利用离体牛角膜多次暴露方法评测化妆品套装的眼刺激性

采用标准和改良的牛角膜浑浊度和渗透性(BCOP)试验对市售5种化妆品洗护套装进行评测,并比较不同方案下渗透性和浑浊度2个参数的变化,初步建立多次眼暴露的离体牛角膜试验体外评价方法。结果表明,采用标准方法套装内单个产品均显示无眼刺激性,而多次暴露后,发现角膜浑浊度和渗透性均出现了不同程度的变化,可能产生眼刺激性。改良后的BCOP测试方法可用于多次暴露的眼刺激性评价,为产品安全性的提升提供了参考。     

牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验的方法优化和拓展应用

系统综述了牛角膜混浊和渗透性试验（Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, BCOP）眼刺激 性替代方法的改进情况，深入分析了以BCOP方法为核心模块的组合方法的使用方式，介绍了单一 方法和组合模式在农药、植物提取物、医疗器械以及药品评价方面的应用。传统方法的优化有助于 提高替代方法的科学性和扩展个性化应用范围。     

牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验的方法优化和拓展应用

系统综述了牛角膜混浊和渗透性试验（Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, BCOP）眼刺激 性替代方法的改进情况，深入分析了以BCOP方法为核心模块的组合方法的使用方式，介绍了单一 方法和组合模式在农药、植物提取物、医疗器械以及药品评价方面的应用。传统方法的优化有助于 提高替代方法的科学性和扩展个性化应用范围。     

利用牛角膜浑浊渗透性方法检测纸质卫生用品对皮肤刺激性研究

利用牛角膜浑浊渗透性方法（BCOP）代替动物实验检测纸质卫生用品的皮肤刺激性。选取进出口检验样品65批,采用标准和改良前处理两种方案的BCOP方法对样品进行测试,并与动物实验比较。结果表明,单次皮肤刺激实验检测的65份纸质产品全部为非刺激性,而多次皮肤刺激实验和BCOP方法检测中56份样品结果为非刺激性,9份产品结果为刺激性。BCOP方法可代替动物实验用于纸质卫生用品皮肤刺激性的检测,模拟人体实际使用情况对样品进行前处理的BCOP方法可提高检测敏感性。     

《日用化学品安全评价技术创新——替代方法》专题六 利用牛角膜浑浊渗透性方法检测纸质卫生用品对皮肤刺激性研究

利用牛角膜浑浊渗透性方法(BCOP)代替动物实验检测纸质卫生用品的皮肤刺激性。选取进出口检验样品65批,采用标准和改良前处理两种方案的BCOP方法对样品进行测试,并与动物实验比较。结果表明,单次皮肤刺激实验检测的65份纸质产品全部为非刺激性,而多次皮肤刺激实验和BCOP方法检测中56份样品结果为非刺激性,9份产品结果为刺激性。BCOP方法可代替动物实验用于纸质卫生用品皮肤刺激性的检测,模拟人体实际使用情况对样品进行前处理的BCOP方法可提高检测敏感性。     

基于细胞活性生物标记物的BCOP方法预测洗发水、沐浴露、洁面类化妆品的眼刺激性

建立牛角膜浑浊和渗透性(BCOP)结合基于细胞活性生物标记物的荧光染色用于评价化妆品眼刺激性的方法。采用BCOP法对市售的洗发水、沐浴类和洁面类化妆品进行眼刺激性检测,同时对角膜进行冰冻切片并染色,鬼笔环肽对胞内的f-actin(filamentous actin)丝状肌动蛋白进行染色,DAPI染色检测细胞核后,测量损伤深度(depth of injury,     

牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验应用于个人护理产品评价的案例分析

采用标准化的眼刺激性测试替代方法牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验（bovine corneal opacit y and permeability, BCOP）用于化学品和个人护理产品的分类标识、危害识别、市场监督管理和产品 评价；同时通过增加测试参数、改变暴露时间等方式建立特殊方案的BCOP，并将其用于原料筛 选和安全浓度的确定、配方优化、特殊人群产品测试和口腔黏膜刺激性的评估。结果表明BCOP 方法可以单独使用或者作为整合测试策略的核心方法用于区分刺激性/非刺激性和严重刺激/腐蚀 性，采用特殊方案还可以满足产品差异化、温和宣称的需要。     

《日用化学品安全评价技术创新—替代方法》专题十一 牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验的方法优化和拓展应用

系统综述了牛角膜混浊和渗透性试验(Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, BCOP)眼刺激性替代方法的改进情况,深入分析了以BCOP方法为核心模块的组合方法的使用方式,介绍了单一方法和组合模式在农药、植物提取物、医疗器械以及药品评价方面的应用。传统方法的优化有助于提高替代方法的科学性和扩展个性化应用范围。     

《日用化学品安全评价技术创新——替代方法》专题五 牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验应用于个人护理产品评价的案例分析

采用标准化的眼刺激性测试替代方法牛角膜浑浊和渗透性实验(bovine corneal opacity and permeability,BCOP)用于化学品和个人护理产品的分类标识、危害识别、市场监督管理和产品评价;同时通过增加测试参数、改变暴露时间等方式建立特殊方案的BCOP,并将其用于原料筛选和安全浓度的确定、配方优化、特殊人群产品测试和口腔黏膜刺激性的评估。结果表明BCOP方法可以单独使用或者作为整合测试策略的核心方法用于区分刺激性/非刺激性和严重刺激/腐蚀性,采用特殊方案还可以满足产品差异化、温和宣称的需要。     

苄达赖氨酸滴眼液实验兔眼刺激性试验研究

[目的]观察给予苄达赖氨酸滴眼液对实验兔眼所产生的刺激性反应;[方法]采用自身对照法进行实验兔眼刺激性试验,在给药前、给药期间、停药后1、2、4、24、48和72小时,双眼滴1%荧光素钠并用裂隙灯对家兔双眼角膜、虹膜、结膜进行观察,对损失程度按评分标准进行评分。[结果]苄达赖氨酸滴眼液经眼给药后对实验兔眼角膜、虹膜、结膜等均无刺激性,各组平均积分均为0。[结论]苄达赖氨酸滴眼液对实验兔眼无刺激性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.