无糖玉米荞麦蛋糕的加工工艺研究

以荞麦粉、玉米粉为主要原料,进行无糖杂粮蛋糕的研制。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评定结果为指标,采用响应面法优化加工工艺。结果表明,无糖杂粮蛋糕的最佳配方:以蛋糕粉100 g为基准,木糖醇70%、荞麦粉40%、玉米粉30%、食用油20%。在此配方下,蛋糕的最佳烘焙条件为烘烤温度底火200℃、面火190℃、烘烤时间20 min。     

抹茶戚风蛋糕加工工艺研究

研究抹茶戚风蛋糕的加工工艺,通过单因素实验和正交试验探究抹茶添加量、鸡蛋用量、烘烤温度、烘烤时间对抹茶戚风蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:四种因素的影响程度为抹茶添加量烘烤温度烘烤时间鸡蛋用量,抹茶戚风蛋糕的最佳配方为低筋面粉75 g,抹茶3 g,鸡蛋150 g,植物油40 m L,牛奶50 m L,白砂糖40 g,泡打粉1 g,烘烤温度面火160℃、底火180℃,烘烤时间40 min。以该配方制得的抹茶戚风蛋糕外观周正丰满,口感松软细腻,富有弹性,茶香怡人。     

低糖南瓜荞麦蛋糕的研制

试验旨在研制适合糖尿病患者、高血糖及高血脂人群食用的低糖营养蛋糕。通过单因素试验、正交试验及方差分析研制出了低糖南瓜荞麦蛋糕,并确定了其最佳配方和制作工艺。最佳配方为(以百克面粉为基数):鲜鸡蛋150 g、蛋糕油5 g、木糖醇30 g、蛋白糖0.8 g、南瓜粉荞麦粉合计10 g(比例3︰1)、黄原胶0.075 g。焙烤工艺:先预热至180℃,烘烤10 min,关底火,开面火维持200℃,至蛋糕表面为金黄色。由此制作的蛋糕营养丰富、糖含量低、清香美味、口感细腻,适合特殊人群及普通人食用。     

响应面法优化无糖米糠戚风蛋糕工艺

以面粉、米糠为主要原料,木糖醇为甜味剂,对无糖米糠戚风蛋糕的制作技术进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法优化蛋糕制作工艺。结果表明:无糖米糠蛋糕的最佳配方为鸡蛋140 g、中筋面粉40 g、米糠10 g、木糖醇17 g(蛋黄部分)、水28 g、色拉油28 g、香草粉0.5 g、泡打粉0.5 g、木糖醇50 g(蛋清部分)、塔塔粉1 g、食盐0.5 g,在烘烤温度196℃、烘烤时间25 min的条件下,蛋糕的综合评分为29.86。制作的蛋糕口感细腻、香甜可口,品质最佳。     

桑葚无糖天使蛋糕的制作工艺优化及质构性质分析

为拓宽桑葚的应用同时满足大众对新型焙烤食品的需求,制作无糖低脂、低热量、无明显蛋腥味且适口的天使蛋糕,本试验采用单因素和响应面试验研究桑葚果汁、木糖醇、蛋清和低筋面粉的添加量以及焙烤温度和时间对天使蛋糕感官品质和硬度的影响,以优化制作工艺;同时为考察桑葚果汁的添加对蛋糕质构性质的影响,测定了相同储藏条件下桑葚无糖天使蛋糕与普通天使蛋糕的质构性质。结果表明:蛋糕的最优制作工艺是:低筋面粉45 g,桑葚果汁33 g,木糖醇45 g,蛋清135 g,塔塔粉3 g、柠檬汁2 g,牛奶30 g,焙烤温度为上火165 ℃,下火150 ℃,焙烤时间为35 min,在此条件下桑葚天使蛋糕的感官评分为91.8分。对蛋糕进行质构分析,得出桑葚果汁的添加可显著降低蛋糕的硬度和咀嚼性（P<0.05）,持水性增强且口感更柔软,结构紧实不松散。     

香榧葛根蛋糕的制作工艺研究

目的:研究香榧葛根蛋糕的配方及加工工艺。方法:通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定香榧粉、鸡蛋、低筋面粉、葛根粉的添加量对香榧葛根蛋糕品质的影响,优化香榧葛根蛋糕的配方。结果:各因素对香榧葛根蛋糕感官评分的影响顺序为:低筋面粉添加量鸡蛋添加量香榧粉添加量葛根粉添加量。最佳配方及生产工艺参数为:香榧粉20 g、葛根粉15 g、花生油40 g、麦芽糖醇75 g、奶粉30 g、鸡蛋300 g,低筋小麦面粉85 g,在面火烘烤温度150℃、底火烘烤温度150℃时,烘烤40 min。结论:在此条件下制得的蛋糕色泽均匀,香味浓郁,滋味协调,感官品质甚佳。     

淮山药荞麦无糖蛋糕制作配方优化

对淮山药荞麦无糖蛋糕配方工艺进行研究,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳配方工艺。结果得出,最佳配方为:混合粉(荞麦粉∶小麦粉=4∶6)100 g、淮山药泥70 g、木糖醇40 g、泡打粉1.7 g、鲜鸡蛋150 g、大豆油20 g、蛋糕油3.5 g、鲜牛奶20 g,180℃烘焙20 min,即可生产出色泽金黄、口感纯正的淮山药荞麦无糖蛋糕。     

红树莓果酱注芯戚风蛋糕的配方及工艺研究

对红树莓果酱注芯戚风蛋糕的配方及制作工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验、正交试验以及感官评价的方法分别确定了戚风蛋糕的最佳配方及制作工艺为:面粉50 g、鸡蛋110 g、白砂糖50 g、牛奶35 g、植物油20 g、塔塔粉0.5 g、盐1.0 g、泡打粉1.0 g,在上火160℃、下火150℃下焙烤30 min;红树莓果酱的最佳配方为:红树莓500 g、白砂糖200 g、淀粉50 g、柠檬酸0.25 g。最佳注入果酱时间为蛋糕烤熟后的20 min,最佳注入果酱量为蛋糕质量的20%。在此配方及工艺下得到一种颜色金黄、馅料鲜红明艳,风味独特、营养丰富的红树莓果酱注芯戚风蛋糕。     

无糖低GI海绵蛋糕的研制

试验以海绵蛋糕基本配方为基础,以木糖醇代替白砂糖,加入适量荞麦粉、黄豆粉进行无糖低GI海绵蛋糕的研制.经过单因素试验及正交试验,确定了无糖低GI海绵蛋糕的最优配方:以低筋粉100 g为基准,荞麦粉20％、黄豆粉10％、木糖醇40％、鸡蛋200％、牛奶70％、葵花籽油17％.以此配方为主,蛋糕的最好烘焙条件是下层160℃...     

杂粮无糖月饼的研制

以小麦粉、杂粮混合粉、胡麻籽油、木糖醇为主要原辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面分析法,以综合感官评价为评分标准,确定无糖杂粮月饼的优化配方。研究结果表明,月饼皮料中最佳添加量分别为:白面30 g、杂粮混合粉20 g、胡麻油15 m L、水23 m L;馅料最佳添加量为30 g,其中木糖醇的最佳添加量为10 g;烘烤上火温度205℃、下火温度185℃,时间15 min。由该配方制得的月饼感官评分结果是最高,色香味最佳。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.