基于TRIZ理论的城市生活垃圾治理系统优化研究

城市垃圾处理是一个世界性难题,"垃圾围城"现象越来越严峻。城市生活垃圾治理系统是一个多目标,复杂不确定性,综合性的系统。利用TRIZ的基本原理和解决问题的思路,针对现有城市生活垃圾治理系统,设计基于TRIZ的城市生活垃圾流程优化模式,根据创新原理,对现有城市生活垃圾治理系统进行整合,建议采用生命周期法,高度资源化的全过程管理。     

城市生活垃圾热值预测的研究

依据已有的各地城市生活垃圾的数据，从垃圾组分中纸张、塑料橡胶、纺织物、竹木等成分的元素含量（C，H，S，O）出发，提出了一个统计性的生活垃圾各组分的元素含量表。并以此表为基础，结合灰色关联分析和生活垃圾的质量组分百分比，应用Dulong和Steuere热值预测公式进行预测。用已知生活垃圾数据的14个城市进行检验，预测的结果与实际的热值相比，精度可以接受。     

城市生活垃圾中转站的更新设计及策略研究

随着现代城市的快速发展,每天城市产生的生活垃圾也在与日俱增,所以城市生活垃圾处理中,垃圾中转站发挥了十分重要的作用。为了更好地适应新形势下城市生活垃圾中转的需要,就必须在中转站设计方面及时地更新和优化,才能更好地将城市垃圾污染降低。本文从城市生活垃圾中转站实施更新设计的必要性入手,对目前城市生活垃圾中转站的不足进行了梳理,并提出了更新设计的策略。     

上海市生活垃圾处理问题的系统动力学分析

与日俱增的人口产生了越来越多的生活垃圾.面对垃圾围城的严峻形势,城市生活垃圾处理变得越来越迫切.为了预测上海市未来的垃圾产生量,探讨合适的处置方法和调控措施,利用系统动力学的方法建立了上海市城市生活垃圾产生和处理系统的动力学模型.通过查阅大量文献并收集数据,预测未来生活垃圾的产生总量和处理总量,对各种处理方式的收益进行了对比,并利用系统动力学模型模拟软件VENSIM进行了模拟.结果表明:在调控措施下,未来上海市垃圾产生量能得到控制和更加环保的处理;同时,需要控制人口,提高环保投资占GDP比重,实行垃圾收费制度.     

中国城市入炉生活垃圾热值分析

为分析垃圾热值与地理区域、季节、年份等的关系,选取国内有代表性的46座城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为研究对象,在收集和整理大量运营数据后,计算得到入炉生活垃圾的热值。研究结果表明:南方地区垃圾热值普遍高于北方,东南沿海经济发达地区的城市生活垃圾热值最高,其中广东、江苏和浙江入炉垃圾热值均在7 400 kJ/kg以上;四季分明的城市,春季和冬季城市生活垃圾热值明显低于夏季和秋季,不同季节入炉垃圾的热值最大相差8% ~ 22%;各城市生活垃圾热值逐年增长。     

区内信息合集

正广西全面启动城市生活垃圾分类广西2019年将全面启动城市生活垃圾分类工作,力争到2025年,所有设区市基本建成生活垃圾分类处理系统。据介绍,城市生活垃圾分类工作实施范围以社区为单元,逐步扩大到全市,公共机构率先示范,家庭积极参与。2019年,广西将重点建立党委统一领导、党政齐抓共管、全社会积极参与的生活垃圾分类领导体制和工作机制,建立市、区、街道、     

我国城市生活垃圾的组成及其处理方法

合理规划和治理城市垃圾是城市环保的一项重要任务，分析了我国城市生活垃圾产生的现状、组成和特点，介绍了我国当前城市生活垃圾的常用处理方法及其发展方向。     

SLC75-1．6／204型生活垃圾蒸汽锅炉的设计特点

结合城市生活垃圾的特点,阐述生活垃圾蒸汽锅炉特性和结构的设计特点.     

垃圾也有垃圾价值

随着城市生活垃圾产生量的不断增加，如何选择、组合和确定生活垃圾处理方法，如何形成经济、有效的生活垃圾处理和管理模式，如何实现生活垃圾管理和处理的可持续发展，已成为城市垃圾管理面临的关键问题。在“上海市环境科学学会第12届学术年会”上，市废弃物管理处高级工程师张志强提出，应以垃圾减量为前提，以实现垃圾资源回收利用为主要目的，凭借多元技术开发，加快生活垃圾产业的发展。     

基于GIS的城市生活垃圾规划管理智能决策系统

提出对城市生活垃圾治理系统实施规划管理,是实现垃圾治理”减量化、资源化、无害化”目标,推进城市经济可持续发展的根本方法。系统地分析了“基于GIS的城市生活垃圾规划管理智能决策系统”的总体架构,确定了应用系统的组成及各部分功能。     

Predictive model for municipal waste generation using artificial neural networks—Case study City of Zagreb,Croatia

The European Union's environmental legislation related to environmental protection, already implemented in the national legislation of the Republic of Croatia, aims to introduce a system of integrated and sustainable waste management. Within such a system, it is of utmost importance to have a better estimate of the amount of municipal waste generated, which directly influences future planning in the waste management sector. The aim of this research was to develop and optimize models for the estimation of generated municipal waste by application of methodology using neural network models, and taking into account the socio‐economic impact as well as the inputs regarding the actual waste management trends. In this paper, an artificial neural network models were used to predict the municipal waste generation in Zagreb, Croatia. The standardized socio‐economic and waste management variables were chosen to encompass 2013 to 2016 period. Moreover, the test prediction of the observed data was performed for 2017. Developed models sufficiently predicted the quantities of different municipal waste fractions and in that sense can contribute to better planning of upcoming waste management systems that will be sustainable and in order to meet the European Union commitments.     

Pyrolytic liquid fuel: A source of renewable electricity generation in Makkah

Millions of Muslims from all over the world visit the Holy Cities of Saudi Arabia: Makkah and Madinah every year to worship in form of Pilgrimage (Hajj) and Umrah. The rapid growth in local population, urbanization, and living standards in Makkah city along with continually increasing number of visitors result in huge municipal solid waste generation every year. Most of this waste is disposed to landfills or dumpsites without material or energy recovery, thus posing substantial environmental and health risks. The municipal plastic waste is the second largest waste stream (up to 23% of total municipal waste) that is comprised of plastic bottles, water cups, food plates, and shopping bags. The sustainable disposal of plastic waste is challenging task due to its clogging effects, very slow biodegradation rates, and presence of toxic additives and dyes. Pyrolysis is one of the promising waste-to-energy technology for converting municipal plastic waste into energy (liquid fuel) and value-added products like char. The produced liquid fuel has the potential to be used in several energy-related applications such as electricity generation, transportation fuel, and heating purposes. It has been estimated that the plastic waste in Makkah city in 2016 can produce around 87.91 MW of electricity. This is projected to increase up to around 172.80 MW of electricity by 2040. A global warming potential of 199.7 thousand Mt.CO₂ eq. will be achieved with savings of 7.9 thousand tons emission of CH₄, if pyrolysis technology is developed in Makkah city. Furthermore, a total savings of 297.52 million SAR from landfill diversion, electricity generation, and carbon credits would be possible to achieve in 2016 from pyrolysis. These economic benefits will increase every year and will reach up to 584.83 million SAR in 2040.     

An artificial intelligence approach to predict a lower heating value of municipal solid waste

The lower heating value is an important parameter to conduct the modeling of any fuel processing system. In this study, the relationship between the physical composition of municipal solid waste and its lower heating values was investigated using a Bayesian regularized artificial neural network (ANN) as an artificial intelligence approach. A new nonlinear regression model was also developed in this study. The artificial intelligence approach was compared using the developed and published correlations. The approach offers a high degree of correlation, and as a result, the ANN provides a useful tool for designing any thermolysis process for municipal solid waste.     

我国能源管理信息系统开发初探

能源问题是现代社会发展的核心问题。为了实现社会的可持续性发展，我国必须加强能源管理工作，建立国家能源管理信息系统成为当务之急。从该系统的开发背景、开发环境、战略目标、数据分析、系统设计、系统评价和维护等方面初步分析了系统开发的有关情况．提出了设计思路。     

循环流化床煤与生活垃圾混烧过程中HCL的排放

在０．２ＭＷｔｈ循环流化床上进行垃圾与煤混烧实验．测量ＨＣｌ排放浓度,探讨城市生活垃圾掺烧比率和床层温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响．实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随垃圾加入量的增加。ＨＣｌ排放量增加,温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响很小。垃圾中Ｃａ／（Ｓ＋０．５Ｃｌ）摩尔比对ＨＣｌ自脱除有影响．采用三相流态化垃圾净化系统时,ＨＣｌ在尾气净化系统中的脱除效率高于８０％。     

床层内固体垃圾燃烧过程及一次风温影响的研究

为了更好地了解层燃垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程,建立了垃圾焚烧层燃炉固定床热态试验台.对焚烧过程中固定床内温度、气氛浓度、床层重量和料层高度随时间变化进行了实验研究,从而得到它们的变化规律;进一步研究床层产生的气体成分随一次风温的变化;针对NO研究有害气氛的影响因素和生成规律.通过试验研究,更好地了解层燃垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程,试验结果为垃圾焚烧炉的设计和优化运行提供了可靠的依据.     

Prospects and challenges for urban application of biogas installations in Sub-Saharan Africa

Cities around the world generate substantial quantities of municipal solid waste, including organic residues. These organic residues can be managed productively and given value, or they can simply be wasted. Municipal solid waste management is a serious environmental and public health concern in developing countries. In addition, collecting, transporting and disposing of municipal solid wastes presents formidable challenges to many developing country cities. It is believed that the problems are likely to become even more pronounced as the level and pace of urbanization continue to grow rapidly. Moreover, cost recovery is a serious problem of municipal solid waste management in many cities in the developing world. This paper considers how anaerobic digestion can give value to organic residues and help reduce the problem of municipal waste management. Biogas technology has the potential to work for the growing urban populations of Africa as both an energy source and a waste management (minimization) tool that can be utilized both at a small or large scale. In this paper we review the potential roles of biogas in urban applications. Specifically, we review organic waste treatment methods as well as opportunities and challenges for urban application of biogas installations and identify the critical conditions for success of biogas in urban applications.     

Integrated waste management as a mean to promote renewable energy

Management of municipal solid waste is an efficient method to both increase resource efficiency (material and energy recovery instead of landfill disposal) and to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources (waste is renewable in itself to a large extent as it contains paper, wood, food waste etc.). The paper presents the general outline and results from a comprehensive system study of future waste management. In the study a multifunctional waste management system integrated with local energy systems for district heating and electricity, wastewater treatment, agriculture and vehicle fuel production is investigated with respect to environmental impact and financial economy. Different waste technologies as well as management strategies have been tested. The treatment is facilitated through advanced sorting, efficient treatment facilities and upgrading of output products. Tools used are the ORWARE model for the waste management system and the MARTES model for the district heating system. The results for potential global warming are used as an indicator for renewable energy. In all future scenarios and for all management strategies net savings of CO₂ is accomplished. Compared to a future reference the financial costs will be higher or lower depending on management strategy.     

Hydrogen as a transportation fuel produced from thermal gasification of municipal solid waste: an examination of two integrated technologies

Innovative technologies are required to offset increasing consumption and declining stocks of non-renewable resources. This study examines a possible enhancement of waste management and transportation by integrating two emerging technologies: municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), by fueling FCVs with hydrogen produced from gasified MSW. Material and energy flows were modeled in four MSW management scenarios (incineration, landfill, gasification, gasification with recycling) and four transportation scenarios (hybrid gasoline-electric, methanol FCVs, hydrogen FCVs using hydrogen from natural gas or municipal solid waste). Technological performance deemed feasible within 2010–2020 was assumed. Greenhouse gas emissions and non-renewable energy use were used to assess overall system performance. Gasification with hydrogen production performs as efficiently as incineration, but is advantageous compared to landfilling. Taking into account additional environmental criteria, the model suggests that hydrogen from MSW gasification for FCVs may provide benefits over conventional MSW treatment and transportation systems.     

Techno-economic feasibility of distributed waste-to-hydrogen systems to support green transport in Glasgow

Distributed waste-to-hydrogen (WtH) systems are a potential solution to tackle the dual challenges of sustainable waste management and zero emission transport. Here we propose a concept of distributed WtH systems based on gasification and fermentation to support hydrogen fuel cell buses in Glasgow. A variety of WtH scenarios were configured based on biomass waste feedstock, hydrogen production reactors, and upstream and downstream system components. A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted to compare the economic feasibility of the different WtH systems with that of the conventional steam methane reforming-based method. This required the curation of a database that included, inter alia, direct cost data on construction, maintenance, operations, infrastructure, and storage, along with indirect cost data comprising environmental impacts and externalities, cost of pollution, carbon taxes and subsidies. The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCoH) was calculated to be 2.22 GB P/kg for municipal solid waste gasification and 2.02 GB P/kg for waste wood gasification. The LCoHs for dark fermentation and combined dark and photo fermentation systems were calculated to be 2.15 GB P/kg and 2.29 GB P/kg. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most significant influential factors of distributed WtH systems. It was indicated that hydrogen production rates and CAPEX had the largest impact for the biochemical and thermochemical technologies, respectively. Limitations including high capital expenditure will require cost reduction through technical advancements and carbon tax on conventional hydrogen production methods to improve the outlook for WtH development.