Seismic fragility assessment of a tall reinforced concrete chimney

In China, a considerable proportion of reinforced concrete (RC) industrial chimneys in operation was designed and constructed in accordance with less rigorous outdated seismic criteria during the end of 19th and early 20th century. However, few research works have been reported till date on a realistic overall assessment of the seismic performance of these existing aging RC chimney structures. Therefore, in this study, fragilities of existing RC chimney were studied. For this purpose, an existing 240 m tall RC chimney was selected and structurally modeled with a lumped mass beam (stick) model by means of the OpenSees analysis program. In order to capture the uncertainties in ground motion realizations, a series of 21 ground motions are selected from the Next Generation Attenuation database as the input motions. To develop the analytical fragility curves, nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis of the studied RC chimney was then carried out using the selected input motions, which were normalized to different excitation levels. The section curvature ductility ratio was considered as the damage index. Based on material strain and sectional analysis, four limit states (LSs) were defined for five damage state. The seismic responses of the all sections were utilized to evaluate the likelihood of exceeding the LSs. Then the peak ground acceleration (PGA)‐based seismic fragility curves of the structure were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. Finally, under the light of these fragility curves, the damage risks in existing RC chimney were discussed. The analytical results indicated that for design level earthquake of PGA = 0.1 g (g is the gravitational acceleration) and the maximum considered earthquake of PGA = 0.22 g, the probabilities of exceeding the light damage state were around 1.5% and 44%, respectively, while the exceedance probabilities corresponding to moderate, extensive and complete damage states were approximately zero in both cases. On the other hand, fragility analysis revealed that the RC chimney structure had considerable ductility capacity and was capable to withstand a strong earthquake with some structural damages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑多维地震作用的高耸钢筋混凝土烟囱结构易损性分析

竖向地震作用对高耸烟囱结构动力响应有不可忽略的影响。选用240m高的某钢筋混凝土烟囱作为研究对象,考虑结构损伤,通过有限元软件ABAQUS,采用复合壳单元建立相应的非线性有限元分析模型。为考虑地震动的不确定性,根据谱相容性原则,选择20条合理地震动记录,进行增量动力分析。输入的地震动分别为一维、二维、三维。分别以材料应变和地面峰值加速度作为结构地震需求参数和地震动强度参数,结合增量动力分析获得的结构地震响应,采用能力需求比模型的曲线拟合法计算易损性曲线。通过钢筋和混凝土的材料应变定义四个损伤状态限值,最终得到在不同维数地震动输入时高耸钢筋混凝土烟囱结构的地震易损性曲线和倒塌概率曲线。研究结果表明,考虑多维地震作用比只考虑一维地震作用时高耸烟囱的结构易损性和倒塌概率增大。     

近断层向前方向性地震动作用下RC框架结构易损性研究#br#

向前方向性效应是近断层地震动的重要特征之一，使得在垂直于断层方向上表现出明显的速度脉冲分量，引起结构的严重破坏。为考察该类特殊地震动作用下RC框架结构的损伤程度，基于传统的增量动力分析方法，建立考虑材料不确定性和输入地震动不确定性的结构-地震动样本，对一个12层框架结构进行地震易损性研究。利用易损性分析结果计算出结构的破坏状态概率，结合群体结构震害评估中的震害指数经验值，得到多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震的易损性指数。研究结果表明：近断层向前方向性地震动作用下，依据我国抗震规范设计的RC框架结构能够满足小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒的抗震设防目标。尤其在大震作用下，结构仍处于中等破坏水平，表明结构在发生倒塌之前具备充分的富裕度。     

Seismic fragility assessment of effectiveness of viscous dampers in R/C buildings under scenario earthquakes

Fragility curves are used to represent the probabilities that the structural damages, under various level of seismic excitation, exceed specified damage states by means of earthquake intensity–damage relations. In this study, the fragility curves have been developed for comparative seismic evaluation of several retrofitting measures by incorporation of fluid viscous (VS) dampers applied to a representative high-rise reinforced concrete (R/C) office building located in Istanbul. In the retrofitting strategies considered, similar type of VS dampers was used and designed to provide the structure with three different effective damping ratios of 10%, 15%, and 20%. In the fragility analysis, a set of 240 artificially generated earthquake ground motions compatible with the design spectrum selected to represent the variability in ground motion was employed to study nonlinear dynamic responses of the structures before and after retrofit. Four damage states: slight, moderate, major, and collapse were defined to express the condition of damage. The fragility curves in this study are represented by lognormal distribution functions with two parameters and developed as a function of peak ground acceleration (PGA), spectral acceleration (S_a), spectral displacement (S_d). Comparison of the fragility curves indicated that the VS dampers were very effective in attenuating seismic structural response under various earthquake ground motions. It was also found that a two-fold reduction in the probability of exceeding damage states might be achieved by introducing passive VS damper systems.     

Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.     

Seismic fragility analysis of reinforced concrete continuous span bridges with irregular configuration

A set of fragility curves of a class of reinforced concrete bridges with different degrees of irregularity has been generated. Eighteen bridge configurations have been identified, from regular to so-called highly irregular models. The geometric irregularity in this class of bridges is assumed to vary with the height of the piers. Using non-linear analytical models and an appropriate suite of 60 ground motions, analytical fragility curves have been generated for the individual piers of each of these 18 bridge models. Discussions have been made about the imposition of the displacement ductility demand of the piers versus the earthquake intensity as well as the bridge regularity. Comparison of the fragility curves shows that the most vulnerable bridges are the irregular bridges and high damage probability is expected for the short piers of this class of bridges. It was found that the fragility curves may be used for categorisation of regular and irregular bridges.     

Dynamic responses of industrial reinforced concrete chimneys strengthened with fiber‐reinforced polymers

Industrial reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys are tall and slender structures that need repair and strengthening in their service lives. Fiber‐reinforced polymers (FRPs) are continuously becoming a popular material that is used for strengthening purposes of RC structures. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of FRP strengthening on dynamic responses of industrial RC chimneys. A 75‐m‐high industrial RC chimney with an opening on the body was selected for FRP strengthening. First, three‐dimensional finite element model of the chimney and its modal analyses were performed in ANSYS software. Then, linear transient analyses of the chimney were carried out by using 1992 Erzincan Earthquake ground motion record. After that, body of chimney was strengthened with FRP composite, and dynamic analyses were performed. Finally, dynamic responses of chimney before and after FRP strengthening, such as displacements and maximum–minimum principal stresses, were compared. At the end of the study, it was seen that displacements increased along the height of the chimney, maximum and minimum principal stresses occurred at the region of opening and base for all analysis, respectively. Also, it was seen from this study that FRP strengthening is effective on the dynamic response of industrial RC chimneys. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震动持时对RC框架结构易损性与抗震性能影响

作为地震动三要素之一,地震动持时对结构地震易损性的影响有待深入研究。为此,选择分别具有长、短持时特性的两组地震动记录作为输入,以按我国现行规范设计的3个不同高度钢筋混凝土框架结构作为研究对象,采用OpenSees软件,对比分析了不同持时特性地震动作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震易损性,并进一步从失效概率、易损性指数和性能裕度比等3个方面讨论了持时对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明：地震动持时特性对结构地震易损性的影响不容忽视;随着地震动强度和结构损伤水平的增加,地震动持时对地震易损性的影响越发显著;相较于短持时地震动,长持时地震动会使易损性中位值下降超过10%;地震动持时越长,其对结构抗震性能的不利影响也越明显;长持时地震动使结构失效概率增加50%以上,同时提高易损性指数,降低性能裕度比。     

Seismic fragility curves for mid-rise reinforced concrete frames in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This article is concerned with the development of seismic fragility curves for typical mid-rise plane reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which is considered as low-seismicity area. Two structural models; four- and eight-storey moment-resisting frames were considered. Three cities with different seismic intensities, Abha, Jazan and Al-Sharaf, were selected to cover various values of mapped spectral accelerations in KSA. The 0.2-s spectral accelerations range from 0.21 to 0.66 g, while the 1.0-s spectral accelerations range from 0.061 to 0.23 g. The structural models were designed under dead, live and seismic loads of these cities according to the Saudi Building Code. Incremental dynamic analysis was performed under 12 ground motions using SeismoStruct. Five performance levels, namely, operational, immediate occupancy, damage control, life safety and collapse prevention were considered and monitored in the analysis. Fragility curves were developed for the structural models of the three cities considering the five selected performance levels.     

近场地震作用下型钢-混凝土组合结构桥易损性分析

考虑近场速度脉冲型地震动特征,对型钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁的地震易损性进行分析。以一座工字型钢-混凝土组合梁桥为例,从PEER数据库挑选60条近场地震动记录作为输入,对桥梁结构整体性能和局部性能两个层次的易损性进行分析,给出了桥梁结构的整体和局部地震易损性曲线。通过与远场地震作用下的桥梁结构地震易损性分析结果的对比研究,发现：近场速度脉冲型地震引起的桥梁结构整体和局部地震需求均显著大于远场地震|在近场地震作用下,桥墩是型钢-混凝土组合桥梁的最易损构件,混凝土横梁与栓钉的易损性水平低于桥墩。     

基于地震易损性解析函数的概率地震风险应用研究

在采用全概率方法的基于性能的地震工程研究中,定量反映地震作用和工程结构中存在的不确定性是研究的关键。利用地震易损性和地震风险的概率解析函数,针对一栋按我国相关规范设计的五层三跨钢筋混凝土框架结构进行了地震易损性分析和风险评估。采用100条实际地震动作为输入以考虑地震动的不确定性,提出了基于控制变换拉丁超立方体抽样技术的随机Pushover方法以考虑结构不确定性对其抗震能力的影响。结果表明：算例结构在50年内发生完全破坏的概率不超过2%,发生严重破坏的概率不超过10%,发生轻微破坏的概率基本不超过63.2%,基本满足我国“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的三水准要求。     

Seismic response and fragility analysis of fiber-reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure

为研究在关键部位采用聚乙烯醇纤维增强混凝土材料的结构的地震反应,利用Perform-3D软件对一栋10层的框架 剪力墙结构进行单向罕遇地震（50年超越概率2%）作用下的非线性动力时程反应分析。结果表明,随着结构地震损伤程度的增加,纤维增强混凝土的优良性能发挥更加充分,对结构的抗震性能改善作用也更加明显;结构基本周期对应的加速度反应谱强度S_a(T₁)能较好地反映结构的损伤程度,适合作为地震动强度衡量指标。依据FEMA P695建议的增量动力分析方法,对22对地震动记录进行标准化处理和调幅,并通过结构地震易损性函数,给出结构在不同强度地震作用下达到“防止倒塌”极限状态的失效概率。对于框架-剪力墙结构,建议可采用墙肢塑性铰转角作为其“防止倒塌”极限状态地震易损性分析的结构反应参数。     

Earthquake responses of RC moment frames subjected to near‐fault ground motions

There are three objectives in this paper. The first objective is to compare the dynamic behaviour of a reinforced concrete building structure subjected to near‐fault and far‐field ground motions. A twelve‐storey and a five‐storey reinforced concrete building with moment resisting frames were selected in this study. The Chi‐Chi earthquake was selected as a first set in this study to test near‐fault earthquake characteristics. Further, another earthquake record of an event at the same site was selected to test the far‐field earthquake characteristics for comparison. Through nonlinear time history analyses, the results show that the near‐fault earthquake results in much more damage than the far‐field earthquake. The second objective of this paper is to compare the predictions for ductility demand by the nonlinear time history analyses with those obtained by the pushover analysis procedure. The third objective is to explore the parameters that will more significantly affect the the building structure's dynamic response characteristics of base shear reduction and displacement amplification. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型。结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平。初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易损性概率,并进一步给出在2种不同地震动作用下隧道结构在三级设防要求下的失效概率。结果表明:对于隧道结构,PGA为合适的IM指标;隧道左右边墙处衬砌为震害易损部位,可视作抗震设计的薄弱部位;在Ⅷ度多遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构仅发生轻微损伤甚至保持完好无损伤状态的概率较大,而在Ⅷ度罕遇与极罕遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构发生危及生命安全的严重损伤的概率较大;在相同强度的地震动作用下,近断层脉冲型地震动导致隧道结构发生更为严重破坏的可能性更大,具有更强的破坏性,在隧道抗震设计中,不可忽视近断层地震动的速度脉冲效应对隧道结构抗震性能的影响。     

基于试验的大跨异形钢连廊连体结构地震易损性分析

为研究大跨异形钢连廊连体结构的地震易损性,以某实际工程为研究背景,首先分别定义连体结构中的框架剪力墙结构、橡胶支座端和预埋锚固端的极限状态与损伤指标,并采用有限元软件SAP2000建立分析模型。其次,根据结构所在的场地条件,选取了24条地震动记录,并对结构进行三向地震激励下的增量动力分析。在此基础上,以最大层间位移角、橡胶支座的剪切应变和预埋锚固端的损伤因子作为结构地震需求参数,以地面峰值加速度作为地震动强度参数,根据增量动力分析的结果,得到大跨异形钢连廊连体结构的地震易损性曲线。最后,采用振动台试验对易损性分析结果进行验证。结果表明：在8度罕遇地震时,主楼、附楼I、橡胶支座端及角钢预埋锚固端发生毁坏的超越概率分别为0.8%、0.3%、0及47.7%,整体结构发生毁坏的超越概率上界为48.4%,下界为47.7%。这说明用局部结构的地震易损性来评价整体结构的地震易损性是偏于不安全的。易损性分析结果也显示连体结构易发生损坏的部位依次是预埋锚固端、主楼、附楼I和橡胶支座端,这与振动台试验结果相同。建议在设计中加强连体结构的锚固端,保证其可靠连接。     

Shaking table tests of RC frame structure across the earth fissure under earthquake

To investigate the behavior of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure across earth fissure under strong earthquake, a series of shaking table tests on a scaled model were designed and conducted. Three earthquake motion records were selected as input excitations, and the Jiangyou motion has a dramatically greater dynamic effect on the structure mainly due to its inherent rich low‐frequency component. The structural acceleration amplification factor gradually decreased as the peak ground acceleration of input motions increased, implying the progressive degradation of the structure stiffness. The results indicated that the earth fissure site has amplification effect on acceleration of the soil, and the displacement response of frame across the earth fissure was different to that of a typical RC frame structure. The ground floor was the most vulnerable story of the RC frame across the earth fissure.     

近场地震下框架剪力墙高层结构地震易损性分析

结合已有的研究成果,总结近场地震动的主要特点;根据中国规范给出结构4个性能水平定义及相应的量化指标限值;根据断层距等因素选取近场、远场各20条地震波并对地震波记录进行调幅。考虑地震波的不确定性,对2栋不同高度框架剪力墙结构进行地震易损性分析,得到相应的地震易损性曲线,并对两结构的抗震性能进行对比。结果表明:20层结构的层间位移地震动需求大于30层结构;近场地震波将引起结构损伤且大于远场地震波。     

带腋撑梁式转换结构地震易损性分析

针对钢筋混凝土梁式转换结构存在竖向刚度突变不利于抗震的问题,在转换层处设置了钢筋混凝土腋撑,以降低转换结构竖向刚度突变程度,改善其抗震性能。通过对普通与带腋撑钢筋混凝土转换框架结构进行增量动力分析,建立其地震易损性曲线方程,并且研究了腋撑对钢筋混凝土转换框架结构破坏机制的影响。分析结果表明,钢筋混凝土腋撑能有效地减缓转换框架结构地震反应,显著地降低转换框架结构在各个破坏状态下的超越概率。在强烈地震作用下,钢筋混凝土腋撑能有效地避免结构在首层与转换层处形成"层侧移机构"的破坏机制,防止钢筋混凝土转换框架结构发生整体或局部倒塌破坏。     

Seismic performance assessment of masonry infill reinforced concrete buildings in Eastern Canada

In Eastern Canada, most of moment resisting reinforced concrete frames with unreinforced masonry infill (MI-MRF) buildings were constructed between 1915 and 1960. These pre-code structures, in terms of seismic requirements, are considered vulnerable to earthquake due to insufficient ductility and resistance. The goal of this study is to provide a quantitative assessment of their seismic performance using fragility functions. Fragility functions represent the probability of damage that corresponds to a specific seismic intensity measure (e.g. peak ground acceleration at the site). Based on a structural characterisation study on existing buildings in Québec region, a case study three storey–three bay MI-MRF was selected as representative for mid-rise buildings. Pushover analyses were conducted on a nonlinear model of the infill frame to obtain the corresponding lateral load-deformation capacity curve. The nonlinear behaviour of the reinforced concrete beams and columns was modelled with concentrated plastic hinges at members’ ends and a modified strut-and-tie model was used for the infill to account for multiple failure modes. A simplified probabilistic nonlinear static procedure was applied to obtain the seismic demand model at increasing levels of seismic intensity. Fragility functions were then developed using an experiment-based damage model that correlate the extent of damage to the displacement demand. Damage assessment using the developed functions was conducted for an earthquake scenario compatible with the design-level seismic hazard in Quebec City with a 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The developed functions and methodology are particularly useful in probability-based seismic loss assessment and in planning mitigation solutions.     

Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures

To provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.