干酪快速成熟的研究进展

综述了国内外干酪快速成熟的研究状况,探讨了脂质体微胶囊中性蛋白酶用于加快干酪成熟的可行性。     

水牛乳-豆乳混合干酪外源酶促熟条件的优化

采用单因素及响应面分析,通过添加外源酶并控制成熟温度与时间,探讨水牛乳-豆乳混合干酪促熟条件。结果表明:混合型干酪优化后的成熟条件为成熟时间100 d,蛋白酶(中性蛋白酶∶风味酶=1∶2)添加量1 500 U/kg凝乳粒,脂肪酶添加量2 400 U/kg凝乳粒,成熟后的混合干酪的风味与正常发酵的纯水牛乳干酪相似。     

不同方法促熟干酪成熟期间微生物及氨基酸研究

以0、15、30、45、60、75、90 d促熟干酪中主要微生物（乳杆菌、乳球菌、肠球菌、微球菌）和游离氨
基酸含量为指标,研究添加复合处理发酵剂和中性蛋白酶促熟干酪成熟过程对游离氨基酸和微生物菌落数的影响。
结果表明,添加处理发酵剂和中性蛋白酶可增加干酪中游离氨基酸含量,添加处理发酵剂可不同程度降低干酪中微
生物菌落数,添加中性蛋白酶对干酪成熟过程中微生物影响不明显（P＞0.05）。     

添加蛋白酶微胶囊干酪的反相高效液相色谱分析

利用阿拉伯胶和明胶为壁材,以毛霉蛋白酶为芯材,采用冷冻干燥技术制备蛋白酶微胶囊,用于干酪制备,促进其成熟。在干酪成熟过程中采用反相高效液相色谱技术分析添加蛋白酶微胶囊的干酪中水溶性氮提取液,并对色谱峰的分布情况进行主成分分析。试验结果表明:在干酪成熟期间,随着成熟时间的延长,亲水性小分子质量肽含量逐渐增大;亲水性中分子质量肽的含量先增加后降低;大分子质量疏水性肽的含量无太大变化。     

植物甾醇酯的微囊制备及其在夸克干酪中的应用

植物甾醇酯是一种新型降胆固醇的健康食品。植物甾醇酯具有生理功能,对低脂夸克干酪的质构有一定影响。本文通过喷雾干燥将植物甾醇酯微胶囊化,在牛乳杀菌前和凝块切割乳清排出后加入,研究其在夸克干酪中应用。根据植物甾醇酯乳液检测和电镜观察结果,选用阿拉伯胶和麦芽糊精混合壁材质量比为1∶1时微胶囊效率最高,达84.12%;选择乳化剂添加量3%,乳化温度65℃,此时乳液最稳定,包埋率最高,达90.34%;选择进风温度190℃,出风温度85℃最佳。另外,微胶囊添加方式和添加量对夸克质构的影响是:乳清排除后添加微胶囊,随着添加量的增加硬度变大,均大于牛奶杀菌前添加微胶囊;两种添加方式的干酪的弹性都大幅度降低,显著低于未添加微胶囊的(P0.05);咀嚼性和硬度变化趋势相近;两种添加方式中回复性都显著降低(P0.05),当5%时,杀菌前添加微胶囊奶酪回复性显著高于添加量0%的奶酪回复性(P0.05)。最终选择牛奶杀菌前添加植物甾醇酯微胶囊,添加量4%。建议每天食用夸克干酪至少32 g可达到降胆固醇的效果。     

NaCl对成品Mozzarella干酪质构及功能特性的影响

通过对3种不同加盐方式所制得成品Mozzarella干酪的质构及功能特性相关指标的测定,分析NaCl对成品干酪质构及功能特性的影响。结果表明：切碎拌盐的加盐方式在盐添加量质量分数6%能够获得较好的功能特性。结合成品干酪流变特性分析探讨加盐方式和添加量造成成品Mozzarella干酪质构及功能特性差异的原因,可能是盐的添加方式和添加量的不同影响到干酪酪蛋白基质的结构强度。     

氯化钠添加量对Cheddar干酪品质和介电特性的影响

以不同氯化钠(NaCl)添加量(0%、1%、2%、3%)的切达干酪(Cheddar cheese)为材料,对其90 d成熟期内的理化指标和成熟变化进行质构特性分析和介电特性测试,研究NaCl添加量对切达干酪成熟发育的影响。结果表明,NaCl添加量对干酪的理化指标有显著影响。NaCl添加量增加,干酪水分含量和水分活度下降、脂肪含量增加,并具有显著的相关性。低添加量NaCl对干酪成熟度的促进作用明显高于高添加量,NaCl添加量为1%、2%对干酪蛋白水解为指标的成熟度有显著加速作用;高NaCl添加量(3%)对干酪成熟过程的蛋白质水解有显著的抑制作用;切达干酪相对介电常数与NaCl的添加量无显著的相关性,而干酪介电损耗因子随NaCl添加量的增加而上升。并且,NaCl添加量对切达干酪成熟期内的硬度、咀嚼性有显著影响。     

凝乳酶对低脂干酪微观结构和功能特性的影响

研究了低脂干酪成熟过程中蛋白质水解程度对干酪本身的微观结构和功能特性的影响.以低脂乳为原料,添加不同剂量的凝乳酶制备低脂干酪,测定干酪不同成熟期的熔度及质量分数为12%的TCA-SN并观察干酪的微观结构.结果表明,在低脂干酪中添加双倍的凝乳酶时可以减少干酪的硬度、增加熔度和改善其感官状态;当添加3倍凝乳酶时将会导致产品比添加正常凝乳酶量时更有胶弹性.因此,添加双倍凝乳酶时能有效改善低脂干酪的质构、功能特性及感官状态.     

乳清在Mozzarella干酪加工中的应用初探

通过在Mozzarella干酪加工中添加一定量的乳清形成产品,并对是否添加乳清的Mozzarella干酪进行不同成熟时间的感官、质构、融化性、油脂析出性和色差等指标的比较,对产品在不同成熟时间所表现出的主要理化特性和功能特性进行分析研究,初步探讨了添加乳清对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响。     

契达酶改性干酪的研制

选择中性蛋白酶、风味酶以及脂酶Lipase R,将其添加到新鲜干酪浆中,水解到一定程度以生产出具有契迭风味的酶改性干酪.首先添加中性蛋白酶和风味酶,根据蛋白水解程度和感官评价,确定出具有最佳风味的初级水解产品.之后向此初级产品中分别添加Lipase R进行脂解以获得最终的EMC.最后将生产出的EMCs产品与新鲜干酪、天然成熟契达干酪进行比较,比较内容包括理化成分、蛋白水解程度、感官评价等.     

Microbial proteinases as agents for accelerated cheese ripening

Taste panel data confirm that commercial preparations of Bacillus subtilis neutral proteinase can accelerate flavour development in Cheddar cheese without defect formation. The influence of the enzyme on the rate of ripening can be controlled by varying the cheese storage temperature. Fungal acid proteinase gives bitter cheese without enhancing typical flavour, even when used at concentrations corresponding to 5×and 25× less than the optimum neutral proteinase activity. Bacterial alkaline proteinase and broadspecificity proteinase produced bitter cheese but the latter enzyme also enhanced the intensity of typical flavour .     

Formation of biogenic amines in raw milk Hispánico cheese manufactured with proteinases and different levels of starter culture

Two proteinases, a neutral proteinase from Bacillus subtilis and a cysteine proteinase from Micrococcus sp., were used to accelerate the ripening process of raw cow's milk Hispánico cheese, a semihard variety. Two levels (0.1% and 1%) of a commercial starter culture containing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were added for cheese manufacture. The influence of both factors, proteinase addition and level of starter culture, on the growth of amino acid-decarboxylating microorganisms and on the formation of biogenic amines during cheese ripening was investigated in duplicate experiments. The population of tyrosine decarboxylase-positive bacteria, which represented less than 1% of the total bacterial population in most cheese samples, and tyrosine decarboxylase-positive lactobacilli was not influenced by proteinase addition or level of starter culture. Tyramine was detected in all batches of cheese from day 30. Its concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by proteinase addition but not by the level of starter culture and increased with cheese age. After 90 days of ripening, 103 to 191 mg/kg of tyramine was found in the different cheese batches. Histamine was not detected until day 60 in cheese with neutral proteinase and 1% starter culture and until day 90 in the rest of the cheeses. The concentration of this amine did not exceed 20 mg/kg in any of the batches investigated. Phenylethylamine and tryptamine were not found in any of the samples.     

非发酵剂乳酸菌A-3和D-3对半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的影响

目的获得加速半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌菌株(non-starterlacticacidbacteria,NSLAB)。方法以前期分离自地中海地区山羊奶干酪中的2株优良NSLAB菌株为研究对象,测定其对干酪成熟过程中组成成分、微生物菌群、蛋白质水解和质构的影响。结果添加NSLAB菌株对干酪组成成分没有显著影响, NSLAB菌株没有影响乳球菌生长,在干酪成熟期间pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN逐渐增加,且添加NSLAB的干酪在成熟30 d后显著增加了pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量, 5%PTASN/TN的增加主要是由于乳酸菌中肽酶作用的结果, SDS-PAGE电泳结果说明添加NSLAB菌株的干酪中小分子多肽含量明显比对照干酪多,RP-HPLC分析得出干酪水溶性中肽的数量随着成熟时间增加。添加NSLAB菌株A-3没有改变干酪的硬度,使干酪的弹性增加。结论添加菌株A-3作为NSLAB的干酪样品中微生物自溶率高,蛋白水解程度强,质构性能良好,具有加速干酪成熟的潜力,是山羊奶干酪工业化生产的优良NSLAB。     

溶菌酶处理发酵剂加速干酪成熟的研究

以pH、蛋白质降解、脂肪酸含量变化及干酪的感官特征为指标,研究了溶菌酶处理发酵剂对干酪成熟的影响。结果表明:实验组干酪的pH在整个成熟期处于对照组1(添加2%发酵剂)干酪和对照组2(添加2.5%发酵剂)的pH之间,表明通过溶菌酶处理发酵剂可明显抑制干酪成熟期间的产酸量;添加溶菌酶处理发酵剂可加速干酪中蛋白质分解和乳脂肪的降解;感官评价结果表明,添加溶菌酶处理发酵剂可提高干酪风味,在相同的成熟时间实验组干酪的质地也较对照组好。     

Accumulation of Some Flavor Compounds in Full- and Reduced-fat Cheddar Cheese Under Different Ripening Conditions

Reduced-fat cheese showed higher levels of ethanol and lower acetoin than full-fat samples throughout ripening regardless of conditions. Total headspace volatiles, as well as butanoic and hexanoic acids, increased with ripening time and temperature. Full- and reduced-fat cheeses developed distinctly different headspace volatile profiles throughout ripening. The effects of ripening conditions were more notable in full-fat samples. Ripening reduced-fat Cheddar cheese at an elevated temperature for a limited time may enhance development of some desirable volatiles such as butanoic acid.     

干酪成熟过程发酵剂的作用及快速成熟的研究进展

干酪的成熟过程,是在添加酶及各种微生物的协同作用下完成的.干酪中的微生物作用也包括人为添加发酵剂的作用.本文综述了干酪生产过程中发酵剂的使用和成熟过程所起的作用,主要有酸化、改善质构、形成风味物质.此外,本文也讨论了干酪的成熟机制,综述了目前用于促进干酪成熟所使用的一些方法和技术以及对它们的最新研究进展.     

The effect of natural cheddar cheese ripening on the functional and textural properties of the processed cheese manufactured therefrom

ABSTRACT:  Cheddar cheese ripened at 8 °C was sampled at 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, and 168 d and subsequently used for the manufacture of processed cheese. The cheddar cheese samples were analyzed throughout ripening for proteolysis while the textural and rheological properties of the processed cheeses (PCs) were studied. The rate of proteolysis was the greatest in the first 28 d of cheddar cheese ripening but began to slow down as ripening progressed from 28 to 168 d. A similar trend was observed in changes to the texture of the PC samples, with the greatest decrease in hardness and increase in flowability being in the first 28 d of ripening. Confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that the degree of emulsification in the PC samples increased as the maturity of the cheddar cheese ingredient increased from 7 to 168 d. This increased emulsification resulted in a reduction in the rate of softening in the PC in samples manufactured from cheddar cheese bases at later ripening times. Multivariate data analysis was performed to summarize the relationships between proteolysis in the cheddar cheese bases and textural properties of the PC made therefrom. The proportion of α _{s 1}-casein (CN) in the cheddar cheese base was strongly correlated with hardness, adhesiveness, fracturability, springiness, and storage modulus values for the corresponding PC. Degradation of α _{s 1}-CN was the proteolytic event with the strongest correlation to the softening of PC samples, particularly those manufactured from cheddar cheese in the first 28 d of ripening.     

处理发酵剂对促熟干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸的影响

以0、30、60、90 d促熟干酪中生物胺（组胺、色胺、苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺）和游离氨基酸含量为指标,研究了添加复合处理发酵剂对干酪产生游离氨基酸和生物胺量的影响。结果表明：不同处理发酵剂添加量对各种生物胺产生的影响不同;添加处理发酵剂干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸含量增加,其含量随着复合处理发酵剂添加量增加而增加。     

Effects of changes during ripening and frozen storage on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Cabrales cheeses

The physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of two batches of Cabrales cheese, stored at −20°C for 4 and 8 months, respectively, were studied during subsequent ripening. Frozen storage did not result in significant alterations in overall compositional, rheological and sensory properties or the level of lipolysis. The extent of proteolysis was slightly lower in the cheeses frozen prior to ripening.