特厚煤层综放开采导水裂隙带高度的数值模拟

以抚顺老虎台矿开采工程实践为例,针对特厚煤层的开采特点,应用立体弹塑性数值模拟方法,对综放条件下特厚煤层上覆岩体破坏规律、应力分布特点以及应力场演变规律、上覆岩体移动与变形规律及上覆岩层导水裂隙带高度的演变特性及发展规律进行了研究,所得研究结果可直接应用于老虎台矿的安全生产.     

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.     

Numerical simulation study on the relationship between mining heights and shield resistance in longwall panel

A numerical model based on a Continuum-based Distinct Element Method(CDEM) was used to carry out a dynamic simulation of the interaction between shield and rock strata movement in longwall mining. In Northern China, the Ordos coal field geological conditions and operational characteristics were used as a case example. The CDEM was constructed on Ordos coal field shield's operation characteristics and geological conditions. Numerical modelling was carried out to investigate the effects of different mining heights on the caving process, movement characteristics, equilibrium and stability conditions of overburden as the interaction between shield and surrounding rocks. With the numerical model, the internal factors for changes in shield resistance under different mining heights was found. The quantitative relationship between mining heights and shield resistance was also obtained by the numerical simulation.     

基于正交试验设计的氮气泡沫稳油控水参数优化

在历史拟合的基础上,开展氮气泡沫稳油控水技术正交试验设计和数值模拟研究。根据正交试验设计原理,考虑注气量、注入方式、气液比、焖井时间和焖井后最佳产液量5个参数,以增油量和产出投入比作为评价指标,进行正交试验设计,找出泡沫稳油控水技术注采参数影响因素的主次顺序和最优组合。注气量和气液比对氮气泡沫稳油控水效果的影响最为显著,氮气泡沫稳油控水最优参数组合为:注气量40×104m3,连续注入,气液比为1∶1,焖井时间3d,焖井后最佳产液速度900m3/d。     

硬岩体强度弱化范围理论分析与工程验证

岩石巷道综合机械化快速掘进有助于改善采掘接续紧张的局面,而岩石硬度是影响综掘设备快速掘进的关键因素之一。针对硬岩巷道围岩岩性特点,利用超深孔预裂爆破技术,对硬岩巷道岩体强度进行弱化,并通过工程实践检验预裂效果,结果表明：硬岩巷道超深孔预裂爆破后,钻孔周围形成压碎区、裂隙区,使岩体有效强度降低,有利于综掘截割机具经济破岩;理论及数值模拟分析得出钻孔爆破后形成半径为1．8 m左右的松动破坏区;通过对新庄孜矿-812 m水平B4胶带大巷硬岩进行超深孔预裂爆破,钻孔窥视及工程验证爆破松动半径能够达到1．5～2．5 m之间,取得了良好的岩体强度弱化效果,为硬岩巷道机械化快速施工技术研究提供指导。     

采空区上覆岩体裂隙分形规律的实验研究

以山西省霍州矿务局辛置煤矿2204采掘工作面为原型,利用相似材料模拟实验模拟采空区上覆岩体裂隙的形成过程扣分布状态,运用分形几何理论研究采空区冒落带、裂隙带和弯沉带岩体裂隙的分形规律。实验结果表明：上覆岩体裂隙分形维数随工作面推进经历了由小→大→小并趋于稳定的变化过程,开采结束且岩层基本稳定之后,其分形雏数为采动前分维值的0．5％-5％,且模型采空区边缘地带“三带”的分形维数值较采空区中心的分形维数值大。     

煤层开采过程中上覆岩层裂隙演化规律研究

以淮南煤矿典型工作面为例,采用离散元数值软件UDEC(universal distinct element code)对工作面回采过程中上下煤岩体内应力场的变化及直接顶冒落过程进行了模拟,分析了上覆煤岩体裂隙产生、发展的形成过程,得到了上覆煤岩裂隙演化规律。研究结果表明,倾向方向工作面回采后,上覆煤岩体内产生冒落、裂隙带和离层带,在工作面内上角位置产生O型圈裂隙带,裂隙发育最大高度为45m。煤层走向回采方向得到了初期来压步距约50m,周期来压步距约20m,上覆煤岩体裂隙在采空区上方约呈45°角发展,并随工作面的前进由下向上、由后往前依次演变。该结果对于煤与瓦斯共采中瓦斯抽放钻孔方位的布置具有工程指导意义。     

棉纱条干均匀度的探讨

条干不匀是棉纱评等的重要指标．条干不匀不仅增加纺纱断头率,而且严重影响织物的外观．介绍了影响棉纱条干均匀度的一些因素,并通过正交试验对细纱工艺参数进行优化,从而得出纺制14．6tex精梳棉纱最佳的粗纱捻系数为102、胶圈钳口隔距为3．5mm、后区牵伸倍数为1．30倍、后区隔距为30mm．     

基于正交试验设计的岩坡力学参数反演

对某岩坡Ⅲ区现场勘察后认为,该区为断层破碎带,属碎裂结构,岩体分级为Ⅳ级.由于地质情况复杂、岩体破碎以及边坡开挖引起的应力释放等原因,致使边坡岩体加固的力学参数用常规方法较难确定.运用正交试验设计的方法借助有限差分程序FLAC进行分析,以安全系数作为评价指标,模拟各参数不同水平的各种组合,对影响边坡稳定性的各因素进行了敏感性分析,并对边坡力学参数进行了反演,得出较为合理的力学参数,为边坡治理提供依据.     

放顶煤开采顶煤冒放性影响规律研究

从地质因素出发,用理论分析、现场实测研究和数值模拟方法详细探讨了开采深度、煤层的厚度和强度、煤层中的夹石层厚度及强度、直接顶的岩性及厚度、老顶的岩性及厚度、煤体的裂隙发育程度等因素对顶煤冒放性的影响规律,并给出了影响因素的临界值。     

柴油机螺旋进气道数字化设计参数分析

对柴油机螺旋进气道进行三维造型后,利用CFD三维流体软件进行模拟计算,并引入平均流量系数和平均涡流比2个无量纲物理量,验证计算模型与稳流试验结果的一致性。在模拟计算模型基础上,对进气道口中心距、气门室高度、气门锥角3个气道主要参数分别进行变参数计算。研究表明:3个气道主要参数都存在一个最佳值,可以使气道气体流动特性表现更好,同时也为具体的气道详细设计和进一步实验指明了趋势性方向,从而可缩短气道开发时间,节约开发费用。     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.     

岩石地基上扩展基础的受力特性分析

扩展基础施工简易、造价经济,在工程中应用广泛。但由于岩石地基刚度比基础刚度大、岩石地基变形量小等特点,岩石地基上扩展基础的基底反力和受力特性与土质地基应有所不同。就岩石地基上扩展基础受力特点展开了现场试验和数值计算在内的分析,总结了扩展基础在荷载作用下塑性发展特点及基础高度和配筋率对其影响规律,对比分析了现场试验数据与有限元数值计算结果,指出岩石地基上扩展基础在受力过程具有劈裂破坏特点。结论对岩石地基上扩展基础的设计和研究具有参考意义。     

Numerical simulation of roof cavings in several Kuzbass mines using finite-difference continuum damage mechanics approach

An essential stage of mine design is an estimation of the steps of the first and periodic roof caving in longwall mines. Generally, this is carried out using the field experience and can be much enhanced by numerical simulation. In this work, the finite-difference method was applied coupled with the continuum damage mechanics(CDM) approach to simulate the stress-strain evolution of the rock mass with the underground opening during coal extraction. The steps and stages of roof caving were estimated relying on the numerical simulation data, and they were compared with the field data from several operating mines in the south of the Kuznetsk Basin, Russia. The dependence of the first roof caving step in simulation linearly correlates with field data. The results correspond to the actual roofs of longwall panels of the flat-dipping coal seams and the average rate of face advancement is approximately 5 m/day.     

坝区岩体的剪切蠕变经验方程及参数数值反演

岩体的剪切蠕变特性是影响坝区边坡岩体变形与长期稳定性的重要因素之一。利用现场剪切蠕变试验数据回归拟合得到了坝区“硬、脆、碎”辉绿岩脉的剪切蠕变经验方程,并由最小二乘法得到了剪切蠕变经验方程的拟合参数;提出了可以真实模拟现场剪切蠕变试验过程以及岩体实际地层分布情况的蠕变参数数值反演分析方法。通过对比分析可知,回归拟合变形值及数值反演计算变形值均与试验变形值比较接近,最大误差均未超过8％,表明剪切蠕变经验方程能有效反映坝区岩体的剪切蠕变变形特性,且建立的剪切蠕变数值模型也是合理可靠的,这为深入认识和了解坝区辉绿岩脉在不同应力水平下的剪切蠕变力学特性提供了重要的试验和理论依据,也为坝基边坡工程稳定性分析和设计提供了技术参数保证。     

Research on the “three shells” cooperative support technology of large-section chambers in deep mines

The "three shells" cooperative support technology was proposed herein according to both the large deformation of the rock surrounding large-section chambers in deep mines and the precarious stability of the support structures therein. The development range of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock was controlled by a stress shell to reduce the difficulty of controlling the surrounding rock. Additionally, the residual strength of the rock mass in the plastic zone and the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock were improved by a reinforced load-bearing shell. Furthermore, a passive load-bearing shell could restore the triaxial stress state of the surrounding rock on the free surface, reduce the influence of the external environment on the surrounding rock, and reinforce the surrounding rock with the strength of the shell. Reasonable layouts of large-section chambers were determined by analyzing the control effect of the stress shell on the surrounding rock under three kinds of in situ stress fields. The orthogonal test method was applied to reveal the influences of different support parameters in the reinforced loadbearing shell and passive load-bearing shell on the surrounding rock stability. The surrounding rock control effect of the "three shells" collaborative support technology was analyzed through numerical simulation and field monitoring. The results show that the maximum displacement between the roof and floor of the coal preparation chamber in the Xinjulong coal mine was approximately 48 mm, and the maximum displacement between its two sides was approximately 65 mm, indicating that the technology proposed herein could meet the long-term control requirements of the surrounding rock stability for large-section chambers in deep mines.     

软岩巷道“三锚”支护过程对巷道围岩稳定性影响

通过数值模拟和正交试验确定锚索、锚注、复喷的相关参数和最佳的支护工艺过程即：开挖→初次喷射混凝土→锚杆→锚索→复喷→锚注;运用FLAC模拟了软岩巷道逐步开挖和支护的过程,分析了不同的支护工艺过程下巷道围岩应力和位移的变化,进一步论证了最佳的支护工艺过程能有效的控制围岩的变形。这些为软岩巷道的支护工艺过程设计提供了理论参考,同时对于复杂条件下巷道支护的技术实践,具有重要的指导作用。     

Structure and deformation measurements of shallow overburden during top coal caving longwall mining

Mining induced pressures are strong and overburden failure areas are large in top coal caving longwall mining, which constrains high production and safety mining. By employing the combination of the full view borehole photography technique and the seismic CT scanner technique, the deformation and failure of overlying strata of fully mechanized caving face in shallow coal seam were studied and the failure development of overburden was determined. Results show that the full view borehole photography can reveal the characteristics of strata, and the seismic CT scanner can reflect the characteristics of strata between the boreholes. The combined measurement technique can effectively determine the height of fractured and caved zones. The top end of the caved zone in Yangwangou coal mine employing the top coal caving longwall mining was at the depth of 171 m and fractured zone was at the depth of 106-110 m. The results provide a theoretic foundation for controlling the overburden strata in the shallow buried top coal caving panel.     

岩质边坡上基桩数值模拟与正交试验设计

目的研究岩质边坡上基桩的受力及变形特性,考虑多种因素的复合作用下基桩的受力及变形的影响.方法结合正交试验设计原理对岩质边坡上桥梁基桩进行设计,并采用大型通用非线性有限元分析软件MSC.Marc对其进行数值模拟,以分析这些因素变化对基桩的变形及受力的影响规律.结果运用正交设计及有限元法得到的结果与一般工程经验相符,具有一定的可靠性.其中各个因素对水平位移的贡献主次顺序为：内摩擦角〉竖向荷载〉均布荷载〉水平荷载〉边坡坡度〉黏聚力〉桩径,而对最大弯矩值的贡献主次关系为：内摩擦角〉桩径〉黏聚力〉边坡坡度〉水平荷载〉均布荷载〉竖向荷载.结论桩周岩体的强度对基桩的位移和内力影响最大,在施工中应尽量保护桩周岩体的完整性和强度.此外,岩质边坡上基桩表现出被动桩的特性,坡顶分布荷载对基桩位移影响也较大,在施工过程中也应尽量避免在坡顶产生较大堆载.     

Fast determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models

To solve the problems of blindness and inefficiency existing in the determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of particle flow code (PFC) models, we firstly designed and numerically carried out orthogonal tests on rock samples to investigate the correlations between macro- and meso-level mechanical parameters of rock-like bonded granular materials. Then based on the artificial intelligent technology, the intelligent prediction systems for nine meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models were obtained by creating, training and testing the prediction models with the set of data got from the orthogonal tests. Lastly the prediction systems were used to predict the meso-level mechanical parameters of one kind of sandy mudstone, and according to the predicted results the macroscopic properties of the rock were obtained by numerical tests. The maximum relative error between the numerical test results and real rock properties is 3.28% which satisfies the precision requirement in engineering. It shows that this paper provides a fast and accurate method for the determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models.