耐热炸药5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧钾盐的合成及热分解

以乙二肟为原料,用"一锅法"制备了5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二羟基二水合物(BTO)的关键中间体二叠氮基乙二肟(DAG),以复分解反应合成了5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧钾盐(PBTOX),采用元素分析、红外光谱对其结构进行了表征,用DTA-TG技术研究了PBTOX的热分解过程,用原子力显微技术(AFM)和洛伦兹接触共振(LCR)成像技术测试了PBTOX晶体的表面形貌和晶体力学性能,进行了感度测试。结果表明,PBTOX的晶体结构为层状结构,其5℃·min~(-1)升温速率下的分解峰顶温度为383℃。撞击感度爆炸百分数和摩擦感度爆炸百分数均为0%。     

富氮化合物5,5′-联四唑-1,1′-二氧二羟铵的合成工艺

以40％乙二醛水溶液和盐酸羟胺为原料,通过取代、氯化、叠氮化、成环、成盐反应制备了5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50).采用元素分析,核磁对其结构进行表征,并进行了撞击感度和摩擦感度测试.研究了反应温度、保温时间、保温温度对关键中间体5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二羟基二水合物(BTO)收率影响,以及羟胺水溶液浓度对TKX-50收率影响.结果表明,TKX-50的撞击感度H50为41 cm,摩擦感度爆炸百分数为0％.羟胺水溶液较佳浓度为50％,成环的较佳反应条件为:反应温度0～5℃,保温时间12h,保温温度20～25℃.     

四水合1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑钠盐的合成、晶体结构及性能

以二氯乙二肟为起始原料,通过一锅法合成了四水合1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑钠盐(SBTD·4H2O),并用红外、元素分析、扫描电子显微镜对其进行了表征,测试了目标化合物的单晶结构,结果表明其属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群,晶胞参数为a=5.6440(11),b=6.4476(17),c=8.303(11),α=100.131(5)°,β=96.789(3)°,γ=112.157(3)°,V=1,Dc=1.761 g·cm-3,F(000)=146,μ(Mo Kα)=0.227 mm-1。采用热重-差示扫描量热联用(TG-DSC)对其进行了热行为分析,在加热速率为10 K·min-1的条件下,该化合物从83.9℃开始失去结晶水,368.1℃开始分解,分解峰值温度为398.6℃,热稳定性良好。依据GJB772A-1997对SBT D·4H2O的感度进行了测试,撞击感度H50100 cm,摩擦感度为0%,这表明其对机械撞击和摩擦不敏感。     

5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵的合成及其性能

以二氯乙二肟、叠氮化钠和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为主要原材料,通过两步反应先制备1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑(1,1'-BTO),再与盐酸羟胺反应合成目标化合物5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50),收率73.2%。用Gaussian软件在B3LYP/6-31++G水平下对该离子盐的结构进行模拟,发现其晶体中存在较强的分子间和分子内的氢键作用。这种氢键作用有效提高了TKX-50的密度,达到1.918 g·cm-3。基于该密度,计算出该含能盐爆速9698 m·s-1,爆压42.4 GPa,摩擦感度和撞击感度分别为120 N和20 J,性能优于奥克托今(HMX)和六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)。     

新型绿色起爆药1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑钾的晶体结构及性能研究

以1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑(BTO)为起始原料合成了新型绿色起爆药——1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑钾(BTOK)。用缓慢蒸发法首次培养了目标化合物的单晶,并通过X-射线单晶衍射测定了其晶体结构。通过差示扫描量热分析技术(DSC)和热重分析技术(TG-DTG)研究其热分解行为。测定了其5 s延滞期爆发点,摩擦感度,撞击感度和50%发火能量。结果表明,K~+与BTO形成7配位不对称结构,不同片层的BTO与K~+交替排列相互连接,构成三维网状结构。BTOK的热分解起始温度为307℃,表明其热稳定性良好,且放热过程具有明显起爆药特征。5 s延滞期爆发点为321℃,70°摆角、1.23 MPa条件下BTOK的摩擦感度爆炸百分数为56%,800 g落锤下,撞击感度H_(50)为22.5 cm,静电火花感度50%的发火能量为0.21 J。     

重结晶工艺对1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐热性能和机械感度的影响

为了研究不同重结晶工艺对1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐(HATO,TKX-50)热性能和机械感度的影响,分别采用降温法、溶剂-非溶剂法,制备了6种不同粒径和晶体形貌的HATO样品。利用激光粒度仪和扫描电镜对不同重结晶工艺所得HATO样品的粒度和形貌进行了表征。利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对其热分解性能进行了分析。按GJB772A-1997方法对其撞击、摩擦感度进行了测试。结果表明,不添加表面活性剂,利用降温重结晶制备的HATO样品其粒度最大(d50=196.5μm)且晶体表面光滑、形状规则,表现出最高的分解温度及较低的机械感度,其分解峰温为249.1℃,撞击感度、摩擦感度分别为8%、20%。     

1,1'-二甲基-5,5'-偶氮四唑一水合物和2,2'-二甲基-5,5'-偶氮四唑的热安全性

借助不同加热速率(β)的非等温DSC曲线离开基线的初始温度(To)、onset温度(Te)和峰顶温度(Tp),采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得热分解反应表观活化能(Ek和Eo)和指前因子(AK),Hu-Zhao-Gao方程求得beO(or pO),Zhao-Hu-Gao方程求得aeo(or pO),微热量法确定的比热容(Cp),以及密度(ρ)、热导率(λ)和分解热(Qd,取爆热之半)数据;根据Zhang-Hu-Xie-Li公式、HuYang-Liang-Xie公式、Hu-Zhao-Gao公式、Zha0-Hu-Gao公式、热力学关系式、Smith方程、Friedman公式、Bruckman-GuilIet公式、Frank-Kamenetskii公式和Wang-Du公式和Yoshida公式,计算了1,1'-二甲基-5,5'-偶氮四唑一水合物(1,1'-DMATZ)和2,2'-二甲基-5,5'-偶氮四唑(2,2'-DMATZ)在β→0时的To、Te和Tp值(Too、Teo和Tpo)、分解反应的活化热力学参量(△G≠、△H≠、△S≠)、热爆炸临界温度(Tbe和Tbp)、绝热至爆时间(tTlad)、撞击感度50%落高(H50)、热点起爆临界温度(Tcr,.hoto-spot)、热爆炸临界环境温度(Tacr)、热安全度(Sd)、热爆炸概率(PTE)、爆炸能力(Ep)和以间二硝基苯为基准的撞击敏感性(Ss).结果表明,(1)1,1'-DMATZ对热是稳定的;(2)1,1'-DMATZ对热的抵抗能力好于2,2'-DMATZ;(3)影响二甲基-偶氮四唑热安全的主要因素是甲基在分子中所处的位置.     

1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐的合成与性能

以二氯乙二肟为原料,经取代反应、环化反应和复分解反应合成了1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐(HATO),总收率为81.7%。研究以未经干燥的二叠氮基乙二肟为中间体,提高了操作的安全性,采用溶解度较大的锂盐为中间体,提高了复分解反应的收率。对HATO的热稳定性、机械感度、形貌和粒度分布进行了研究。结果表明,HATO的热分解峰温为249.14℃(10℃·min-1),放气量为0.3 mL·g-1(100℃,48 h),撞击爆炸概率为16%(10 kg落锤),特性落高为100 cm(5 kg落锤),摩擦爆炸概率为24%(3.92 MPa,90°),粒度为334μm。     

3,3′-双(2-硝胺基-1,3,4-噁二唑-4-基)-5,5′-联-1,2,4-噁二唑及其含能离子盐的合成及性能

以乙二肟为原料,经取代、环化、硝化等五步反应合成了四联环含能化合物3,3'-双(2-硝胺基-1,3,4-噁二唑-4-基)-5,5'-联-1,2,4-噁二唑(BNOBO)。利用BNOBO的酸性,设计、合成了BNOBO的铵盐、肼盐和羟胺盐等三种含能离子盐(5-7)。并采用红外光谱、核磁等进行了结构表征。采用溶剂挥发法培养了BNOBO铵盐的晶体,该晶体属于单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数为a=1 2.7490(8) nm,b=9.5957(7) nm,c=18.5965(12) nm,V=2272.1 (3) nm~3,Z=4。利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重(TG)等热分析方法研究了BNOBO及其三种离子盐的热性能,基于密度仪获得的实测密度,运用EXPLO5 v6.02软件计算了目标化合物的爆轰性能,并利用BAM感度仪测试了撞击和摩擦感度。研究结果表明,所得化合物中BNOBO的热分解温度最高为21℃,其密度最高为1.90 g·cm~(-3)、BNOBO的计算爆速和爆压分别达到8789 m·s~(-1)和32.7 GPa,离子盐5的撞击感度大于20J,摩擦感度为220 N。     

4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑含能离子化合物的合成、晶体结构及性能

以3,5-二硝基-4-溴吡唑(1)为底物,经水解与中和反应合成了4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑(H-DNOP,2),并利用其酸性,设计、合成了DNOP的三种离子型含能化合物(3～5).采用核磁、红外、X射线单晶衍射等手段对化合物3～5的结构进行表征;利用差示扫描量热仪-热重联用研究了化合物3～5的三种离子盐的热性能,其中肼盐(3)的热分解温度最高为210.3℃.采用BAM测试方法测试了撞击感度和摩擦感度,并基于等键方程和Kamlet-Jacobs方程预测了其能量参数.结果表明,三种含能化合物的实测感度较低,撞击感度均为36 J,摩擦感度均为360 N,比三硝基甲苯(TNT)(撞击感度为15 J,摩擦感度为353 N)和黑索今(RDX)(撞击感度为7.4 J,摩擦感度为120 N)钝感;三种化合物理论爆速为7758～8288 m·s-1,爆压为26.06～29.96 GPa.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.     

An Experimental Study on Electro Chemical Machining of Microelectrode

Puts forward a new method in machining microelectrode by electro chemical machining （ECM） and plastic deformed theory. The procedure of this method is to machine the microelectrode according to the basic rule of ECM theory at first. Then, with the change of ECM machining parameters, one of the microelectrode ends is exerted by a load. As a result, the elastic and plastic deformation is produced at the machining section and the microelectrode diameter is reduced. It has been proved that the proposed method can determine the optimum machining parameters to machine the microelectrode of Cu.     

Unscented Kalman Filter for Autonomous Warship Attitude Determination

To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on unscented Kalman fiher(UKF), and can synchronously provide the attitude rate information. The simulated results show that the measurement precision of the method could be increased by 2 times compared to that of the common methods.     

Error Coefficient Estimation of Inertial Platformin Its Calibration

The error coefficient estimation of inertial platform in the course of its consecutive ground calibration is studiedA separate-bias algorithm is adopted to estimate the error parameters effectively. The ill-conditioning problem of the equation solution caused by the huge state dimension is also resolved. And the simulation result shows its validity.