材料科学研究热点与前沿挖掘——以富勒烯为例

富勒烯奇特物理结构使其具有许多特殊的物理化学性能,造就了其在物理、化学、生物等各领域研究和应用的非凡可能性,剖析该领域的研究热点、前沿及潜在研究具有一定理论和现实意义。基于2007～2017年SCI数据库富勒烯及其相关研究领域的原始文献数据,借助文献计量学基本原理,以及Bibexcel、CiteSpace、VOSviewer、UCinet等软件的联合应用,形成了富勒烯及其相关研究领域可视化知识图谱,进而分析富勒烯领域的研究热点、前沿及潜在研究。结果表明:研究最热热点为富勒烯的光伏电池;研究前沿包括非富勒烯聚合物、富勒烯太阳能光电转换效率、富勒烯聚合物添加剂、富勒烯材料热检测、富勒烯医药抗癌;潜在(关联)研究为用于制造石墨烯的碳纳米管。     

碳纳米管的应用

自 1991年碳纳米管被发现特别是单层碳纳米管的发现和宏观量的合成成功以来 ,引起了人们的广泛兴趣 ,已成为富勒烯领域的一个主要的研究特点 ,是物理、化学和材料科学等学科中最前沿的研究领域之一。由于其独特的结构 ,碳纳米管的研究具有重大的理论意义和潜在的应用价值 ,如 :其独特的结构是理想的一维模型材料 ;巨大的长径比使其有望用作坚韧的碳纤维 ,其强度为钢的 10 0倍 ,重量则只有钢的 1/6 ;同时它还有望用分子导线 ,纳米半导体材料 ,催化剂载体 ,分子吸收剂和近场发射材料等。科学家们认为碳纳米管有以下应用领域 :储氢材料、场致发…     

a—Si TFT复合栅绝缘层用阳极氧化Ta_2O_5的研究

研究了Ｔａ的阳极氧化反应动力学用自制装置有效地控制用于非晶硅薄膜晶体管（ａ─ＳｉＴＦＴ）的复合栅绝缘层Ｔａ２Ｏ５厚度，膜质均匀、性能优良，使复合栅绝缘层ａ─ＳｉＴＦＴ的开启电压（ＶＴ）控制在３─５Ｖ之间，开关电流比（Ｉ（ｏｎ）／Ｉ（ｏｆｆ））大于１０７，场效应迁移率为０．８６ｃｍ２／Ｖ·Ｓ．     

Ti（C,N）基金属陶瓷的显微组织研究

Ｔｉ（Ｃ，Ｎ）基金属陶瓷材料硬度高，抗氧化性和抗腐蚀能力强，且有一定的韧性，是国内模具领域亟待开发的新材料。探讨了这种材料金相试样的制备方法，显微组织浸蚀剂的选择，并对其光学金相组织特征与ＴＥＭ相进行论述和对比。     

环氧／碳纳米管复合材料获突破

Nano—Proprietary目前宣布，旗下子公司Ap—pliedNanotech（ANI）在环氧树脂基材料开发中取得突破性进展。制造商们正尝试加入富勒烯和碳纳米管以使环氧树脂材料具备刚性、轻质以及更高的强度。这些应用于工业中的环氧树脂材料常常是以纤维增强塑料的形式存在。一般而言，环氧树脂／碳纳米管复合材料的性能并不能转移至纤维增强塑料，但采用新型复合材料后，     

环氧／碳纳米管复合材料获突破

Nano—Proprietary日前宣布，旗下子公司Applied Nanotech（ANI）在环氧树脂基材料开发中取得突破性进展。制造商们正尝试加入富勒烯和碳纳米管以使环氧树脂材料具备刚性、轻质以及更高的强度。这些应用于工业中的环氧树脂材料常常是以纤维增强塑料的形式存在。     

基于Ag（TCNQ）热透镜效应的全光型开关

Ａｇ（ＴＣＮＱ）是一种电荷转移型金属有机络合物,用真空蒸发与真空热压相结合的方法使它分散到ＰＭＭＡ,ＰＨＰＭＡ,ＰＣ等高分子树脂中,制成了不含任何有机溶剂的透明光学薄膜,并证实了它具有光热透镜效应。     

碳纳米管光限幅效应研究进展

激光技术的发展使光限幅材料的研究成为越来越迫切的要求。碳纳米管作为富勒烯家族新的一员，表现出很好的光限幅效应。本文就碳纳米管的光限幅机制、最新研究进展及应用前景作一概述。     

富勒烯/碳纳米管杂化材料的制备及表征

本文通过一种简易的化学方法成功制备了富勒烯/碳纳米管杂化材料。首先采用强酸氧化处理多壁碳纳米管使其表面产生羟基和羧基等官能基团,再将氧化处理后的碳纳米管与六亚甲基二异氰酸酯反应,通过羟基和羧基基团与异氰酸根的反应对多壁碳纳米管进行修饰,最后利用富勒醇表面的羟基与碳纳米管表面异氰酸之间的反应制备出富勒烯/碳纳米管杂化材料。产品采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)和热重分析(TGA)等手段进行了分析和表征。结果表明,成功实现了富勒烯与碳纳米管的化学组装。     

Ti(IV)在介孔氧化硅MCM-41中的液相移植

以钛酸丁酯为原料,通过液相移植反应,在介孔氧化硅ＭＣＭ－４１中成功地组装了Ｔｉ（ＩＶ）,利用ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ、ＥＤＳ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、Ｎ_２吸附－脱附、^２９Ｓｉ ＭＡＳ ＮＭＲ等多种实验方法对材料进行了表征,并讨论了液相移植反应的机理．实验表明,通过与介孔材料骨架表面Ｑ^３硅原子中的硅醇键（Ｓｉ－ＯＨ）的反应而形成钛－氧－硅（Ｔｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ）键,Ｔｉ（ＩＶ）被成功地固定到介孔材料的骨架上面; ９５０～９６０ｃｍ^－１红外共振吸收的加强是Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｔｉ键形成的标志．     

Structural health monitoring of glass fiber reinforced composites using embedded carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers

In the present work, carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers had been embedded to glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) for the structural health monitoring of the composite material. The addition of the conductive CNT fiber to the non-conductive GFRP material aims to enhance its multi-function ability; the test specimen’s response to mechanical load and the insitu CNT fiber’s electrical resistance measurements were correlated for sensing and damage monitoring purposes. It is the first time this fiber is used in composite materials for sensing purposes; CNT fiber is easy to be embedded and does not downgrade the material’s mechanical properties. Various incremental loading–unloading steps had been applied to the manufactured specimens in tension as well as in three-point bending tests. The CNT fiber worked as a sensor in both, tensile and compression loadings. A direct correlation between the mechanical loading and the electrical resistance change had been established for the investigated specimens. For high stress (or strain) level loadings, residual resistance measurements of the CNT fiber were observed after unloading. Accumulating damage to the composite material had been calculated and was correlated to the electrical resistance readings. The established correlation between these parameters changed according to the material’s loading history.     

Template synthesis and growth mechanism of metal nanowire/carbon nanotube heterojunctions

Copper (Cu) and Cobalt (Co) with remarkable difference in the catalytic activity for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used to prepare metal-nanowire/CNT heterojunctions. The ordered arrays of Cu nanowire/CNT (CuNW/CNT) and Co nanowire/CNT (CoNW/CNT) heterojunctions were prepared by combining electrochemical deposition and chemical vapor deposition. The interfaces between CNTs and Cu or Co nanowires have been examined and compared. At the interface of CuNW/CNT heterojunction, the tip of CuNW is encapsulated by carbon material (named "cap") and connected the CNT consisting of amorphous carbon (a-C). Two-segment CuNW/amorphous CNT (CuNW/a-CNT) hybrid nanostructure was obtained for the CuNW/CNT heterojunctions due to low catalytic activity of Cu. It is also interesting that a hollow gap was observed between the "cap" and the CuNW. By contrast with the case of Cu, multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) was achieved and no hollow gap was observed at the interface of CoNW/CNT heterojunctions. Three-segment CoNW/MWCNT/a-CNT hybrid nanostructure was observed for the CoNW/CNT heterojunctions because of high catalytic activity of Co. Because no stable copper carbides are observed, we infer that the growth mechanism of CuNW/CNT heterojunctions is different from that of CoNW/CNT. Possible growth models of CuNW/CNT and CoNW/CNT heterojunctions are proposed based on experimental results, respectively.     

Effect of nano-silver particles in bonding material on field emission properties for carbon nanotube cathodes

Effects of bonding materials in a screen-printing paste on field emission properties were investigated for carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes. The CNT cathodes were characterized for their dependence on current density in terms of the sintering behavior of the bonding material. As the diameter of the Ag particles in the bonding material decreased from 1000 nm to 10 nm, the current density of the CNT cathode increased. The sintering temperature of bonding materials was decreased for small silver (Ag) particles in bonding material. The higher current density for a CNT cathode fabricated with smaller Ag particles was primarily due to the lower sheet resistance of the bonding material after heat treatment.     

An effective and green H_2O_2/H_2O/O_3 oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

Facile green oxidation methods are always desired to functionalize carbon nanotubes(CNTs) in the production of advanced CNT/epoxy composites. In the present work, an optimized H_2O_2/H_2O/O_3 oxidation method was developed, and performances of the H_2O_2/H_2O/O_3 oxidized CNT in epoxy matrix were tested and compared with that of the H_2O/O_3 oxidized CNT and the most commonly used concentrated HNO_3 oxidized CNT. The physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained oxidized CNTs were systematically characterized via transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman. Mechanical performances of the obtained composites were explored by tensile tests,impact tests, dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) and fracture toughness tests. It was found that the H_2O_2/H_2O/O_3 oxidized CNT exhibited all-around overwhelming advantages over the concentrated HNO_3 oxidized CNT on reinforcing the epoxy matrix, while the H_2O/O_3 oxidized CNT only improved the material strength. Reinforcing mechanisms for the different methods oxidized CNTs were studied and compared.The optimized H_2O_2/H_2O/O_3 oxidation method makes scaled production possible, avoids environment pollutions, and holds great potentials to replace the most commonly used concentrated HNO3 oxidation method to oxidize CNT during the preparation of the advanced CNT/epoxy composite.     

Load transfer of graphene/carbon nanotube/polyethylene hybrid nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulation

Load transfer of the graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT)/polyethylene hybrid nanocomposite is studied here from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations of this composite material under uniaxial tension were conducted by varying CNT’s position and diameter in the polymer matrix. The obtained results show that: (1) The peak strength of stress and strain evolution in the polymer matrix is lower than the peak strength of the graphene/graphene and graphene/polymer interfaces. Hence, the damage zone is always located in the polymer matrix. (2) Agglomerated two-layer graphenes do not possess an increased value in the peak strength compared with single-layer graphene-reinforced polymer nanocomposite (PNC), while two separate layers of graphene show slightly higher peak strength. (3) The largest peak strength is observed before CNT moves to the center of the polymer matrix. The damage location moves from the upper to the lower part of CNT when the CNT is located at the centre of polymer matrix. (4) The influence of the CNT diameter on the peak strength is not obvious, while the damage location and shape in the polymer matrix changes with respect to varying CNT diameters. In addition, the damage zone always falls outside the interphase zone.     

Estimation of the Mechanical Property of CNT Ropes Using Atomistic-Continuum Mechanics and the Equivalent Methods

The development in the field of nanotechnology has prompted numerous researchers to develop various simulation methods for determining the material properties of nanoscale structures. However, these methods are restricted by the speed limitation of the central processing unit (CPU), which cannot estimate larger-scale nanoscale models within an acceptable time. Thus, decreasing the CPU processing time and retaining the estimation accuracy of physical properties of nanoscale structures have become critical issues. Accordingly, this study aims to decrease the CPU processing time and complexity of large nanoscale models by utilizing, atomistic-continuum mechanics (ACM) to build an equivalent model of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of tensile and modal analyses agree with previous experimental results indicating that the ACM model can accurately describe mechanical properties. This study also adopted three definitions of cross-sectional area to explore whether the structure properties of CNT ropes depends on the definitions of cross-sectional area. Results indicate that the Young’s modulus distribution based on the circumcircle assumptions agrees well with most of the experimental results. Hence, most experimental methods adopted the circumcircle to obtain the Young’s modulus of the CNT ropes. The circumcircle assumption involves the distribution of the tubes and the gap between each tube. The ratio between the gap and tube areas becomes a stable value when the diameter of the CNT ropes is increased. Therefore, a larger diameter of CNT ropes that represents the Young’s modulus becomes a stable value, as mentioned in literature. This study also investigated the equivalent solid, shell, and beam models to generate similar mechanical behaviors with the ACM model. The similar mechanical behavior of the equivalent model includes the model under tensile, torsion, or shear external loading. These equivalent models can significantly reduce the required total element number and CPU processing time to investigate a larger nanoscale structure.     

Vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite shell structures

This article deals with the vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) shell structures. The material properties of an FG-CNTRC shell are graded smoothly through the thickness direction of the shell according to uniform distribution and some other functionally graded (FG) distributions (such as FG-X, FG-V, FG-O and FG-\({\Lambda}\)) of the volume fraction of the carbon nanotube (CNT), and the effective material properties are estimated by employing the extended rule of mixture. An eight-noded shell element considering transverse shear effect according to Mindlin’s hypothesis has been employed for the finite element modelling and analysis of the composite shell structures. The formulation of the shell midsurface in an arbitrary curvilinear coordinate system based on the tensorial notation is also presented. The Rayleigh damping model has been implemented in order to study the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the damping capacity of such shell structures. Different types of shell panels have been analyzed in order to study the impulse and frequency responses. The influences of CNT volume fraction, CNT distribution, geometry of the shell and material distributions on the dynamic behavior of FG-CNTRC shell structures have also been presented and discussed. Various types of FG-CNTRC shell structures (such as spherical, ellipsoidal, doubly curved and cylindrical) have been analyzed and discussed in order to compare studies in terms of settling time, first resonant frequency and absolute amplitude corresponding to first resonant frequency based on the impulse and frequency responses, and the effects of CNTs on vibration responses of such shell structures are also presented. The results show that the CNT distribution and volume fraction of CNT have a significant effect on vibration and damping characteristics of the structure.     

Preparation and thermal properties of lauric acid/raw fly ash/carbon nanotubes composite as phase change material for thermal energy storage

Abstract

In this study, a novel ternary system form-stable phase change material (FSPCM) composed of lauric acid (LA)/raw fly ash (RFA)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) was prepared via low cost, easy and industrially applicable fabrication process for low-temperature heat storage. Particularly, the unmodified RFA was directly acted as supporting material to prevent the leakage of the melted LA almost at no cost. A series of leakage experiments were performed to evaluate the package efficiency. The maximum mass fraction of LA absorbed in RFA and CNT was found to be 25?wt% without the LA leakage. Hence, the LA/RFA/CNT (25/75/5?wt%) composite was characterized as FSPCM. The chemical structures, microstructure thermal properties and thermal stability of the FSPCM was investigated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FTIR), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The SEM and FTIR results indicated that LA was adsorbed on the RFA’s surface porous or into the porous structure of CNT. And there was good chemical compatibility among LA, RFA and CNT. The DSC results demonstrated that the phase change temperatures and latent heats of LA/RFA/CNT FSPCM were 45.36?°C and 37.83?J/g for melting and 40.51?°C and 36.48?J/g for freezing, respectively. TGA analysis test revealed that the composite PCM had excellent thermal stability. Moreover, the heat transfer efficiency of LA/RFA/CNT FSPCM has been improved by the addition of RFA and CNT. In short, the LA/RFA/CNT FSPCM has a promising application prospect in low-temperature application due to feasible and in large scale industrial preparation, low-cost, simple and facile process.     

Carbon nanotubes dispersed polymer nanocomposites: mechanical,electrical, thermal properties and surface morphology

The various properties and surface morphology of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) matrix were studied to determine their usefulness in various applications. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus and electrical breakdown strength of CNT/polymer composites were 0.35 MPa, 1.2 MPa and 8.1 kV, respectively. The thermal conductivity and dielectric constant for the material having 4.28 wt% CNT were 0.225 W m^?1 K^?1 and 2.329, respectively. The CNT/polymer composites are promising functional composites with improved mechanical and electrical properties. The scanning electron microscope analysis of surface morphology of PDMS/CNT composite showed that the rough surface texture on nanocomposite has large surface area with circular pores. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the functional groups present in polymer nanocomposite.     

碳纳米管复合材料场发射性能研究现状

碳纳米管具有管径小、长径比高的结构以及物理化学性能稳定等优良特性,被认为是真空冷阴极场发射电子源和场发射平板显示理想的阴极材料。加之碳纳米管兼具有机械强度高、韧性好等出众的力学性能,使其成为复合材料的理想添加相,将其与其他材料复合,可以制备出具有更加出众性能的复合材料。近年来有关碳纳米管及其复合材料场发射研究已成为一个备受关注的热点。概述了阴极场发射理论以及与碳纳米管场发射相关的几种场发射物理机制,介绍了碳纳米管复合场发射阴极的研究现状及制备方法,最后对碳纳米管复合阴极场发射的发展前景进行了展望。