_（０．４５）Ｂ_（０．１）Ｍｇ_（０．０１）合金晶界失效行为。经１１８０℃保温，由于偏聚晶界区Ｍｇ含量（ａｔ．－％）达１５－１９。同时Ｚｒ含量（ａｔ，－％）明显增大可达２８－３３；并观察到局部晶界共晶熔化现象。通过１０００℃固溶及变温热循环处理，合金中晶内出现ＣｒＮ相沉淀，沿晶界有Ｃｒ２（Ｃ，Ｎ）相析出。     

Influence Of High Temperature Heat Treatment On Microstructure And Microhardness Of (Ds)Nial--Cr(Mo)—Hf Eutectic Alloy

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置制备NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf(原子分数，％，下同)共晶合金，研究了高温热处理对合金显微组织和显微硬度的影响。结果表明，热处理后，NiAl和Cr(Mo)的层片状组织形貌基本没有变化，而合金中分布于胞界的半连续的Heusler(Ni2AlHf)相部分或大部分消失，并以弥散的Heusler颗粒形式在NiAl基体中重新析出。此外，Cr(Mo)相中的NiAl微粒粗化，在Cr(Mo)相中出现了位错线。定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf合金的显微硬度明显高于NiAl-28Cr-6Mo合金，热处理后，合金的硬度值基本保持不变。     

Microstructures,Compressive Properties,and Microhardness of NiAl-Cr(Mo) Eutectic Alloys With Various Ni Contents

The microstructures and mechanical properties of 66(Ni_xAl)-28Cr-6Mo (x?=?1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5) alloys were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, microhardness, and compression tests. The microstructure of NiAl-28Cr-6Mo (Ni_1.0) eutectic alloy consists of NiAl and Cr(Mo) phases. With increasing the Ni content to 2.0, the microstructure changes from eutectic (Ni_1.0) to eutectic?+?primary NiAl dendrite (Ni_1.5 and Ni_2.0), and the morphologies of part of precipitates in primary NiAl dendrite evolve from granular to needle-like. When the Ni content increases further, besides eutectic and primary NiAl dendrite, the gray phase forms and is identified as an ordered FCC (L1₂) (Ni,Cr)₃(Al,Mo) phase. Moreover, the more needle-like precipitates emerge in the primary NiAl dendrite of Ni_2.5, Ni_3.0, and Ni_3.5 alloys, and the precipitate is identified as a bcc Cr(Mo) phase. The deep etching reveals that the three-dimensional morphology of Cr(Mo) precipitate is not needle-like but lath-like. Among the investigated alloys, both Ni_2.0 and Ni_2.5 alloys possess the higher fracture strength and microhardness. The relevant strengthening mechanisms are discussed.     

Investigations on the microstructure and room temperature fracture toughness of directionally solidified NiAl–Cr(Mo) eutectic alloy

The microstructures and room temperature fracture toughness of directionally solidified NiAl-xCr-6Mo (x = 28, 32 and 36 at%) alloys were investigated. Fully eutectic microstructure could be obtained in the alloys over a wide composition range. High temperature gradient could increase the planar/cellular transition rate and expand the eutectic coupled growth zone. The volume fraction of Cr(Mo) strengthening phase increased with the increasing content of Cr, accordingly, the fracture toughness of NiAl–Cr(Mo) alloys also gradually increased. The fracture toughness of 26.15 MPa m^1/2 was obtained in the NiAl-36Cr-6Mo hypereutectic alloy solidified at withdrawal rate of 10 μm/s and temperature gradient of 600 K/cm, which is the highest value in the NiAl–Cr–Mo alloy system until now. Well-aligned microstructure was beneficial to the enhancement of the fracture toughness, while the existence of primary phase seriously deteriorated the toughness. All the directionally solidified NiAl–Cr(Mo) alloy failed as brittle quasi-cleavage fracture. Some toughening mechanisms, such as crack bridging, crack nucleation, crack blunting, crack deflection, interface debonding and shear ligament toughening as well as linkage of microcracks were observed. In addition, mobile dislocation generated from the interface also had significant influence on the toughness.     

定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5.85Mo-0.15Hf合金的高温蠕变行为研究

研究了定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5.85Mo-0.15Hf合金的微观组织和高温蠕变行为。结果表明合金是由NiAl枝晶轴和枝晶间区[NiAl和Cr(Mo)相的共晶]组成的。经过长期固溶时效处理NiAl/Cr(Mo)合金析出少量弥散分布的Huesler相,其余Hf以固溶体方式存在。合金拉伸蠕变曲线具有典型的三阶段特征,即较短的减速蠕变阶段和较长的第三蠕变阶段。合金应力指数n和蠕变激活能Q分别为3.36和245kJ/mol,该合金的蠕变变形是由位错攀移机制所控制的。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Microhardness of Directionally Solidified NiAl-Cr（Mo）-Hf Intermetallic Alloy

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of directionally solidified (DS)NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf alloy is investigated. The results indicate that there is little change in the morphology of NiA1 and Cr(Mo) phases after heat treatment. However, the semicontinuous Heusler phase which is originally located at grain boundaries is partially reduced and fine Heusler particles re-precipitate within NiA1 matrix. Furthermore, NiA1 precipitates coarsen in Cr(Mo) phase and dislocations appear in Cr(Mo) phase. Microhardness of as-grown (DS)NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf alloy is much higher than that of (DS)NiAl-28Cr-6Mo and basically has no change after heat treatment.     

NiAl-based polyphase in situ composites in the NiAl---Ta---X (X = Cr, Mo, or V) systems

Polyphase in situ composites were generated by directional solidification of ternary eutectics. This work was performed to discover if a balance of properties could be produced by combining the NiAl-Laves phase and the NiAl-refractory metal phase eutectics. The systems investigated were the Ni---Al---Ta---X (X = Cr, Mo, or V) alloys. Ternary eutectics were found in each of these systems and the eutectic composition, temperature, and morphology were determined. The ternary eutectic systems examined were the NiAl---NiAlTa---(Mo, Ta), NiAl---(Cr, Al) NiTa---Cr, and the NiAl---NiAlTa---V systems. Each eutectic consists of NiAl, a C14 Laves phase, and a refractory metal phase. Directional solidification was performed by containerless processing techniques in a levitation zone refiner to minimize alloy contamination. Room temperature fracture toughness of these materials was determined by a four-point bend test. Preliminary creep behavior was determined by compression tests at elevated temperatures, 1100–1400 K. Of the ternary eutectics, the one in the NiAl---Ta---Cr system was found to be the most promising. The fracture toughness of the NiAl---(Cr, Al)NiTa---Cr eutectic was intermediate between the values of the NiAl---NiAlTa eutectic and the NiAl---Cr eutectic. The creep strength of this ternary eutectic was similar to or greater than that of the NiAl---Cr eutectic.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Determined in Compressive Tests of Quasi-Rapidly Solidified NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf Eutectic Alloy After Hot Isostatic Pressure and High Temperature Treatments

The effect of high cooling rate of approximately 10² K/s and subsequent hot isostatic pressure (HIP) and high temperature (HT) treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of NiAl-based intermetallic alloys was investigated. The results reveal that rapid solidification refines the microstructure of the NiAl-Cr(Mo)-0.5Hf eutectic alloy and transforms the Ni₂AlHf Heusler phase, which is present in the equilibrium state to a metastable Hf(Ni, Al, Cr) solid solution phase. Simultaneously, the shape and distribution of the Hf(Ni, Al, Cr) solid solution phase were considerably improved. After the HIP treatment, the Hf(Ni, Al, Cr) solid solution phase has changed from continuous distribution along eutectic cell boundaries into semicontinuous distribution, and the primary NiAl(Cr, Mo) phase has coarsened. The HT treatment reduces the volume fraction of the primary NiAl(Cr, Mo) phase and optimizes the distribution of the Hf(Ni, Al, Cr) solid solution phase. Rapid solidification and the resulting fine-grained microstructure will significantly improve the mechanical properties of the alloy in compression tests. However, additional HIP and HT treatments enhance the high-temperature strength properties obviously.     

Effect of withdrawal rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of a directionally solidified NiAl-based hypoeutectic alloy doped with trace Hf and Ho

The hypoeutectic alloy, with nominal composition NiAl–31Cr–2.9Mo–0.1Hf–0.05Ho (at.%), was directionally solidified at three different withdrawal rates by liquid metal (Sn) cooling technique. Microstructural examination reveals that directional solidification gave rise to a shift in the coupled zone for the eutectic growth towards the Cr(Mo) phase. With the withdrawal rates increasing from 3 mm/min to 15 mm/min, the volume fraction of primary dendritic NiAl increases from 21.1% to 25.9%, while the size and the arm spacing of NiAl primary dendrite reduces simultaneously. The room temperature (RT) fracture toughness and the tensile strength at RT and elevated temperature (1373 K) present the valley value at intermediate rate (8 mm/min) among the withdrawal rate range which could be attributed to the decrease in volume fraction of eutectic NiAl/Cr(Mo) microstructure and the refinement of microstructure resulted from the increase of withdrawal rates. In terms of RT tensile elongation, the DS alloy grown at different withdrawal rates all break with no plastic flow.     

定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf合金的高温蠕变

研究了定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf合金的显微组织和高温拉伸蠕变行为，该合金由NiAl相、Cr(Mo)相和少量聚集在NiAl和Cr(Mo)相界处的Ni2AlHf(Heusler)相组成，蠕变曲线表现为较短的减速蠕变阶段和较长的稳态蠕变阶段及较高的蠕变应变，且蠕变后显微组织的变化不大，该合金的蠕变由晶格自扩散引起的位错攀移所控制，蠕变断裂数据符合Monkman-Grant关系。