二龙山水库淤积规律的研究

二龙山水库是修建在丹江上游的一座以防洪、发电为主,综合利用的中型水库,其淤积规律在陕南秦巴山区中型水库有一定的代表性,本文详细分析了该水库淤积规律、淤积纵、横向分布。指出汛期利用异重流、浑水水库排沙,定期泄空冲刷,是使水库保持一定库容长期使用的重要技术措施。     

二滩水库多年泥沙淤积特征分析

根据二滩水库蓄水运行以来实测水文和泥沙断面测量资料,对水库泥沙淤积特征进行了分析,结果表明:二滩水库1998~2011年泥沙淤积量约6.25亿m3,淤积大部分在死库容以下,调节库容损失率6.18%;1998~2000年蓄水初期年均淤积量约0.76亿m3,2000~2011年年均淤积量近0.36亿m3。水库泥沙淤积以三角洲形态逐渐向坝前推进,从泥沙淤积纵向分布看,干流泥沙淤积主要分布于库中段;从横向分布看,淤积主要集中在主槽。实测三角洲淤积洲头距坝约66.0 km,坝前平均淤积高程为1 030.0 m,远低于泄洪建筑物进口和机组进水口底高程,不会出现坝前泥沙淤积问题。     

东榆林水库淤积问题初探

东榆林水库是朔州市最大的水库,也是一座多年平均供水量大于总库容的水库。由于近年来水减少而蓄洪,致使库容骤减,分析了水库淤积问题,并提出了解决办法,可为黄土高原的水库清淤提供借鉴。     

巴家嘴水库库容测量与防洪安全复核

巴家嘴水库为多泥沙河流水库,淤积问题较为突出。2019年实测兴利库容仅为2008年的20%,总库容约为2008年的67%,略大于2004年加固设计报告计算的2038年库容,淤积十分严重。文章在库容测量与泄流能力复核基础上,对大坝防洪能力进行了复核计算,提出了水库调度运用方式,以延长水库使用寿命。     

水库库容淤积DEM图制作与分析

为准确掌握水库库容淤积及分布情况,以佛子岭水库为例,利用GIS对不同时期的库区地形图进行数字化建模,计算水库的库容和淤积量,并通过数字模型叠加计算制作水库库容淤积分布DEM图。结果表明：库容淤积DEM图直观地反映库区地形淤积厚度和分布情况,佛子岭水库库区淤积主要发生在死库容区域,纵向形态为带状淤积,没有明显的凸起和锥状淤积现象,横向呈现沿湿周的均匀淤积。准确掌握水库库容及淤积变化情况,为水库运行规范化管理、防洪调度提供重要技术支撑。     

太平沟水库输沙量计算及对淤积的评价

太平沟水库输沙量计算及对淤积的评价安德罗波夫斯基水库的淤积强度取决于水库库容及河流的年泥沙径流量。由于河道型水库水量的流动性较之湖泊型水库大得多，这样只有部分入库泥沙在库内淤积，但另一方面，河道型水库的库容都小，所以，水库淤积得很快。位于黑龙江上的太...     

水库泥沙淤积及其对工程运用的影响

为分析泥沙淤积对白水水库库容及死水位选择的影响,对水库来水来沙和淤积形态进行计算分析,设计水库淤积形态,从而确定坝前淤积高程、死水位和水库淤积后有效库容。为了工程更安全的兴利运用,采用锥体淤积形态设计。根据设计成果,白水水库运用50a后,库区淤积泥沙187.78万m~3,坝前淤积高程为1 218 m,正常蓄水位下有效库容约1 094万m~3。综合考虑泥沙淤积、灌溉效益、库区淹没影响及工程投资等主要因素,确定水库死水位为1 226 m,为工程规模论证提供依据。     

沙坡头水库淤积现状分析与评价

沙坡头水库是黄河上的一座以发电、灌溉为主的综合利用水库，控制淤积使水库长期保持一定库容，最大限度地发挥其综合效益是目前面临的重要问题。就水库运行以来淤积状态进行简要的分析与评价。     

吉林省小型水库淤积特征的探讨

吉林省有小型水库1308座,总库容2.96亿m~3,兴利库容1.94亿m~3,其中小(一)型水库205座。由于多年淤积,造成各种不良后果。现从东部山区、中部丘陵漫岗区及西部平原区选择了8座水库,实测了淤积资料,探讨小水库的淤积特点,以求采取措施,更好地发挥小水库的经济效益。横断面的淤积有:由库底较均匀上淤;横断面冲淤并存;主槽与滩地区别消失。8座小型水库纵向淤积形态为带状淤积。淤积泥沙的垂向分布不是由库底最低处层层叠加,受各种因素影响,可以在各级水位湿周上落淤,打破了长期以来认为死库容首先被填平淤满的观点,并探讨了小水库淤积的上延问题。     

恰甫其海水库泥沙淤积分析及防治措施

水库的泥沙淤积使水库有效库容逐年减少,蓄水调节性能相应降低,同时还会引起河道冲刷下降,给水库的管理造成一定的困扰。因此,根据河道泥沙特性和水库淤积模型计算,分析水库泥沙淤积特性,以及泥沙淤积与水库运行的相互影响,对水库正常效益的发挥和防止水库有效库容及使用寿命的减少具有重要意义。     

小浪底水库开发任务的库容要求分析

分析认为，小浪底水库逐步抬高汛期水位沙和调水调沙运用，库区为锥体淤积，由下而上、由低而高逐步淤积，比降变小，主汛期运用水位２５４ｍ，形成高滩槽形态，不影响三门峡坝下水位；支流拦沙库容充分淤积，拉沙库容约８０亿ｍ＾３，若水库一镒抬高水位或主汛期高水位蓄水拦沙，水库为三角和带状淤积，在淤积向坝前推进过程中，洲面淤２高，淤积上延，河床比降增大。为了不影响三门峡坝下水位，主沁期运用水位要降至２４０～２６０     

我国水库泥沙淤积研究综述

我国江河大多泥沙量大,所建水库淤积严重,由此带来了一系列问题:库容损失影响水库效益的发挥;淤积上延影响上游地区的生态环境;水库变动回水区的冲淤对航运带来不利影响;坝前泥沙淤积影响枢纽的安全运行;水库下泄清水对下游河道河床的冲刷以及附着在泥沙上的污染物对水库水质的影响等。本文对我国水库泥沙淤积研究的状况和成果进行了全面的综述。内容包括水库淤积观测资料和分析、悬移质不平衡输沙理论、水库异重流、高含沙水流、水库淤积形态、水库排沙及运行方式、变动回水区的冲淤、下游河道的冲淤变形,以及水库淤积数学模型等方面的研究成果和进展情况。     

三峡水库淤积排沙及河型转化规律

三峡水库泥沙排沙在其论证和运行阶段一直是关注的热点问题。根据上游来水来沙、实测固定断面和河床质地取样等资料,分析了三峡水库运用以来进出库水沙变化、总体淤积和排沙规律、沿程淤积规律、河型转化规律等,并将初步设计论证研究成果与其他成果进行了对比分析。研究成果表明:三峡水库运用后,入库年径流量与建库前变化不大,但年输沙量锐减60%,来沙减少的趋势仍将持续;三峡水库平均年库容损失率为0.3%,在世界范围内是非常低的,可确保水库长期使用;三峡水库的年淤积量与入库沙量基本呈线性关系,汛期蓄水位越高则其斜率越大;三峡库尾河段总体呈冲刷状态,泥沙主要淤积在常年回水区,尤其在河道开阔断面;部分分汊河道发生了河型转化,淤积后河道总体朝单一、归顺方向发展。研究成果可为三峡水库运行管理和研究提供支撑,也为同类型水库决策提供参考。     

Investigating reservoir sedimentation and its implications to watershed sediment yield: The case of two small dams in data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin,Ethiopia

Bathymetric and sedimentation surveys were conducted with a sonar‐based depth gauge system in two small reservoirs (Selamko and Shina) in the data‐scarce upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Bathymetric survey data were merged within geographic information system (GIS ) software to provide detailed visualization and analyses of current depths. Preimpoundment topographic information was obtained from dam owners and designers. Bathymetric differencing was used to investigate and quantify the distribution and estimate volumes of deposited sediment, long‐term average annual sediment fluxes and remaining water storage capacity. Calculated long‐term average sediment accumulation rates were used to estimate remaining lifetimes of each reservoir. Results from the depth sonar surveys and GIS analyses suggest a projected lifetime of ~7 years for Shina Reservoir, compared to a projected lifetime of ~22 years for Selamko Reservoir. It also indicated the annual average sedimentation rate for both reservoirs was greater than the global average of one per cent (1.67% for Shina Reservoir; 2.295% for Selamko Reservoir). The specific sediment yield (SSY ) is relatively larger for both watersheds (2,499 and 4,333.6 t km^?2 year^?1 for Shina and Selamko, respectively) indicating the watersheds are degraded by any global standard. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE ) model‐generated erosion magnitude was only slightly larger from the watersheds of both reservoirs, compared to the bathymetric estimates. These data and analyses also provide a baseline relevant to understanding sedimentation processes and are necessary for developing long‐term management plans for these reservoirs and their watersheds.     

云南某水电站水库泥沙淤积数值模拟研究

水库泥沙淤积引起库区水位抬高,侵占调节库容,造成库容损失,且有害粒径对水轮机造成磨损,从而引起水轮机运行效率下降、出力和年发电量减小、检修间隔缩短和费用增大。以云南某水电站水库为例,利用非恒定一维模型对库区泥沙淤积形态、泥沙冲淤、过机含沙量等变化进行数值模拟。结果表明:水库泥沙淤积形态为三角洲淤积,泥沙淤积对调节库容的影响较大;通过水轮机水流的含沙量较小、粒径较细,泥沙对水轮机的影响较小;泥沙淤积数值模拟与实测资料相符,因此采用非恒定一维模型进行泥沙淤积数值模拟是可行的,可有效地解决云南地区泥沙淤积数值模拟的难题。     

小浪底水库拦沙期减淤运用方式探讨

小浪底水库运用方式不同于一般水库的特点在于它的减淤２调节，它吸取了三门峡水库的经验教训，采用逐步抬高汛期运用水位，以有利于山东河道减淤为目标，汛期调节出库流量集中于６００ｍ＾２／ｓ、２５００～４０００ｍ＾３／ｓ两级流量。洪水是黄河来沙与下游河道淤积的主体，为使水库多拦对下游有害的粗泥沙、多排对下游无害的细泥沙，可采取拦粗排细的运用方式，即根据水情预报，当出现流量大于２５００ｍ＾２／ｓ的洪水时，提前     

Sediment distribution and its impacts on Hirakud Reservoir (India) storage capacity

Construction of dams causes reduced flow velocities, inducing gradual deposition of sediments carried by the inflowing stream, and resulting in sedimentation and ultimately diminishing reservoir storage capacity. This study focuses on sedimentation of Hirakud Reservoir in Odisha, India, using available reservoir capacity and numerical simulation data. Reduced trap efficiency, observed and projected capacity curves, rising reservoir bed level and the capacities of the different storage zones for various projected years are analysed. The area‐reduction method indicates the loss in the live, gross and dead storage will be 58%, 63% and 100%, respectively, of their original capacities by 2057, which represents 100 years of impounding of water in the reservoir. If the present sediment inflow rate continues without regular flushing of the deposited sediment, it is predicted the reservoir bed level will rise to the full reservoir level of 192.02 m by the year 2110. Brune's trap efficiency and step method indicate the gross storage zone of Hirakud Reservoir will be completely depleted by the end of 2110, with the trap efficiency reduced to zero. The empirical area‐reduction method is found to be more suitable for determining the storage capacities of Hirakud Reservoir in the absence of sedimentation survey data. An attempt was also made to solve the combined hydrodynamic and sediment transport equations numerically to predict morphological changes in Hirakud Reservoir. The finite‐element code TELEMAC‐2D and finite‐volume code for SISYPHE, respectively, were applied to solve the above set of equations in order to predict the bed profiles at different reservoir cross sections for the period of 1958–2008. Analysis of the simulated results demonstrates that, considering the model inputs, the model performs well in simulating the morphology and dynamic characteristics of a reservoir. Projection of the numerical results indicates a complete loss of reservoir operational life due to sedimentation by around 2150.     

Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km^?3?year.     

黄河干流梯级开发构架与泥沙控制布局研究

大量实测资料分析表明,黄河流域主要的产沙区间为河口镇至潼关区间,黄河支流按入黄沙量大小排序为渭河、无定河、窟野河、北洛河、祖厉河、皇甫川、延河、清涧河、洮河、汾河等。对黄河干流36个梯级开发工程、13条主要来沙支流224座水库研究表明,干流龙羊峡、刘家峡、大柳树、碛口、古贤、三门峡、小浪底等七大骨干工程的总库容为944.97亿m3,总有效库容为472.26亿m3,拦沙库容为466.65亿m3,分别占36个梯级水库拦沙总库容的91%9、3%、90%。小浪底水库虽然具有巨大的拦沙库容,但是其上游水库或者未建、或者淤满、或者位于来沙区上游,因此其拦沙压力巨大,剩余拦沙年限仅10余年。小浪底水库淤满后,黄河泥沙将失去控制,会对黄河下游防洪构成危害。     

三峡水库蓄水以来水库淤积和坝下冲刷研究

为了分析三峡工程对库区及坝下长江中游河势的影响,基于实测资料,较为系统地研究了三峡水库蓄水运用以来水库泥沙淤积和坝下游河床冲刷特性。研究表明,1991年以来长江干流各站径流量变化不大,输沙量明显减小;三峡水库蓄水运用后的2003～2011年入库沙量继续大幅减少,仅为原设计值的40%,水库年均淤积泥沙1.40亿t,也仅为论证阶段的40%左右,且绝大部分淤积在常年回水区和死库容内;受上游来沙减小和三峡水库蓄水拦沙影响,坝下游输沙量大幅减小,悬移质泥沙颗粒也明显变粗,长江中游原有的冲淤相对平衡状态被打破,河床发生沿程冲刷,2002年10月至2010年10月,宜昌至湖口河段总冲刷量为9.79亿m3,河床冲淤形态转变为“滩、槽均冲”,主要冲刷发生在宜昌至城陵矶河段。