A review on catalytic & non-catalytic bio-oil upgrading in supercritical fluids

This review article summarizes the key published research on the topic of bio-oil upgrading using catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical fluid(SCF)conditions.The precious metal catalysts Pd,Ru and Pt on various supports are frequently chosen for catalytic bio-oil upgrading in SCFs.This is reportedly due to their favourable catalytic activity during the process including hydrotreating,hydrocracking,and esterification,which leads to improvements in liquid yield,heating value,and pH of the upgraded bio-oil.Due to the costs associated with precious metal catalysts,some researchers have opted for non-precious metal catalysts such as acidic HZSM-5 which can promote esterification in supercritical ethanol.On the other hand,SCFs have been effectively used to upgrade crude bio-oil without a catalyst.Supercritical methanol,ethanol,and water are most commonly used and demonstrate catalyst like activities such as facilitating esterification reactions and reducing solid yield by alcoholysis and hydrolysis,respectively.     

A dual-function chemical probe for detecting erasers of lysine lipoylation

Lysine lipoylation plays vital roles in cell metabolism and redox processes.For example,removal of lipoylation will decrease pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and affect the citric acid cycle.Despite the important functions of lysine lipoylation,the mechanisms for the addition and removal of this modification remain largely unexplored.Very few useful chemical tools are available to study the interactions of lysine lipoylation with its regulatory delipoylation proteins.For example,immunoaffinity purification-mass spectrometry is one of such tools,which highly relies on antibody efficiency and purification techniques.Single-step activity based fluorogenic probes developed by our groups and others is also an efficient method to study the deacylation activity.Affinitybased labeling probe using photo-cross-linker is a powerful platform to study the transient and dynamic interactions of peptide ligands with the interacting proteins.Herein,we have designed and synthesized a dual-function probe KTLlip for studying enzymatic delipoylation(eraser)activity and interaction of lysine lipoylation with the eraser at the same time.We show that KTLlip can be used as a useful tool to detect delipoylation as demonstrated by its ability to fluorescently label the eraser activity of recombinant Sirt2.We envision that the probe will help delineate the roles of delipoylation enzyme in biology.     

Hydrolysis of Olive Oil with Immobilized Lipase in a Tapered Column Reactor

Lipase was immobilized in ion exchange resin and then used in the hydrolysis of olive oil to produce fatty acids and glycerol. The time course of hydrolysis of olive oil was investigated in a stirred tank reactor using both of the free and immobilized lipases to find the yield of activity of immobilized enzyme. Continuous hydrolysis of olive oil was also carried out in a tapered column reactor and a cylindrical column reactor with a bottom ID of 10 mm at different upward flow rates. It can be known from experimental results that the degree of hydrolysis of olive oil in the tapered column reactor is moderately better than that in the cylindrical column reactor, the pressure drop in the tapered column reactor is much smaller than that in the cylindrical column reactor.     

Test Method for Determination of Thermal Shock resistance（Air Quenching）

On the basis of the theory of thermal shock resistance in the science of materials and the test method of air quenching which is generally rec-ognized internationally,especially in Europe,the present test methods for determination of thermal shock resistance in China have been analysed,Experiment study on thermal shock resis-tance of silica and basic refractory products has been conducted,and a new test method of thermal shock resistance-air quenching method has been put forward.     

Antioxidant activity of flavonol aglycones and their glycosides in methyl linoleate

The antioxidant activities of the flavonol aglycones, quercetin and myricetin, and their selected glycosides were compared in bulk methyl linoleate oxidized at 40°C. Methyl linoleate hydroperoxide formation, hydroperoxide isomer distribution, and ketodiene formation were followed by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The aglycones, quercetin and myricetin, were consistently more active in bulk methyl linoleate than their glycosides and more active than α-tocopherol at 500 and 1000 μM. At 50 μM, the order of activity was myricetin > α-tocopherol > quercetin, and the order of activity of quercetin and its derivatives was quercetin > quercitrin > isoquercitrin > rutin. Myricitrin was slightly less active than myricetin. The sugar moiety was shown to have a marked effect on the antioxidant activity of flavonols. The rhamnoside derivatives, quercitrin and myricitrin, both possessed activity close to that of their corresponding aglycones. The different activities of glycosides could be partly explained by different solubilities and by differences in oxidizability of glycosides containing a monosaccharide or disaccharide at the C₃ position. The effect on hydroperoxide isomer distribution indicates that α-tocopherol was a more effective hydrogen donor than flavonoids, although flavonoids were more effective in inhibiting oxidation of methyl linoleate.     

A SHORT-CUT OF EXPLORING THE OPTIMUM ACTIVITY FOR COMMERCIAL METHANATION CATALYST Ni/Al_2O_3

Two commercial methanation catalysts Ni/Al_2O_3 were taken as example for examination. Both crushed and pelleted catalyst were used. Their catalytic activities were evaluated under different reduction conditions. It was found that the reduction process is of vital importance in developing the activity. Each catalyst has its own appropriate condition to display its intrinsic property. So it is really unreasonable to compare the activity of different catalysts under same testing condition. In this paper we present a procedure for exploring the optimum activity of the two catalysts with their corresponding data, which are quite different from each other and from the previous ones.     

Modeling and experimental studies of methyl methacrylate polymerization in a tubular reactor☆

In this study, rheological examination of the mixture of a tubular reactor in which methyl methacrylate was po-lymerized has been studied. The n (flow behavior index) value of Power Law Model of mixture contained in the reactor has been determined within the span of 0.3492 to 0.9889 by curve fitting. Employing these numerical data for velocity profile, the reactor has been modeled. Moreover, the functions of the reactor have been com-pared in the three modes of plug, mixed and laminar flow. The results obtained in this research indicate that the polymethyl methacrylate mixture contained in the reactor is pseudo-plastic. Moreover, as the conversion grows, the velocity profile starts as a parabolic profile and approaches the plug mode;although it never reaches the plug. The other conclusions borne in this study indicate that when the reactor's radius is decreased, the conversion rate grows. However, as decreasing the radius would also reduce the productions rate, this procedure is not economical. Finally, in this modeling, the amount of conversion is equal to 56.47%at the end and according to its laboratory proportion which is 55.88%, it has reached the conclusion that the modeling duly undertaken is applicable and valid.     

Treatment of Sewage for Polymer Flooding Injection

CAS Dalian Research Institute ofChemistry and Physics and DagangOilfield Company have conducted re-search and made major break-throughs on the process of sewagetreatment,which is a key technologythat has been affecting the develop-ment of oilfield polymer flooding inrecent years. Sewage easily causes a drop ofviscosity in polymer solutions.Re-searchers have defined the process     

On-line estimation of vapour pressure of stabilized gasoline via ANN’s

The use of artificial neural network based model for the on-line estimation of the Reid Va-por Pressure of stabilized gasoline in a stabilizer after the stripper-reabsorber in the fluid catalyticcracking unit is investigated.The quadratic basis function network(QBFN)which uses a simplequadratic function instead of sigmoid function typically used in back-propagation network is em-ployed.180 sets of historical operation data have been selected for training and testing the QBFN.To overcome the local minimum point which often occurs during the training phase,a new algorithmcombining the simulated annealing approach with the improved GDR has been applied.Furthermore,the developed model has been installed on-line in a refinery for on-line testing.Thetesting results show that the model is sufficiently accurate and it can be used on site as an on-lineanalyzer.     

大豆萌发过程中护肤活性成分变化的研究

测定了大豆萌发过程中具有护肤功效的异黄酮、皂苷、多糖及烟酸、VB6、VC、游离生物素4种维生素质量分数的变化。结果表明,萌发能显著提高大豆中活性成分的质量分数,萌发72 h时,总异黄酮、异黄酮苷元、皂苷、还原性多糖、烟酸、游离生物素的质量分数均达到较高水平,比未发芽大豆的质量分数分别增加了40%,192%,6.87%,133.3%,50.4%,75.3%。利用大豆萌发过程可有效提高自身生物学效应,并为发芽大豆在护肤化妆品中的应用提供数据信息。     

茶皂素提取新工艺研究

介绍水提法和醇提法从茶饼粕中提取茶皂素的传统工艺,指出茶皂素水解、杂质去除及滤液浓缩是水提法工业化生产茶皂素的三个关键问题。发明了一种新的水提法,浸提前用化学处理抑制、消除茶饼粕中水解酶的活性,有效抑制茶皂素的水解;用纳滤膜浓缩澄清的浸提液,减少废弃相中茶皂素含量;高速离心分离,有效除去浸提液中的糖类、蛋白质、淀粉、果胶等杂质。从 2个实例来看:该工艺过程简单、设备投资和生产成本低、能耗少,所得茶皂素产品呈淡黄色,纯度超过80%,得率超过 70%。     

四苯硼二烷基咪唑盐离子液体的合成及其电导性能

近十几年来,离子液体由于其显著的化学、物理特性以及作为一种环境友好的高效催化剂、良好的有机反应溶剂以及在分离及电化学等方面的应用,成为国内外学者研究的热点．在已报道的离子液体的组成中,阳离子主要是含有取代基团的咪唑、吡啶、喹啉、异喹啉等含氮有机杂环,     

Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health—A Current Perspective

In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food.     

茶皂甙纯化工艺研究

对茶皂甙的提取纯化工艺进行了研究。以含量为70%的粗茶皂甙为原料,经N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶解、乙酸乙酯沉析、胆甾醇复合吸附、苯解吸工艺得到含量大于99%的茶皂甙,提取率大于80%。结果表明,该工艺为高纯度茶皂甙的制备提供了参考。     

氨预处理对大豆秸秆纤维素酶解产糖影响的研究

为了提高大豆秸秆酶解产糖能力, 以利于从大豆秸秆中提取生物降解性塑料的原料 ?? 乳酸, 对大豆秸秆纤维素预处理过程的影响因素进行了探索,对预处理前后大豆秸秆的物理结构变化、化学成分变化及预处理条件对大豆秸秆酶水解产糖的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,粉碎结合氨处理对大豆秸秆酶水解影响较大,较适宜的预处理条件为大豆秸秆粉碎至 140 目,10%氨水处理 24h。经过预处理后大豆秸秆纤维素含量提高 70.27%, 半纤维素含量下降 41.45%, 木质素含量下降 30.16%, 有利于大豆秸秆酶解产糖。     

Effects of Alfalfa Saponins on the Moth Spodoptera littoralis

Alfalfa saponins administered to Spodoptera littoralis in the larval diet caused prolongation of the larval and pupal stages, retarded growth, increased mortality, and reduced fecundity and fertility. At least some of these effects were probably due to digestion problems manifested by longer food retention in the gut. Preliminary data indicated that the efficiency of food utilization was not altered. Saponin aglycones exerted similar developmental derangements; medicagenic acid proved most active; hederagenin, soysaponogenol A, and soysaponogenol B exhibited moderate activities; and soysaponogenol E was inactive. It is proposed that saponins become active only when the sugar component is cleaved off by the gut glycosylases and that substrate specificity of these enzymes is decisive for the activity of ingested saponins. For example, all tested -L-arabinopyranosyl glycosides were inactive, while the corresponding aglycones or glucosides were active. The liberated aglycones are apparently deposited in the tissues and exert post-feeding disturbances such as delay of imaginal ecdysis and reduced egg hatchability.     

海参水煮液皂苷的美白抗衰老功效研究

为开发海参水煮液皂苷在化妆品领域的应用,对海参水煮液进行了醇沉、大孔树脂吸附和乙醇梯度洗脱,获得三种海参皂苷组分S1、S2、S3,采用红外光谱表征了其结构,应用香草醛-冰乙酸法测定了其皂苷含量。通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)分析法和生化酶学法测定了皂苷组分水溶液的抗氧化活性和对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用。结果表明,组分S1、S2、S3均含有三萜皂苷类化合物,且质量分数分别为6.09%、34.08%、63.51%;组分S2水溶液清除DPPH自由基的能力较强(质量浓度≥5 g/L时,清除率稳定在92.5%)、抑制酪氨酸酶活性的能力较强(质量浓度为50~70 g/L时,抑制率稳定在30.4%),因而组分S2具有良好的美白抗衰老效果,可作为潜在的美白抗衰老化妆品添加剂。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis in conjunction with conventional pretreatments to soybean for enhanced oil availability and recovery

Enzymatic hydrolysis of oilseeds prior to extraction has recently been shown to enhance the extractable oil in oilseeds and its recovery. This paper presents the results of optimizing the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis with one or more conventional pretreatments to soybean and of optimizing the hydrolysis parameters as they determine the mechanical extractability as well as the solvent extractability. Enzymatic hydrolysis in conjunction with flaking (dehulling inherent) and steam conditioning offered statistically the best pretreament combination for soybean at a 5% level of significance, enhancing the extractable oil content by about 4.8% of moisture-free sample. The optimal hydrolysis parameter values based on response surface analysis were: hydrolysis moisture content 23.22% wet basis, enzyme concentration 11.99 vol/wt, and incubation period 13.79 h. Over 99% of the total extractable oil released after hydrolysis was extractable within 16 h on a Soxhlet extractor. Presently with Britannia Biscuits Ltd., New Delhi, India.     

Foam Properties and Detergent Abilities of the Saponins from Camellia oleifera

The defatted seed meal of Camellia oleifera has been used as a natural detergent and its extract is commercially utilized as a foam-stabilizing and emulsifying agent. The goal of this study was to investigate the foam properties and detergent ability of the saponins from the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera. The crude saponin content in the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 8.34 and the total saponins content in the crude saponins extract was 39.5% (w/w). The foaming power of the 0.5 crude saponins extract solution from defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 37.1 of 0.5 SLS solution and 51.3% to that of 0.5% Tween 80 solution. The R5 value of 86.0% represents good foam stability of the crude saponins extracted from the defatted seed meal of the plant. With the reduction of water surface tension from 72 mN/m to 50.0 mN/m, the 0.5% crude saponins extract solution has wetting ability. The sebum-removal experiment indicated that the crude saponins extract has moderate detergency. The detergent abilities of the saponins from C. oleifera and Sapindus mukorossi were also compared.