跨洋航空网络的频谱共享博弈模型

提出一种跨洋航空网络中主干网络的频谱共享博弈模型。该模型综合考虑了主用户和所有次级用户的收益,主用户可在保证自身收益最大的前提下对各次级用户进行有效的频谱分配;各次级用户根据主用户的最佳单位定价改变请求带宽以获得最大收益。给出了该模型的静态博弈纳什均衡与动态博弈收敛结果,通过与次级用户收益的最优化模型进行比较,验证了用该模型解决跨洋航空网络中主干网络上的频谱分配问题具有公平性。     

认知无线网络中基于进化博弈的动态频谱接入*

研究了认知无线网络环境中基于价格动态性的动态频谱接入,即不同的授权网络服务商以不同的价格将空闲频谱出售给认知网络,且认知用户可以根据自己获得的报酬动态地接入不同的网络。为最大化认知网络的效用,提出了基于进化博弈的动态频谱接入方案。仿真结果表明,当认知用户群体到达进化均衡时,接入每个主网络的认知用户数量的比例达到稳定状态,最大化了认知用户和网络的效用。     

认知无线网络中动态频谱接入性能分析

认知无线电技术利用频谱空洞进行通信,有效缓解了频谱资源紧缺问题,动态频谱接入是其核心技术。网络中主用户对授权频谱的使用效率较高时,次用户接入网络无法完成符合QoS要求的通信,只有当主用户频谱效率在一定门限值下时网络才适合次用户接入。有限频谱空洞资源只能满足有限次用户的通信需求,为了保证通信质量,网络在固定的主用户频谱效率下只能接入适量的次用户。提出用强制优先排队理论对认知无线网络中的动态频谱接入过程进行模拟,通过仿真对次用户的切换概率、阻塞概率两个QoS因子进行分析,在给定的QoS条件下,得到了网络适合次用户接入的主用户频谱效率门限值,以及在固定的主用户频谱效率下网络适合接入次用户的量。     

基于博弈论的动态频谱分配技术研究

提出了一种改进的动态频谱分配博弈模型,对现有的频谱定价函数进行改进,在授权用户对单位频谱价格满意的条件下,频谱价格与授权用户提供带宽数量和次用户的频谱需求数量有关。此外,在次用户的效用函数中,考虑了频谱置换参数,并分析了置换参数和信道质量对次用户动态博弈以及次用户达到纳什均衡的影响。最后,分别用静态博弈和动态博弈分析了次用户之间的竞争频谱行为,并通过仿真验证,次用户的策略最终可以收敛到纳什均衡。     

OFDMA认知无线电网络中面向功率控制的频谱定价与分配

针对OFDMA认知无线电网络,提出一种基于Stackelberg博弈的频谱定价和分配模型.对于次基站控制次网络传输功率来保护主网络通信的场景,主基站可通过该模型获得最优的频谱定价方案.从功率控制的角度,重新设计次用户的效用函数,运用Stackelberg博弈对单个主基站和多个次用户在频谱租赁市场中的交易行为进行建模.通过逆向归纳法,求解市场均衡下的最优频谱定价,使得主基站在考虑主网络QoS降级的同时获得最大收益.此外,对于主基站只能获取本地信息的情形,提出了基于动态Stackelberg博弈的分布式频谱定价和分配模型.仿真实验表明,该模型能够在控制次网络传输功率的基础上,提供最优频谱定价和频谱分配方案.     

认知无线网络中基于博弈的频谱共享*

研究了认知无线网络环境中基于价格动态性的频谱共享,主要用户服务提供商以不同的频谱价格向认知用户服务提供商出售空闲频谱,认知用户根据获得的收益调整对频谱的需求。在全体服务提供商对频谱价格满意的基础上,为最大化认知用户的收益,提出了基于静态博弈和动态博弈的频谱共享方案。仿真结果表明,通过合理设置学习速率,动态博弈达到了接近静态博弈的性能,最大化认知用户的收益。     

非完美感知条件下认知网络的性能分析

通过对非理想频谱感知下的认知无线电网络(CognitiveRadioNetwork,CRN)建模,分析了认知网络的主要性能参数。由于漏检的存在,可能造成主次级用户业务之间的碰撞,从而引起用户业务的中断或阻塞;另一方面,由于虚警,认知用户将放弃接入可用的空闲频段,从而降低了频谱资源的利用率,无论哪种情形都将导致系统的QoS性能降低。通过将认知网络建模成一个二维马氏链,推导了系统的主要QoS参数。结果表明,尽管误检的存在,认知网络仍能显著提高频谱资源利用率;而主用户的QoS需求也可以通过控制认知业务的接入量来得到保证。     

基于能量优化的认知无线电网络组播路由协议

针对认知无线电网络节点动态频谱分配的特点,利用静态博弈方法,根据次用户占用频谱越宽所造成干扰越大,建立基于价格惩罚机制的古诺模型解决频谱分配问题,通过求解纳什均衡,频谱利用率达到最优。根据最小增量按需驱动思想建立了节约能量的组播树,提出基于能量优化的适用于认知无线电网络的按需组播路由协议。     

物联网环境下基于演化博弈的动态频谱分配算法

研究物联网环境下垄断频谱市场中两个有限理性的服务提供商基于需求响应的价格竞争。服务提供商购买频谱拥有者提供的频谱,相互动态竞争提供给次用户使用以谋求自身利益的最大化。引入动态频谱接入,同时考虑次用户对价格的反应,将服务提供商的动态价格策略选择建模为演化博弈模型。通过复制动态,提出的算法收敛到演化稳定均衡(ESS)。仿真结果表明所该算法是收敛的,可以达到ESS,分析结果验证了演化博弈算法的稳定性和有效性。     

高铁旅客认知频谱共享算法研究

针对高铁环境中包含多个主用户的主服务和多个次用户的频谱分配问题,提出一种认知博弈频谱共享算法。引入次用户优先级和用户传输业务等级,满足不同优先级用户的不同业务频谱使用需求,并根据主基站和次用户的距离变化更新主服务向次用户提出的价格函数,获得静态博弈下的纳什均衡解,同时分析不完全信息和完全信息的动态博弈,确定不完全信息动态博弈的稳定区间。分别对静态博弈和动态博弈进行仿真,结果表明,在该算法下,当次用户优先级相同时,不同业务等级租借不同的带宽,业务等级越高,租借的带宽也越多,随着距离的变化,较高的业务等级频谱变化较为迅速,而在同一业务等级下,用户优先级越高,则会租借到更多的频谱。     

On oligopoly spectrum allocation game in cognitive radio networks with capacity constraints

Dynamic spectrum sharing is a promising technology to improve spectrum utilization in future wireless networks. The flexible spectrum management provides new opportunities for licensed primary user and unlicensed secondary users to reallocate the spectrum resource efficiently. In this paper, we present an oligopoly pricing framework for dynamic spectrum allocation in which the primary users sell excessive spectrum to the secondary users for monetary return. We present two approaches, the strict constraints (type-I) and the QoS penalty (type-II), to model the realistic situation that the primary users have limited capacities. In the oligopoly model with strict constraints, we propose a low-complexity searching method to obtain the Nash Equilibrium and prove its uniqueness. When reduced to a duopoly game, we analytically show the interesting gaps in the leader–follower pricing strategy. In the QoS penalty based oligopoly model, a novel variable transformation method is developed to derive the unique Nash Equilibrium. When the market information is limited, we provide three myopically optimal algorithms “StrictBEST”, “StrictBR” and “QoSBEST” that enable price adjustment for duopoly primary users based on the Best Response Function (BRF) and the bounded rationality (BR) principles. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of our analysis and demonstrate the convergence of “StrictBEST” as well as “QoSBEST” to the Nash Equilibrium. For the “StrictBR” algorithm, we reveal the chaotic behaviors of dynamic price adaptation in response to the learning rates.     

认知无线电中基于QoS分级的频谱分配策略

为提高认知无线电中的系统吞吐量,保证频谱分配的公平性,提出一种基于服务质量(QoS)分级的频谱分配策略。建立模糊综合判决模型,根据认知用户的业务类型判别其QoS级别,应用CMSB信道分配算法进行频谱分配。仿真实验结果表明,该频谱分配策略能在满足认知用户QoS需求的同时,保证较高的系统吞吐量和接入公平性。     

A QoS-based dynamic pricing approach for services provisioning in heterogeneous wireless access networks

In this paper we propose a simple QoS-based dynamic pricing approach for services provisioning in a heterogeneous wireless access network environment which attempts to increase user’s satisfaction level by firstly, maximizing the provided QoS level, and secondly, by applying dynamic pricing strategies according to the QoS. These strategies will allow service providers to maximize their profits. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed dynamic pricing approach benefits both users and wireless service providers (WSPs). Results also suggest that users have better overall satisfaction due to a better QoS level and fairer prices. The analysis shows that our proposed pricing approach contributes to an increase in WSPs profits compared to the application of the flat-rate pricing model in a competitive market-model.     

A network flow based approach for network selection in dynamic spectrum access networks

In this paper, we present a network flow based approach for dynamic network and channel selection for secondary users in dynamic spectrum access networks. Most approaches in the current literature on dynamic spectrum access networks do not consider dynamic network and channel selection. We present a network flow framework for network selection. We show that our approach can enable re-assignment of networks to secondary users and also re-assignment of channels to secondary users within the same network. The assignments and re-assignments take into account, the interference caused to primary users, the price each secondary user is willing to pay and the quality of service (QoS) obtained by each secondary user. We obtain a bound for the maximum number of re-assignments.     

基于模糊积分和博弈论的QoS组播路由机制

下一代互联网NGI(next generation Intemet)需要提供服务质量QoS(quality of service)路由能力.由于NGI网络状态难以精确测量与表达,因此,QoS路由基于的信息应该是模糊的.随着网络运营的渐趋商业化,付费上网要求实现QoS计费,而网络提供方与用户的利益冲突要求实现效用双赢.设计了一种基于模糊积分和博弈论的QoS组播路由机制.该机制由边评判、博弈分析和组播路由树建立算法组成,基于模糊积分和适合隶属度函数对边进行模糊综合评判,通过博弈分析确定网络提供方与用户在边上的效用能否达到Nash均衡,通过组播路由树建立算法使得在建立的组播路由树上不仅用户QoS要求得到满足,而且网络提供方效用与用户效用达到或接近Nash均衡下的Pareto最优.仿真结果表明,与QoSMIC等机制相比,该机制具有较好的性能.     

Channel assignment in heterogeneous multi-radio multi-channel wireless networks: A game theoretic approach

Channel assignment is a challenging issue for multi-radio multi-channel wireless networks, especially in a competing environment. This paper investigates channel assignment for selfish nodes in a heterogeneous scenario, in which nodes may have different QoS requirements and thus compete for different channels with unequal bandwidth. The interaction among nodes is formulated as a non-cooperative Multi-radio Channel Assignment Game (MCAG), where Nash Equilibrium (NE) corresponds to a stable channel assignment outcome from which no individual node has the incentive to deviate. The NEs in MCAG are characterized in this paper. Since multiple NEs may exist in this game, it is natural to choose the NE that maximizes the network utility, i.e., the sum of node utilities. It is shown that the optimal NE outcome can be derived by solving an integer non-linear programming problem. Based on some observations on the radio number distribution of NE, we propose a two-stage optimization algorithm to achieve an optimal channel assignment. Finally, computer simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.