Q460C钢的连续冷却转变曲线

研究了Q460C钢连续冷却过程中奥氏体转变过程以及转变产物的组织变化,为制定生产工艺提供参考依据。由Q460C钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT图)和不同冷却速率的显微组织可知,当冷却速率较低时,形成粗大的块状铁素体和珠光体;当冷却速率大于3℃/s时出现贝氏体,形态似针状铁素体,其形成温度在450~600℃;当冷却速率大于15℃/s时,发生马氏体转变,马氏体的转变点约为350℃。     

一种汽车用微合金非调质钢的连续冷却转变

测定了一种汽车用微合金非调质钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线,研究了冷却速率对相变组织及显微硬度的影响。结果表明：试验钢的临界点A_c3为838℃,A_c1为732℃;当冷却速率小于0.2℃/s时,试验钢的连续冷却转变产物为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体;当冷却速率为0.2℃/s时,转变产物中出现马氏体;当冷却速率为5℃/s时,铁素体、珠光体消失,转变产物为贝氏体和马氏体;随着冷却速率的增大,马氏体含量逐渐增多,贝氏体含量逐渐减少,甚至完全消失;当冷却速率增大至20℃/s时,转变产物均为马氏体;随着冷却速率的增大,试验钢的显微硬度呈先快速增长,后增长速率变缓的趋势。     

热轧钛微合金化TRIP钢的组织与性能研究

对钛微合金化TRIP钢进行连续冷却转变曲线的测定,分析轧制与冷却工艺对其组织与性能的影响。结果表明:实验钢的奥氏体/铁素体、奥氏体/马氏体相变点分别在500~650℃和450℃左右;组织由铁素体/贝氏体及少量残余奥氏体组成;随着终轧温度的升高,实验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度有所降低;随着空冷结束温度的降低,实验钢的屈服强度降低;当终轧温度和空冷结束温度分别为796℃和722℃时,实验钢的屈服强度,抗拉强度和强塑积分别为661,888MPa和25042MPa·%,其对应组织为细小的铁素体及板条贝氏体,铁素体基体上存在大量细小的析出物。     

Mn含量对含铝中锰钢相变温度和显微组织的影响

基于Thermo-Calc热力学模拟设计，结合扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)及透射(TEM)技术，分析Mn含量对Fe-xMn-3.4Al-0.34C(x=4～8)实验钢相变温度、物相分布和微观组织的影响。结果表明：随着Mn的质量分数从4%增至8%,奥氏体开始转变温度(A_e1)从703.7℃持续降至501.2℃,奥氏体完全转变温度(A_e3)从1005.6℃近似线性地降至863.0℃;随着Mn含量增加，残余奥氏体由不可探测逐渐增加至12.6%;显微组织从渗碳体(θ)+高温铁素体(δ)双相逐渐转变为高温铁素体(δ)+马氏体(α′)+残余奥氏体(γ),残余奥氏体分布于δ铁素体边界处和马氏体板条中。     

含δ铁素体Mn-Al系TRIP钢冷轧退火过程的组织性能

研究了临界区退火温度和退火时间对含δ铁素体的Mn-Al系冷轧TRIP钢(Fe-0.18C-6.4Mn-2.8Al)的组织和性能演变行为的影响。结果表明,随着临界区退火温度的提高和退火时间的延长,实验钢的残余奥氏体(RA)含量和强塑积呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在750℃退火2 min实验钢的组织由δ铁素体、临界区铁素体及残余奥氏体组成,其RA含量为24.7%,抗拉强度为773 MPa,断后延伸率39.4%,强塑积为30.46 GPa·%。RA主要集中在粗大δ铁素体与原马氏体边界、原马氏体区域内再结晶铁素体晶界周围以及粗大δ铁素体内的亚晶界附近。     

Q345钢奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线(CCT图)

研究了Q345钢连续冷却过程中奥氏体转变过程及转变产物的组织和性能,为制定生产工艺提供参考依据.利用膨胀法结合金相-硬度法,得到不同冷却速度连续冷却时的膨胀曲线和相应的金相组织及硬度,用DTA法及膨胀法测定其临界点Ac1、Ac3以及Ms,获得了Q345钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT图).由CCT图和不同冷却速度的显微组织照片可知,当冷却速度比较低时,形成较粗大的块状铁素体和珠光体,当冷却速度大于0.5℃/s时出现贝氏体,形态似针状铁素体,其形成温度在450~600℃左右,当冷却速度大于20℃/s时,发生马氏体转变,马氏体转变点约为400℃.     

高强贝氏体基体钒微合金化TRIP钢的性能

对一种钒微合金化TRIP钢进行冷轧连续退火,研究了钢的组织特征和力学性能。结果表明,贝氏体基TRIP钢的组织由贝氏体/马氏体和少量的残余奥氏体组成。随着贝氏体区等温时间的延长,钢的抗拉强度下降,屈服强度和延伸率提高。残余奥氏体由块状向薄膜状转变,体积分数增加,薄膜状残余奥氏体主要分布在贝氏体板条间,厚度为50-90 nm。在400℃等温180 s连续退火钢板呈现出相对低抗拉强度(960 MPa)、高屈服强度(765 MPa)和高延伸率(22.0%)的特性,而且加工硬化指数(0.20)、各向异性指数(0.94)和强塑积(21120 MPa.%)也较为优良。     

T91铁素体耐热钢过冷奥氏体转变过程中临界冷却速度的研究

利用DIL805A/D高精度差分膨胀仪,通过线膨胀行为测量与微观组织分析,获得T91铁素体耐热钢连续冷却转变过程中相关动力学信息,结合冷却后T91钢组织特征,确定了T91钢过冷奥氏体转变过程中的临界冷却速度.研究表明:T91钢过冷奥氏体连续冷却过程中只存在铁素体和马氏体转变区,而不出现贝氏体和珠光体转变.在冷却速度为10K/min时该钢获得完全板条马氏体组织,9K/min时组织中开始出现铁素体,即10K/min可以定为T91钢奥氏体向马氏体转变的上临界冷却速度;当冷却速度介于3～9K/min时为马氏体和铁素体的混合组织,冷却速度为2K/min时T91钢中不存在马氏体转变,室温组织为铁素体,即2K/min可以定为T91钢奥氏体向马氏体转变的下临界冷却速度.     

DP1180汽车用双相钢连续冷却转变过程中的相变规律

为研究DP1180汽车用双相钢连续冷却转变过程中的相变特性,对不同冷却速率下的DP1180双相钢试样进行了金相检验及显微硬度测试,绘制了该双相钢的连续冷却转变曲线,并分析了DP1180钢在连续冷却过程中的相变规律。结果表明:对于DP1180汽车用双相钢,其连续冷却转变曲线分为铁素体转变区、贝氏体转变区和马氏体转变区。当冷却速率小于0.5℃·s~(-1)时,主要发生铁素体-贝氏体转变;当冷却速率增大到1℃·s~(-1)时,显微组织中出现马氏体;随冷却速率逐渐增大,铁素体不断减少,当冷却速率达到10℃·s~(-1)时,组织变为马氏体+贝氏体;当冷却速率大于40℃·s~(-1)时,组织主要为马氏体。     

预奥氏体化对中Mn TRIP钢组织及力学性能的影响

为了提高钢的综合力学性能,用盐浴法对中Mn TRIP钢进行了热处理.采用SEM、TEM、XRD和拉伸测试研究了预奥氏体化处理对中Mn TRIP钢显微组织及力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:全马氏体冷轧态组织经两相区退火处理后,会析出大量渗碳体颗粒,随着退火时间延长,渗碳体颗粒逐渐溶解,马氏体组织逐渐转变为奥氏体和铁素体双相片层状组织;而在两相区退火处理前添加两相区预奥氏体化处理后,渗碳体析出被有效抑制,双相片层组织迅速形成;相比于常规两相区退火处理,预奥氏体化处理能够提高组织中残余奥氏体体积分数和综合力学性能.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.