昆虫源生物活性物质及其开发前景

昆虫是一类潜在的生物资源。昆虫不仅生物量大、资源丰富,而且还含有丰富的生物活性物质,包括蛋白质、脂肪、激素类物质、几丁质、维生素、矿质元素等。这些物质普遍存在于昆虫体内或昆虫的一些分泌物中,具有广泛的潜在应用价值。全面综述了昆虫中的生物活性物质及其研究进展,并且对其开发前景作了展望,指出昆虫资源的开发和利用具有很大的潜力和空间,昆虫生物活性物质的研究与开发将是新世纪昆虫学研究的一个重要方向。     

中国储粮昆虫2005年最新名录

根据2004～2005年调查,共采集记录中国储粮昆虫(包括天敌)270种,其中害虫226种,储粮害虫天敌44种。它们隶属于2纲,12目,54科。其中属于昆虫纲的种类有:鞘翅目昆虫31科;鳞翅目昆虫6科;膜翅目昆虫5科;蜚蠊目、半翅目、双翅目昆虫各2科;啮虫目、缨尾目、等翅目、革翅目昆虫各1科。属于蛛形纲的种类有:拟蝎目的伪蝎科;蛛形目的壁钱科。     

烟田益、害生物种群动态及其群落结构的研究

在当地烟田自然生态系统中,常见的有益生物有14科14种;有害生物有14科17种。而有益生物中,烟蚜茧蜂、小花蝽、草青蛉、草间小黑蛛、四点球腹蛛等是重要种类,其中烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的控制有7~14天时滞效益。经数学分析,共建立了11个数学模型,进一步揭示了烟蚜与其天敌间的关系;烟蚜种群、天敌种群消长与时间变动的关系。通过对烟田群落生物多样性、稳定性动态分析,得知其多样性指数越大,稳定性指数亦越大,两者极其相关。      

食用昆虫资源的研究与开发进展

从食用昆虫的历史、食用昆虫的营养价值、保健功能和食用昆虫的产业化等方面介绍了食用昆虫资源开发的研究进展.目前,食用昆虫研发方面仍存在食用昆虫的营养成分分析不够透彻、开发投资力度不够、人们对昆虫的营养保健功能认识不足等主要问题.针对上述问题本文提出了几条解决对策：对食用昆虫营养保健作用加大宣传力度,以药用昆虫产业带动食用昆虫产业发展,大力开发昆虫保健食品,建议政府部门加大对食用昆虫开发的投资力度.     

河北省储粮昆虫与螨类分布调查

2016年8月份在河北省张家口、石家庄、邯郸、秦皇岛等4个地级市粮库、加工厂、农户等25个场所进行了现场采集。共采集到5个目38种储粮昆虫,其中鞘翅目Coleoptera 16个科29种、膜翅目Hymenoptera 4个科4种、鳞翅目Lepidoptera 3个科3种、啮虫目Corrodentia 1个科1种、半翅目Hemiptera1个科1种,同时发现3个目5个科7种储粮螨类。从采集结果来看,河北省储粮场所中嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel、锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus)、锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestesferrugineus(Stephens)、土耳其扁谷盗Cryptolestesturcicus(Grouville)、赤拟谷盗Triboliumcastaneum(Herbst)、谷蠹Rhyzoperthadominica(Fabricius)、玉米象Sitophiluszeamais Motschulsky、米象Sitophilusoryzae(Linnaeus)等储粮害虫分布最为普遍,米象小蜂Lariophagus distinguendus(Duftschmid)等天敌昆虫也分布广泛。     

昆虫壳聚糖在食品工业中的开发应用

昆虫是一种潜在的食物资源,其虫体中除含有丰富的蛋白质外,还含有约5%~18%的甲壳素。甲壳素脱去乙酰基后的壳聚糖是一类重要的保健功能因子。全面综述了蚕蛹、蝇蛆、松毛虫等昆虫的壳聚糖在食品工业中的应用现状,并认为在当前壳聚糖资源供不应求的情况下开发昆虫壳聚糖资源具有十分重要的意义。     

Yeast‐insect associations: It takes guts

Insects interact with microorganisms in several situations, ranging from the accidental interaction to locate attractive food or the acquisition of essential nutrients missing in the main food source. Despite a wealth of studies recently focused on bacteria, the interactions between insects and yeasts have relevant implications for both of the parties involved. The insect intestine shows several structural and physiological differences among species, but it is generally a hostile environment for many microorganisms, selecting against the most sensitive and at the same time guaranteeing a less competitive environment to resistant ones. An intensive characterization of the interactions between yeasts and insects has highlighted their relevance not only for attraction to food but also for the insect's development and behaviour. Conversely, some yeasts have been shown to benefit from interactions with insects, in some cases by being carried among different environments. In addition, the insect intestine may provide a place to reside for prolonged periods and possibly mate or generate sexual forms able to mate once back in the external environments. YEA‐May‐17‐0084.R3     

仓储害虫检测技术的研究现状及展望

分析了国内外几种主要检测技术的研究结果,比较了近红外线光谱、X射线、微波雷达、电导等检测技术的优缺点,力求探索储粮害虫检测技术的创新点,为仓储害虫检测提供更好的技术支撑。     

黄粉虫幼虫蛋白质的提取研究

研究了不同的介质pH值、提取时间、提取温度和加水比例对黄粉虫幼虫蛋白质的可溶出率(提取率)的影响,分析了3种不同pH值提取的蛋白质的氨基酸组成。结果表明,pH值极大地影响着黄粉虫幼虫蛋白质的溶出率,pH值5.8时溶出率最低,此时可能为黄粉虫蛋白的等电点;pH值10.0或高于此值具有较高的溶出率;水与虫之比为10时蛋白质的可溶出率较其它比例为高;其它的因素对幼虫蛋白质的溶出率影响不大。在pH值2.4、5.8和12.1下提取的蛋白质其氨基酸组成不同,提取的黄粉虫蛋白质必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的含量达40％以上。     

可食用昆虫资源的利用历史、现状及展望

可食用昆虫作为补充食品，为农村地区的人口提供了重要的营养、经济和生态价值。本文综述了可食用昆虫资源的研究进展，包括可食用昆虫资源的利用历史、在全球的种类与分布、东西方国家对此的态度倾向等，并根据目前的现状，就可食用昆虫食品的开发利用提出了一些合理化的建议。     

Ugly but tasty: A systematic review of possible human and animal health risks related to entomophagy

Background: According to many recent studies, the use of insects as food seems to be convenient, sustainable, economical and healthy. The objective of this study is to analyze the possible effects of insect consumption on human and animal health. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and CAB databases. Results: Of the 6026 items initially retrieved, 70 were eligible for inclusion; 40 studies analyzed the use of insects in human foods or drugs, while 30 analyzed the use of insects in animal feed. In humans, the most commonly analyzed risks are nutrient malabsorption, growth alteration, chemical and microbiological contamination and allergy risk. Studies of animals focus on growth alteration, nutrient malabsorption and hematic and qualitative meat alteration. Conclusion: In recent years, researchers have shifted their focus from the possible use of edible insects in animal feed to their use as possible nutrient sources for humans. The results suggest that, if properly treated and preserved, products derived from insects are safe and efficient sources of nutrients for animals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effects of prolonged insect consumption on human health.     

Evaluation of Carifend® for the control of stored-product beetles

In the present study, the effectiveness of Carifend® (BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany), an alpha-cypermethrin-coated net, was evaluated in laboratory tests against major stored-product insects. The insecticide-treated net was adjusted at the bottom of plastic petri dishes, and adult insects were placed in each dish and exposed for different exposure intervals (1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days), after which mortality and knockdown was measured. The tests were carried out against a wide spectrum of stored-product insects, i.e. Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus zeamais, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica and Cryptolestes ferrugineus. The results showed that O. surinamensis, R. dominica and P. truncatus were highly susceptible to Carifend®, as complete control was achieved for all three species, after 5, 14 and 5 days, respectively. Regarding Sitophilus species, S. zeamais was the most tolerant species, as mortality levels did not exceed 46%, even after 14 days of exposure. In contrast, S. oryzae and S. granarius mortality was >98% after 14 days of exposure. So far, Carifend® has been registered in many parts of the world for the protection of stored tobacco against major tobacco pests, i.e. Lasioderma serricorne and Ephestia elutella. However, our results clearly indicate that this net can be used effectively for the control of other stored-product insects that infest durable food, such as grains and related amylaceous commodities.     

Trap catches of stored-product insects before and after heat treatment in a pilot feed mill

The pilot feed mill at Kansas State University was heated to temperatures of 50°C for 28–35 h during August 4–6, 1999 using natural gas heaters to kill stored-product insects. A three-parameter nonlinear regression model satisfactorily described temperature profiles on each of the four mill floors and was useful in showing differences among floors in the number of hours taken to reach 50°C and hours above 50°C. Pitfall traps with food and pheromone lures and sticky traps with pheromone lures were used to sample adults of beetles and moths, respectively, between July 8 and December 1, 1999 to evaluate heat treatment effectiveness. A total of 32 insect species representing 26 families in seven orders were captured in traps. Immediately after heat treatment, there was 95% reduction in total beetle captures in pitfall traps and 99% reduction in moth captures in sticky traps. Trap captures of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (L.) were significantly reduced and remained low after heat treatment. However, trap captures of the flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schöenherr), Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) increased gradually after heat treatment, especially on the 1st and 4th floors. Our results indicated that traps are valuable tools for gauging the degree and duration of insect suppression obtained by heat treatment. In addition to trapping, visual inspection of the mill areas and absolute sampling of ingredients, products and spillage should be undertaken, so that areas of incipient insect reinfestation can be identified and potential problems rectified or averted.     

Aerosol concentration,deposition, particle size,and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

A series of trials was conducted for an experiment. In the first trial, adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, the confused flour beetle, were exposed on concrete arenas and treated with a combination aerosol of pyrethrin + methoprene dispensed for 5, 10, and 20 min at particle sizes of 4, 8, 12, and 16 μm, inside an aerosol exposure chamber. Nearly all adult T. confusum were knocked down when immediately removed from the chamber. Among all the exposure time and particle size combinations, recovery increased as the post-exposure holding period increased from one to seven days and when adults were transferred to untreated dishes with flour. A second experiment evaluated the residual effect of the aerosol on concrete arenas at 1, 3, and 6 weeks using 3-4-week-old larvae of T. confusum. Adult emergence of exposed larvae decreased with increasing particle size and exposure time. A biological index that assessed development of exposed larvae to the pupal and adult stages was also related to particle size and exposure interval, and this index was correlated with adult emergence. A third set of experiments investigated effects of particle size on adult fecundity for the 10-min exposure time. Male and female adults were cross-mated: exposed female with exposed male, exposed female with unexposed male, exposed male with unexposed female, and unexposed female and unexposed male. Progeny production was reduced as particle size increased, and there were indications that females were affected more than males by the aerosol treatment. This research could be used to improve insect pest management programs by adjusting application equipment to dispense aerosols at particle sizes that give optimum control of exposed adults and residual control of immatures and would also benefit pest management programs.     

Residual toxicity of a commercial cypermethrin formulation on grains against four major storage beetles

In the present study, we investigated the residual insecticidal efficacy of a commercial cypermethrin formulation applied on grains (wheat, maize) against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) in laboratory bioassays. The insecticide was applied in its label dose on the grains and a bioassay was initiated at the day of application and every month for four consecutive months (5 bioassays in total). In each bioassay, adult mortality levels were determined after exposure for 7, 14 and 21 d. After the final evaluation, all beetles (dead and alive) were removed and the number of offspring was assessed after an additional interval of 65 d. Based on our results, the application of the tested cypermethrin formulation as a grain protectant provided long-term protection against R. dominica and P. truncatus adults, as in most cases complete control was achieved for these two species, even after four months of storage of the treated commodities. In the case of S. oryzae and O. surinamensis, adult mortality did not reach 100% in any of the cases, moreover, a gradual decline of mortality levels was recorded over the 4-month period of storage. Finally, for S. oryzae and P. truncatus progeny production was notably suppressed by cypermethrin. Results show that the cypermethrin formulation tested could be a valuable tool for stored grain protection, however, factors such as the target species and the storage interval should be taken into consideration.     

甲酸乙酯控制储粮害虫研究进展

目前世界上用于保护粮食免受损害的药剂品种越来越少,人们迫切需要高效安全的新型熏蒸剂。甲酸乙酯具有杀虫迅速及绿色环保等优点,是一种很有潜力的熏蒸剂。本文综述了甲酸乙酯的理化性质、对环境的影响、对哺乳动物的毒性等方面的内容,并着重总结了甲酸乙酯防治储粮害虫的研究进展,旨在为甲酸乙酯的进一步研究及利用提供技术参考。     

基于视频目标跟踪算法的储粮害虫活跃程度判别研究

针对储粮害虫杀虫效果评估实验,本文提出了一种多目标跟踪算法,通过跟踪评估区域内多头储粮害虫的运动给出每头害虫的活跃程度,对害虫存活状态进行自动评估。算法基于 Faster R-CNN框架的目标检测技术,融合Mean Shift和Deep SORT目标跟踪算法,实现了对储粮害虫运动位置的连续跟踪,且减少了两头害虫相遇再分离后身份错位问题发生的情况。对于20头以内的同种害虫,平均多目标跟踪准确率为95.89%,多目标跟踪精度为83.18%。而且在目标跟踪算法中记录了每头储粮害虫的速度变化,通过分析一定时长的害虫移动速度,提出了一种评估储粮害虫活跃程度为低、中或高的分级方法,可以辅助实验人员对实验效果的分析。     

三种植物精油对四种主要储粮害虫的生物活性研究

采用索氏提取法,以乙醚作为提取溶剂提取柑桔皮、臭椿树皮、辣椒粉的植物精油,研究了其对米象、锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、小眼书虱的控制作用.结果表明：臭椿皮精油和辣椒精油对4种储粮害虫均有较强的驱避作用,柑桔皮精油对小眼书虱若虫有极为显著的引诱作用.3种植物精油对米象成虫具有较强的触杀活性,对锯谷盗成虫具有较强的熏蒸活性;对锯谷盗成虫的当代种群抑制率都达到了100%,对米象成虫的当代种群抑制作用也较强.     

基于人工免疫算法的储粮害虫特征选择研究

储粮害虫特征选择是粮虫图像识别中一个关键的预处理环节.提出基于v折交叉验证训练模型识别率和所选特征个数的特征子集评价准则,将人工免疫算法应用到粮虫的特征选择.该算法从粮虫的17雏形态学特征中自动选择出面积、周长等7个特征的最优特征子空间,采用参数优化之后的SVM分类器对90个粮虫样本进行分类,识别率达到95.5%以上,并与PCA法、GA法和原始特征法进行了对比,结果表明人工免疫算法降低了特征空间的维数,提高了分类器的识别率,证实了基于人工免疫算法的粮虫特征选择是可行的.     

Resistance of packaging against infestation by Sitophilus zeamais

The results of infestation by maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), in different packaging filled with pasta are presented in this research. Three different types of packaging were used, that is, two paper tubes (one novel, laminated with bio-based polyethylene and one without lamination) and commercial polypropylene, pillow pouch packaging. Material properties such as grammage, thickness, surface analysis, moisture and water resistance, tensile and compressive strength were analysed. Improved compressive strength, moisture and water resistance were detected at the bio-polyethylene laminated tube packaging (approx. 30%), compared to the non-laminated sample. The obtained results demonstrated that adult maize weevils revealed significant preferences to enter the pasta packages through the already existing holes which were in the polypropylene packaging, while no infestation was observed inside the packages at the paper tube packaging. The study revealed that the shape and construction, for example, tube packaging with an innovative bio-polyethylene film, are very effective regarding insect infestation and mechanical overloads.