激光熔覆Al65Cu2OCr15准晶态合金的相选择问题

研究了在45#钢基体表面激光熔覆Al65Cu20Cr15准晶态合金过程中，工艺参数激光功率（P）和扫描速度（v)对激光熔覆涂层相结构的影响。结果表明，激光功率和扫描速度的变化使基体材料对熔覆涂层的稀释率发生改变，随着激光熔覆稀释率的增加，熔覆层的相结构依次为λ＋I，I＋β，β，β＋d，d Fe，激光熔覆涂层相结构的差异使涂层具有不同的显微硬度，参数δ（P／v)决定激光熔覆过程的稀释度，从而直接影响激光熔覆准晶涂层的相结构，涂层的表面显微硬度也因涂层相结构的不同而有所差异。     

等离子喷涂-激光重熔制备AlCuFe准晶涂层的研究

报道了在氩气气氛下，利用固体YAG激光对等离子喷涂AlCuFe准晶涂层进行激光重熔制备包含二十面体准晶I相及β类似相涂层的研究。结果表明，在激光功率固定为300W的情况下，随着激光扫描速度的增加，低碳钢基体中Fe元素对涂层的稀释度减小，从而使不同扫描速度下所得离子喷涂-激光重熔涂层中I相和β相的含量比I/β依次增加。同时随着激光扫描速度的增加，激光熔化涂层的熔池深度变浅。当激光扫描速度大于某一定值时，涂层熔化深度达不到涂层与基体的结合界面从而无法使涂层与基体之间实现冶金结合，不利于涂层结合力的提高。     

工艺参数对压片预置式激光熔覆涂层微观质量的影响

针对现有粉末预置方法的不足,提出了一种新的粉末预置方法--压片预置法.采用该方法在基体表面上实现了粉末绿色预置,采用不同工艺参数在横流CO2激光器上扫描预置层制备了激光熔覆涂层.使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测了涂层的界面结合情况、稀释率和微观组织,分析了工艺参数对压片预置式激光熔覆涂层微观质量的影响.结果表明:在预置涂层厚度一定的情况下,大的光斑直径有利于基体能量的吸收,从而有利于涂层与基体形成冶金结合;当光斑直径相同时,高能低速有利于涂层与基体结合性能的提高.熔覆层的稀释率以1000W/mm为界随功率密度的增大先增后减,但当功率密度大于1000W/mm时能量有效利用率偏低.此外,随着功率密度的减小,熔覆表层枝晶组织呈现出"胞化"特征.因此,对于压片预置式激光熔覆,应尽可能采用大光斑小功率低扫描速度的工艺参数.     

线圈扫描速度对感应熔覆Ni CrBSi涂层组织与性能的影响

以自熔性合金粉末Ni60为原料采用预置涂层结合高频感应熔覆技术在45钢基体表面制备了NiCrBSi涂层别用场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和CETR摩擦磨损试验机等设备研究了感应线圈扫描速度对涂层微观组织、显微硬度和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,感应熔覆NiCrBSi涂层组织致密、内部无孔隙和裂纹等缺陷,涂层由γ-Ni/Fe基质相和弥散分布的Cr_7C_3、Cr_(23)C_6、CrB等硬质析出相构成。熔覆层最高硬度为980HV_(0.2),涂层内部残余应力呈压应力状态。随着线圈扫描速度的增大,涂层热输入量降低,熔池冷却凝固速度加快,一方面导致界面区域元素扩散减弱,涂层稀释率降低界面过渡区宽度减小;另一方面造成涂层晶粒和析出相尺寸细化,涂层显微硬度升高,涂层磨损形式由以粘着磨损为主向以磨粒磨损为主转变同时残余压应力增大,使得涂层耐磨性提高。     

Cu-Sn/Fe合金粉末激光熔覆层的组织与硬度分析

为改善Cu基合金涂层与16Mn钢基体的匹配性,提高涂层强度和硬度,采用同步送粉技术,通过工艺优选,在16Mn钢表面激光熔覆了Cu-Sn/Fe基混合合金粉末,并研究了制备的熔覆层组织、颗粒物的相结构、尺寸和弥散分布行为.结果表明,激光熔覆层为树枝晶组织和网状组织及其上分布的σ-FeCr球形颗粒相.颗粒相σ-FeCr对提高熔覆层硬度起到一定的作用.熔覆层、热影响区和基体中,熔覆层硬度最高,进入基体后,硬度值突降,故熔覆层起到表面强化的作用.     

AZ31镁合金表面激光熔覆Al-TiC复合涂层微观组织与腐蚀性能

为有效改善AZ31镁合金表面的腐蚀性能，本文采用激光熔覆技术在AZ31镁合金表面成功制备了无缺陷的Al-TiC复合涂层。研究了不同成分含量的Al-TiC复合涂层的相组成、微观组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：在Al-TiC复合涂层内形成了大量的Al₁₂Mg₁₇、Mg₂Al₃和TiC相。复合涂层内微观组织呈现出连续网络状分布特征。随着Al-TiC混合粉末中Al含量的减小，复合涂层中Al₁₂Mg₁₇、Mg₂Al₃和TiC相的含量呈递增趋势，网络状分布的微观组织结构变得更加均匀连续。复合涂层与AZ31基体之间形成了良好的冶金结合界面。激光熔覆制备的Al-TiC复合涂层耐腐蚀性能较AZ31基体显著提升。自腐蚀电位由基体的-1.563 V提升至-1.144 V，自腐蚀电流由基体的1.55×10^-4 A减小至2.63×10^-6 A。     

激光熔覆Fe60Nb20Ti20非晶合金粉末及组织性能研究

采用激光熔覆工艺在45钢表面对Fe60Nb20Ti20非晶合金粉末进行不同工艺参数熔覆试验,获得无裂纹且呈冶金结合的涂层。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对涂层的微观形貌、组成相、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行分析。结果表明,涂层组织为细小的α-Fe过饱和固溶体等轴晶和少量的非晶相。涂层平均硬度为857HV,为基体材料的4倍,耐磨性也明显优于基体材料。     

脉冲CO2激光熔覆K403合金层工艺研究

在K403合金的基体上,采用脉冲CO2激光器熔覆Stellite合金,研究了脉冲激光峰值功率、扫描速度、脉冲频率和宽度对熔覆层的形状特征和熔合质量的影响。研究结果表明,随着脉冲激光的峰值功率、脉冲宽度、脉冲频率增加,或扫描速度降低,熔覆层的宽度、熔化深度和稀释率增加。采用高峰值功率脉冲激光熔覆可以获得无热裂纹且结合完整的界面。     

激光熔覆Al-Ni-TiC-CeO2复合涂层的组织与耐腐蚀磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术在S355海洋钢表面制备Al-Ni-TiC-CeO2熔覆涂层,通过SEM、EDS、XRD、显微硬度计等手段分析其表面-界面形貌、化学元素分布、物相组成及显微硬度,并研究其在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中耐腐蚀磨损与应力腐蚀开裂(stress corrosion cracking,SCC)等性能。结果表明:熔覆涂层主要由增强相TiC和连续相AlNi3,AlFe3组成,表面较为平整,无明显裂纹,稀释率为5%。涂层表面显微硬度达到809.3HV0.2,为基体的2.3倍。基体中交互作用主要以腐蚀加速磨损为主,而涂层中交互作用则以磨损加速腐蚀为主。基体材料与涂层的SCC敏感性分别为35.01%和17.69%,表明涂层能够明显抑制应力腐蚀开裂。     

合金元素对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度影响的研究进展

激光熔覆技术采用高能量密度的激光作为工艺的能量来源,能够对工件表面进行改性和修复,显著地改善了基体的表面力学性能,从而有效地延长了产品的生命周期。激光熔覆是制备高熵合金的典型工艺之一,采用该技术并且添加合适的合金元素可以制备具备卓越性能的高熵合金涂层。为清晰地阐明加入元素后增强激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度的作用机制,首先综述了目前国内外在激光熔覆过程中加入常见元素所制备的高熵合金涂层硬度性能的研究现状,其中高熵合金有特殊的“4种效应”,对金属间化合物有促进作用,其内部微观结构一般为FCC、BCC或者HCP等固溶相,通常通过固溶强化、沉淀强化和分散强化来强化,并且激光熔覆法会使高熵合金涂层快速冷却,从而显著改善合金的力学性能。其次,分析了金属与非金属两大类元素对激光熔覆制备高熵合金涂层硬度强化的机理,总结了金属元素与非金属元素的添加对高熵合金涂层硬度的影响规律。最后,针对激光熔覆制备高熵合金涂层硬度性能的改进,总结出了有效的方法,并对其未来发展进行了展望。研究结果揭示了激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度强化的理论基础,为该领域的进一步发展提供了理论依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.