立方氮化硼晶体生长与三大基材的关系

1引言cBN没有天然的。R．H．Wentorf 1957年第一次在高压高温下，以类石墨的六角氮化硼（hBN）为原料，在碱金属的参与下生长出了cBNt。纯净的cBN应该是无色的，可是，用人工生长出来的cBN晶体却往往是有颜色的，是因为在cBN晶体中有不同的杂质存在的缘故。     

立方氮化硼薄膜的制备与表征

在对国内外立方氮化硼薄膜的制备工艺及其表征方法进行了综述的基础上，分析了立方氮化硼膜制备中存在的问题，即薄膜的内应力高，结合强度低，沉积温度高，沉积速率低，沉积速率低，以及cBN中SP^3键含量不稳定。并提出了今后的研究方向：①cBN膜成核生长机理问题；②低温下大面积、高速生长的异质外延和定向生长问题；③膜基结合问题；④发展新的成膜技术，寻求无毒无污染的反应材料；⑤开发cBN膜的应用。     

立方氮化硼的颜色与其内部杂质的关系

颜色是立方氮化硼众多特性中的一个最为直观的特性。cBN晶体的颜色与其所含杂质种类、数量有关。而杂质可来源于触媒或添加剂，也可来自于hBN与生长环境，以及晶体的生长速度。具体到某一cBN晶体颜色产生的原因必须进行具体情况具体分析。     

用Ca3N2和Mg3N2合成cBN

分别以Ca3N2和Mg3N2作触媒进行cBN合成实验,对比了这两种触媒合成cBN的温度压力范围的差异,对得到的cBN晶体的形态、颜色和粒度分布等性质作了检测比较。实验结果表明,在Ca3N2-hBN系统中合成cBN的温度和压力条件较低,cBN稳定生长的温度压力范围也较宽（4．5～5．5GPa,1100～1450℃）,实验的重复率较高,但得到的cBN晶体杂质较多,晶形不好。在Ca3N2-hBN系统中合成cBN所需的温度和压力条件较高,cBN稳定生长的温度压力范围与Ca3N2-hBN系统相比也很窄（5～5．5GPa,1400～1600℃）。Ca3N2作触媒得到的cBN晶体粒度偏细、晶形完整率高,抗压强度高于用Mg3N2合成得到的cBN晶体。用这两种触媒合成cBN时,添加剂（Li、Mg、Ca等具有触媒性质的物质与B、N、H等的化合物）的加入对合成结果有很大的影响,无添加剂存在时,两种触媒合成的试样中,cBN的转化率都很低,晶体的粒度很小;加入添加剂后,随添加剂加入比例的改变,cBN的转化率、粒度和颜色都有很大的变化,添加剂占实验样品重量百分比为0～4％时,cBN晶体转化率逐渐提高,晶体粒度逐渐增大,晶体颜色变深,当添加剂的重量百分比加大至5％～8％时,出现部分深棕色至黑色的cBN晶体,合成实验重复率降低。     

熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程磁铁矿晶体析出长大行为研究

镍渣中铁元素的高效提取一直是镍渣高效高值化再利用关注的热点。本文利用Factsage软件对熔融氧化镍渣中磁铁矿晶体的形成及优先选择性析出行为进行预测,然后采用高温激光共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)对熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程中磁铁矿晶体的析出长大进行原位观察,对比研究了5~50 ℃/min冷却速率下磁铁矿晶体的生长过程,通过SEM-EDS、XRD、ICP手段对观察样品的形貌、物相和成分进行表征。结果表明,熔融氧化镍渣连续冷却过程磁铁矿晶体会从熔体中优先选择性析出,初始析出温度在1430~1450 ℃之间。较低的冷却速率(5~15 ℃/min)下,晶体初始形核析出较慢,晶粒在1200~1400 ℃稳定生长,平均生长速率可达0.141 μm/s,最终晶粒尺寸超过100 μm;较高的冷却速率(25~50 ℃/min)可以促使磁铁矿晶体在生长初期迅速形核并析出,但稳定生长速率较小,最终晶粒尺寸在20~30 μm范围。     

cBN微粒粒径及含量对Ni-cBN复合镀层结构及高温耐磨性的影响

目的 探究立方氮化硼cBN微粒粒径及含量对复合电沉积的影响,提升Ni-cBN复合镀层的高温耐磨性.方法 在镀液中添加不同粒径(～0.5、3.0、10μm)及不同含量的cBN颗粒制备Ni-cBN复合镀层,采用溶解称重法测试镀层复合量,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计和高温球盘磨损试验等评价不同复合镀层的微观结构、硬度及高温耐磨性.结果 cBN微粒粒径为0.5μm时,颗粒易发生轻微团聚,复合量难以大幅度提高;选择3.0μm和10μm的cBN颗粒,一定程度上利于提高复合量.整体上说,复合量越高、微粒粒径越大,复合镀层的平均硬度越高.但在相近复合量下,3.0μm颗粒复合的镀层颗粒分布均匀性更佳.相比于纯Ni层,Ni-cBN复合镀层中弥散分布的cBN颗粒,提高了镀层硬度,改善了镀层的耐磨性.对于不同粒径的颗粒,小颗粒(～0.5μm)复合的镀层的摩擦系数略低,但粘着磨损较为严重;大颗粒(～10μm)复合的镀层的粗糙度较高,以磨粒磨损为主.结论 镀液中cBN微粒的粒径及含量直接影响镀层复合量及耐磨性.选择粒径为3.0μm的cBN颗粒、控制cBN复合量为40.5％时,Ni-cBN复合镀层的显微硬度>600HV,且高温耐磨性更佳.     

纤锌氮化硼（wBN）的动态高压合成

利用爆炸冲击技术，人们已发现在12GPa以上，六方氮化硼（hBN）向纤锌矿型氮化硼（wBN）转化，而菱面体氮化硼（rBN）则是在40—150GPa的压力范围内向cBN转化。对于上述两种转化过程，转化前后的晶体结构间存在着直接的对应关系，可用无扩散相变来解释。根据晶体结构之间的对应关系，认为，hBN向wBN转化其晶体结构无须发生切变；而向cBN转化其晶体的切变是必不可少的，这种相变主要依靠高压下位错运动而产生。     

高温高压合成毫米级立方氮化硼的研究

采用多元复合触媒,在高温(1300~1600℃)、高压(6~7GPa)条件下,合成了毫米级立方氮化硼,使用SEM对其形貌进行观察。试验结果表明:通过晶体自发成核,可以重复实现不同颜色的毫米级立方氮化硼的合成,且合成的晶体完整,表面光洁。     

新型组装方式烧结纯PcBN材料

为降低合成纯PcBN的温度和压力条件,改进合成腔体内的组装方式:使用横截面积更小的高导电型石墨管,采用双加热管设计和填充大尺寸的白云石.采用新型组装方式,在高温超高压条件下用粒度尺寸为10μm的cBN的微粉合成出纯聚晶立方氮化硼(PcBN)烧结体.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对烧结体的微观形貌和...     

准八面体CBN单晶的合成研究

通过对原料、触媒及合成工艺的研究，采用国产DS-029B型六面顶压机在4．2—5．3GPa，1350。1470℃的范围内，从hBN-单质触媒体系中合成出近乎完美的黑色八面体和截角八面体立方氮化硼单晶体。确定了该种形态的CBN晶体的生长区域。CBN晶体的尺寸在100—400μm，峰值粒度为125—150μm。对所得的晶体进行考察，发现这种CBN晶体结晶形貌发育比较完整、棱角尖锐、晶粒饱满，并且有较高的抗压强度。上述结果表明所用的单质触媒具有使CBN晶体均匀生长的能力，是一种合成CBN晶体的有效触媒，该种CBN晶体具有较好的破碎强度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.