AODV 协议在无线传感器网络中的应用

通过对无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network,WSN）和AODV路由协议的特性进行分析,认为AODV协议（Ad—hoc On—Demand Distance Vector Routing）具有在无线传感器网络中应用的可行性,只是在网络能量效率方面考虑不多．本文详细给出了改进方案,利用协议头中原有的保留选项来存储平均路径能量,选路时采用最小路由最大路径能量策略,同时增加转发RREQ和发送RREP的延迟时间．用NS-2软件对改进后方案从吞吐量、延时、剩余能量等角度进行仿真,结果证明该方案可行．     

一种基于AODV协议的无线传感器网络多路径路由改进方案

本文分析了AODV协议在静态无线传感器网络中的传输过程,针对单路径路由机制存在的中间节点路由延迟较大、负载集中而导致的网络节点能耗不均、数据传输效率低的问题,提出了一种针对AODV协议的改进方案。此改进方案在AODV协议中引入了多路径路由机制,同时在路径选择时考虑了节点剩余能量,从而在无线传感器网络数据传输中能避免热点,较好的解决断链问题,同时减少了原AODV路由查找的次数和延时,降低了路由开销。     

无线传感器网络的MAC协议的性能研究

对近年来无线传感器网络的媒体访问控制（MAC）协议的最新研究进展进行讨论和综述,描述设计无线传感器网络MAC协议应该考虑的问题,详细论述传感器网络的MAC协议的能量有效性问题,着重对一些具有代表性的MAC协议进行对比、分析,并在此基础上提出将来设计MAC协议的方向和建议。     

无线传感器网络能量感知路由研究

无线传感器网络是伴随着微机电系统技术、传感器技术、网络与无线通信等技术的飞速发展和日益成熟而发展起来的新一代通信网络,由于具有低成本、低功耗、体积小、自组网等特点,得到了人们的广泛重视。本文在分析研究现有无线传感器网络路由协议、特别是能量感知路由协议的基础上,为了获得更大的网络生命周期,提出了MEARBDF（Multipath Energy—Aware Routing Based on Delay Forwarding）协议,旨在解决当前能量感知路由协议中存在的洪泛效应与网络能量均衡消耗问题。     

跨层设计的AODV路由设计与仿真

随着网络对无线、移动和全IP化的需求,Ad Hoc网络成为人们日常通信活动中所普及的网络。本文借助跨层设计理念,在AODV协议中添加跨层参数,对AODV协议路由发现过程的路由更新操作进行改进。根据Ad Hoc网络通信特点和AODV路由协议运行原理,结合跨层设计理念,设计并实现了一种基于跨层设计的AODV路由——CL-AODV。     

基于路由量的无线传感器网络路由协议

提出一种新颖的能量感知型无线传感器网络路由协议,并给出实现过程和仿真结果.从无线传感器网络实际的应用需求出发,综合WSN在能量高效、可扩展性、服务质量等方面的不同要求,基于重点关注节点路由量的策略,在对当前主流WSN路由协议深入研究的基础上设计出了基于路由量的动态WSN路由协议.仿真结果表明:设计的路由协议可以在传感器网络系统层面较好地改善能量消耗的有效性和均衡性,因而避免了网络中热点的过早出现,延长了整个网络的生存期.     

路由算法LEACH的改进研究

在无线传感器网络路由协议的研究中,通过将现有无线传感器网络路由协议LEACH详细分析的同时,在发现算法的核心思想和优缺点的基础上对其进行改进,给出加权LEACH算法的设计思想,理论上该算法通过加权改进优化簇首的选择方法不仅具有好的能量有效性,而且能实现负荷的近似均匀分担。     

一种改进的传感器网络分簇分层路由协议

在分析了无线传感器网络中传统的LEACH和LEACH-C路由协议基础上,结合MTE路由协议思想,提出了一种新的改进型分簇分层路由协议(improved clustering hierarchical routing protocol,ICH).文中簇首节点可以采用多跳方式传输数据包,且在选择中继节点时考虑节点剩余能量,对进入下一轮的条件进行了限制.实验表明,改进后的ICH协议的节点存活率比LEACH-C好.     

无线传感器网络的MAC协议的性能研究

对近年来无线传感器网络的媒体访问控制(MAC)协议的最新研究进展进行讨论和综述,描述设计无线传感器网络MAC协议应该考虑的问题,详细论述传感器网络的MAC协议的能量有效性问题,着重对一些具有代表性的MAC协议进行对比、分析,并在此基础上提出将来设计MAC协议的方向和建议。     

一种基于跨层设计的UWB无线Ad hoc网络MAC层协议

运用跨层设计思想和方法研究了超宽带（UWB）无线自组织（Ad hoc）网络媒体访问控制（MAC）层协议的设计,提出了一种可利用UWB技术定位性好的优势和实现跨层协作的MAC层协议。该协议通过物理层、MAC层和网络层之间的跨层协作来解决自组织网络单信道无线传输过程中的隐藏终端和暴露终端问题以及网络能量节约问题,以提高网络的性能。仿真实验表明,该协议在平均吞吐量、平均端到端时延以及能量开销等性能指标上,均优于已有的IEEE802．11和MACA—BIMAC协议。该协议的设计思想和方法为下一步的UWB无线Ad hoc网络研究奠定了理论和实验基础。     

一种新型水下移动自组织网路由算法

目前针对移动自组织网提出的路由协议普遍存在路由发现和路由维护效率低的问题,在研究按需距离矢量(AODV)路由算法的基础上,提出了一种水下多路径选择按需距离向量算法(MAODV)。该算法采用多节点路由切换机制,在一条链路失效后不必重新启动路由发现过程,而选用备用节点构成新的链路,继续进行数据包的传输,大大节省了信息资源和带宽。计算机统计仿真表明,该MAODV方法的性能在端到端通信的平均时间延迟和数据包接收率上均优于(AODV)。有效地解决了路由协议中路由发现和路由维护效率低的问题。     

An Energy Based Dynamic AODV Routing Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology, wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention. Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad hoc networks, it is important to establish a reliable and energy-balanced transmission path in Ad hoc networks. This paper proposes an energy-based dynamic routing protocol based on the existing AODV routing protocol, which has the following two aspects of improvement: (1) In the route discovery process, a node selects a suitable route from the minimum energy consumption route and the energy-balanced route designed in this paper according to a “Mark” bit that representing remaining energy of a node. (2) Based on (1), a route interruption update strategy was proposed to restart the route discovery process when node energy was used excessively. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with AODV and other existing routing protocols, proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and balance node energy, thus extending the network lifetime.     

REEP: data-centric, energy-efficient and reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Owing to the growing demand for low-cost 'networkable' sensors in conjunction with recent developments of micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) and radio frequency (RF) technology, new sensors come with advanced functionalities for processing and communication. Since these nodes are normally very small and powered with irreplaceable batteries, efficient use of energy is paramount and one of the most challenging tasks in designing wireless sensor networks (WSN). A new energy-aware WSN routing protocol, reliable and energy efficient protocol (REEP), which is proposed, makes sensor nodes establish more reliable and energy-efficient paths for data transmission. The performance of REEP has been evaluated under different scenarios, and has been found to be superior to the popular data-centric routing protocol, directed-diffusion (DD) (discussed by Intanagonwiwat et al. in `Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking? IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2003, 11(1), pp. 2?16), used as the benchmark.     

HELP-WSN-A Novel Adaptive Multi-Tier Hybrid Intelligent Framework for QoS Aware WSN-IoT Networks

Wireless Sensor Network is considered as the intermediate layer in the paradigm of Internet of things (IoT) and its effectiveness depends on the mode of deployment without sacrificing the performance and energy efficiency. WSN provides ubiquitous access to location, the status of different entities of the environment and data acquisition for long term IoT monitoring. Achieving the high performance of the WSN-IoT network remains to be a real challenge since the deployment of these networks in the large area consumes more power which in turn degrades the performance of the networks. So, developing the robust and QoS (quality of services) aware energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN assisted IoT devices needs its brighter light of research to enhance the network lifetime. This paper proposed a Hybrid Energy Efficient Learning Protocol (HELP). The proposed protocol leverages the multi-tier adaptive framework to minimize energy consumption. HELP works in a two-tier mechanism in which it integrates the powerful Extreme Learning Machines for clustering framework and employs the zonal based optimization technique which works on hybrid Whale-dragonfly algorithms to achieve high QoS parameters. The proposed framework uses the sub-area division algorithm to divide the network area into different zones. Extreme learning machines (ELM) which are employed in this framework categories the Zone's Cluster Head (ZCH) based on distance and energy. After categorizing the zone's cluster head, the optimal routing path for an energy-efficient data transfer will be selected based on the new hybrid whale-swarm algorithms. The extensive simulations were carried out using OMNET++-Python user-defined plugins by injecting the dynamic mobility models in networks to make it a more realistic environment. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed HELP is examined against the existing protocols such as LEACH, M-LEACH, SEP, EACRP and SEEP and results show the proposed framework has outperformed other techniques in terms of QoS parameters such as network lifetime, energy, latency.     

基于Ad hoc无线网络的AODV路由协议仿真

利用以Ubuntu为平台的NS2网络仿真器,对AODV路由协议进行仿真.通过分析不同仿真场景的仿真数据,绘制出相应的仿真结果对比图,并对AODV路由协议进行了性能分析.仿真结果表明,在数据流不断增加的情况下,网络平均吞吐量、归一化路由开销以及端到端平均时延等性能指标会相应下降,得出了AODV路由协议适合于中小规模且发包率不高的网络场合的结论.     

ECO-BAT: A New Routing Protocol for Energy Consumption Optimization Based on BAT Algorithm in WSN

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been widely used due to its vast range of applications. The energy problem is one of the important problems influencing the complete application. Sensor nodes use very small batteries as a power source and replacing them is not an easy task. With this restriction, the sensor nodes must conserve their energy and extend the network lifetime as long as possible. Also, these limits motivate much of the research to suggest solutions in all layers of the protocol stack to save energy. So, energy management efficiency becomes a key requirement in WSN design. The efficiency of these networks is highly dependent on routing protocols directly affecting the network lifetime. Clustering is one of the most popular techniques preferred in routing operations. In this work we propose a novel energy-efficient protocol for WSN based on a bat algorithm called ECO-BAT (Energy Consumption Optimization with BAT algorithm for WSN) to prolong the network lifetime. We use an objective function that generates an optimal number of sensor clusters with cluster heads (CH) to minimize energy consumption. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Energy Efficient cluster formation in wireless sensor networks based on the Multi-Objective Bat algorithm (EEMOB) protocols. The results obtained are interesting in terms of energy-saving and prolongation of the network lifetime.     

Secure and Optimal LOADng Routing for IoT with Composite Routing Metric

Security is the one of the major challenges for routing the data between the source and destination in an Internet of Things (IoT) network. To overcome this challenge, a secure Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector—Next Generation (LOADng) Routing Protocol is proposed in this paper. As the LOADng protocol is the second version of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, it retains most of the basic functionality and characteristics of AODV. During the route discovery process, the cyclic shift transposition algorithm (CSTA) is used to encrypt the control packets of the LOADng protocol to improve its security. CSTA approach only derives transposition and substitution without product cipher with respect to input data. Besides this, for choosing the best probable path between the source and destination, routing metrics such as link quality Indicator (LQI), hop count (HC) and queue length (QL) are included in the control packets. The data is then securely sent using CSTA using the optimal secure path selected. Experimental Results depict that the proposed secure and optimal LOADng (SO-LOADng) using CSTA encryption obtains better throughput, delivery ratio encryption time and decryption time than the existing state-of-art approaches.     

Preventing the impact of selfish behavior under MANET using Neighbor Credit Value based AODV routing algorithm

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) nodes exchange information using the multi-hop wireless communications without the need for any pre-existing infrastructure. Routing protocols of MANET are designed with an assumption that the nodes will cooperate in routing process. To achieve high throughput and reliable communication, the nodes are expected to cooperate with each other. Routing protocol plays a crucial role in an effective communication between nodes and operates on the assumption that the nodes are fully cooperative. Due to the open structure and limited battery-based energy in MANET, some nodes may not cooperate correctly or behave maliciously and such kind of misbehavior impacts the fairness, reliability and efficiency in MANET. Previous work addressed the ways to overcome these kinds of node misbehaviors and attacks. Most of the existing works need time to analyse the neighbor traffic and decide whether a neighbor is behaving maliciously or not. Further, the existing credit-based detection mechanisms may mark a genuine idle node as a malicious node. This work addresses a simple Neighbor Credit Value based AODV (NCV-AODV) routing algorithm for the detection of selfish behavior which avoids such false detection. The proposed idea is implemented in Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and an extensive analysis on the performance of the proposed detection mechanism against the selfish behavior of some MANET nodes are conducted.     

区分服务的无线传感器网络路由协议

在优先级多路径路由协议PRIMAR（PRIoritize MultipAth Routing）的基础上,提出了NRE-PRI—MAR协议：以邻居节点剩余能量（NRE）作为衡量路径优先级大小的依据,通过建立节点的二级路由表来决定下一跳转发节点．仿真实验表明,该协议有效地提高了网络的生存期,实现了区分服务．     

Statistical Analysis with Dingo Optimizer Enabled Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Security is a vital parameter to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Trust management in the WSN is a crucial process as trust is utilized when collaboration is important for accomplishing trustworthy data transmission. But the available routing techniques do not involve security in the design of routing techniques. This study develops a novel statistical analysis with dingo optimizer enabled reliable routing scheme (SADO-RRS) for WSN. The proposed SADO-RRS technique aims to detect the existence of attacks and optimal routes in WSN. In addition, the presented SADO-RRS technique derives a new statistics based linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for attack detection, Moreover, a trust based dingo optimizer (TBDO) algorithm is applied for optimal route selection in the WSN and accomplishes secure data transmission in WSN. Besides, the TBDO algorithm involves the derivation of the fitness function involving different input variables of WSN. For demonstrating the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique, a wide range of simulations was carried out and the outcomes demonstrated the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique.