涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H的热腐蚀行为

应用增重分析法研究涂有Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H在650,750℃空气中的腐蚀动力学曲线,采用XRD,SEM(EDS)和EPMA对腐蚀产物、腐蚀截面形貌和元素分布进行分析。结果表明:涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的合金在650,750℃的腐蚀动力学曲线均呈"抛物线"趋势;合金表面形成了含CuFe_2O_4的富Fe氧化物(外层)与富Cr_2O_3(内层)组成的双层氧化膜以及含有孔隙的贫Cr、富Ni的腐蚀影响区;提高腐蚀温度或延长腐蚀时间均可以导致氧化膜与基体分离甚至剥落,腐蚀影响区孔隙密度增大,裂纹向基体延伸。分析认为:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,形成多层氧化膜;复合盐的熔融破坏氧化膜的完整性,加速氧化、氯化以及硫化的交互作用,导致内硫化和内氧化。     

9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化行为

研究了9Cr-1Mo(ASME T91)钢在(Ar 10%H_2O)气氛中600℃、650℃和700℃下的高温氧化行为.在恒温氧化10 h过程中,在600℃氧化遵从抛物线规律;而在650℃和700℃氧化则遵从分阶段抛物线规律,且后一阶段的速度常数高于前一阶段的;随着温度的升高,氧化速度明显增大;氧化激活能为157.2 kJ/mol.T91钢氧化时表面形成了多层结构的氧化膜,从外到内依次为Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4和(Fe,Cr)_3O_4;钢基体也发生了内氧化,内氧化物为FeO和Cr_2O_3.只有在700℃氧化时没有外层Fe_2O_3形成和内氧化发生.9Cr-1Mo钢氧化后冷却至室温后,氧化膜发生开裂或局部剥落.最外层Fe_2O_3与次外层Fe_3O_4间出现很大的裂隙,Fe_2O_3层容易剥落.同时探讨了9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化机制.     

一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为

采用浸盐法研究一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,在表面生成Al_2O_3,Cr_2O_3和少量的TiO_2。随着腐蚀时间的延长,熔融NaCl开始侵蚀表面保护性Cr_2O_3和Al_2O_3,使腐蚀性介质与基体逐渐接触,加速合金腐蚀。随着腐蚀的进行,合金内腐蚀层生成棒状Al_2O_3。由于基体中Al的消耗,棒状Al_2O_3周围易生成Co3W。Co3W与棒状Al_2O_3的相界面形成氧扩散的快速通道,导致80h后合金热腐蚀加剧。     

PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层高温循环氧化行为

采用超音速活性电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢基体表面制备PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层,将该涂层在600℃和800℃进行循环氧化,采用XRD、SEM和精密天不等手段对涂层的显微结构进行表征,研究了涂层的循环氧化性能。结果表明:PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层主要由Al_2O_3、Cr_2O_3、α-Cu和γ-Ni固溶体组成,组织致密,颗粒成扁平状且扁平化程度高、分布均匀。经高温循环氧化后在涂层表面形成了一层致密的Al_2O_3+Cr_2O_3+Ni(Al,Cr)_2O_4薄膜,避免了Al_2O_3薄膜的剥落,从而降低了涂层氧化速率,提高了基体的抗高温循环氧化性能。     

水蒸气温度对700℃先进超超临界锅炉候选合金GH2984氧化行为的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对比研究GH2984合金在750℃和850℃纯水蒸气中的氧化行为。结果表明:GH2984合金的氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律;温度升高,Cr挥发加速,外氧化和内氧化的速率急剧增加,氧化膜的组成结构发生明显的变化。750℃时,合金表面形成单层致密的(Cr,Mn)_2O_3膜;温度升至850℃,氧化膜中空洞的数量大幅增加,氧化膜转变为由薄的外层Fe_2TiO_5和厚的次外层(Cr,Mn)_2O_3及薄的内层(Nb,Mo)_2O_5组成的三层结构。Ti,Al优先于晶界处发生内氧化,分别形成TiO_2和Al_2O_3;两种内氧化产物的尺寸和数量均随温度升高而增加。     

Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-W-Ta-Al合金在900℃和1000℃的高温氧化行为

采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDAX)等方法,研究了Ni-4.66Cr-5.87Co-7.54Mo-2.90W-4.97Ta-6.32Al合金在900℃和1000℃的高温氧化行为。结果表明,合金氧化动力学曲线遵循氧化初期氧化增重速率较快,氧化期间氧化动力学曲线呈波浪式变化,且呈现氧化温度越高波浪式越明显的特征;氧化300h后合金表面氧化物膜分为2层,外层氧化物为NiO、Ni_2Cr_2O_4、Ni_2CoO_4和CoTa_2O_6,分布在外层的CoTa_2O_6抑制基体中元素Al向外扩散,形成内层氧化物Al_2O_3。在氧化期间,合金内部生成了内氮化物AlN,且在合金内部AlN与Al_2O_3成规律性分布,与外氧化膜相邻的为元素Al的内氧化物Al_2O_3区域,远离外氧化膜的基体内部为元素Al的内氮化物AlN区域,随氧化温度升高,内氧化区和内氮化区的深度增加,内氧化物和内氮化物的尺寸增大。     

Fe-Cr合金预氧化后涂覆KCl盐膜的热腐蚀行为

为开发新型耐高温氯化腐蚀合金及防护涂层,对比研究了750 ℃下Fe-20%Cr(质量分数)合金直接涂KCl和预氧化后再涂KCl盐膜条件下的热腐蚀行为.采用XRD及EPMA对其现象进行分析,结果表明:预氧化生成的初始Cr2O3层对Fe-20%Cr合金在KCl盐膜下的热腐蚀有一定的保护作用,表现为降低腐蚀速率,减轻腐蚀对基体的破坏并维持氧化膜的完整性;Fe-20%Cr在750℃KCl盐膜下的腐蚀产物主要是Fe2O3,Cr2O3以及少量K2Fe2O4和K2Cr2O7等复杂氧化物,其中Fe2O3分布在氧化膜外层,而Cr2O3集中于靠近氧化膜/基体界面的氧化膜内侧.用热力学理论解释了这种氧化膜的形成原因.     

系阻燃钛合金的非等温氧化行为及阻燃性能预测

采用TGA/DSC实验方法,结合XRD,SEM和EDS分析,系统研究Ti-V,Ti-V-Cr合金的非等温氧化行为及氧化产物的微观结构,并探讨V和Cr元素对Ti-V-Cr阻燃钛合金抗非等温氧化性的影响机制。结果表明:从室温至1723K温度区间内,随着V元素含量的增加,Ti-V合金的抗非等温氧化性显著降低,氧化膜厚度从168μm增加至370μm,Ti-35V合金氧化膜厚度约为Ti-25V的1.45倍;Ti-V-Cr合金的抗非等温氧化性逐渐提高且差异较小,氧化膜厚度从110μm减小至85μm,Ti-35V-15Cr合金的氧化膜厚度比Ti-25V-15Cr降低约15.5%。Ti-V-Cr阻燃钛合金的抗非等温氧化性显著高于Ti-V合金,主要因为非等温氧化过程形成的液态相V_2O_5极大地释放了氧化膜的内应力,提高了氧化膜与合金基体的结合性,并与Cr_2O_3,TiO_2共同阻止了O向合金基体的大量扩散。非等温氧化增重曲线及氧化膜厚度作为特征参数定量描述了Ti-V-Cr阻燃钛合金的抗非等温氧化性,与摩擦着火实验结果相一致,从而预测了合金的阻燃性能。     

FeCrAl-ODS合金的高温水蒸气氧化行为

目前有关FeCrAl-ODS钢在高温水蒸汽下的氧化过程中氧化膜结构的演变少有分析研究.以FeCrAl-ODS合金为研究对象,采用XRD、SEM、EPMA、EDS等分析手段,在700～1100℃条件下开展了高温水蒸气氧化试验,从氧化动力学和氧化层结构形貌、物相、成分等方面研究了其高温水蒸气氧化行为.研究结果表明:在700～1100℃,FeCrAl-ODS合金高温水蒸气氧化动力学满足抛物线增重规律,抛物线速率常数Kp随温度增加而增大.高温水蒸气氧化96 h后,700℃时FeCrAl-ODS合金表面氧化层以Fe2O3为主;900℃时FeCrAl-ODS合金表面氧化层的外层以Fe2O3为主,内层以A12O3为主,氧化层比较疏松,不能很好地对基体起到保护作用;1100℃氧化过程中,在不同氧化时间段氧化层均为单层致密的Al2O3氧化层结构.     

锂-亚电池绝缘子高温氧化行为及酸洗工艺研究

目的针对锂亚硫酰氯电池绝缘子表面生成的灰黑色氧化皮结构致密、相组成复杂,与基体附着力极强,且与玻璃浸润紧密连接的特点,研究一种酸洗工艺以有效清洁绝缘子的高温氧化皮且不影响玻璃-封接气密性。方法利用SEM和X-ray等方法对其盖板和芯柱的高温氧化皮进行了测试和分析,采用"化学酸洗、钝化处理"与"超声清洗、机械抛光"相结合的方法进行实验。结果盖板(304不锈钢)表面生成了NiO_2, CrO_3,FeO·Cr_2O_3,FeO·Cr_2O·3Fe_2O_3等致密型氧化物;芯柱(4J28可伐合金)表面则生成了Fe-Cr固溶体、Cr_2N、FeCr_2O_4、Cr_(23)C_6等氧化产物。结论成功实现了利用同一种混合酸液将两种不同状态和成分的氧化皮同时快速清除。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.