一种基于非线性偏最小二乘的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测方法北大核心CSCD

风电机组状态监测是提升机组运行水平和经济效益的重要手段。文章提出了一种基于非线性偏最小二乘(PLS)的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测方法,利用数据采集与监控系统(SCADA)数据对齿轮箱油温进行建模和监测。首先,基于无监督聚类对SCADA数据进行预处理,利用相关性分析选取与齿轮箱油温相关的输入变量;然后,构建用于表征非线性关系的输入变量,建立正常运行工况下齿轮箱油温的非线性PLS模型;最后,根据模型输出结果与齿轮箱油温的残差分布,设置合理阈值,用于齿轮箱状态监测。应用该模型对某大型风电机组齿轮箱进行状态监测。监测结果表明,相比于BP神经网络模型,该模型具有更高的拟合优度和预测精度。     

基于长短时记忆网络融合SCADA数据的风电齿轮箱状态监测

针对不具有时间记忆能力的机器学习方法融合风电机组数据采集与监控系统(SCADA)的时序数据而导致风电齿轮箱状态预测精度不高的问题,提出基于长短时记忆(LSTM)网络融合SCADA数据的风电齿轮箱状态预测模型。选择能表征风电齿轮箱运行状态的某个监测量作为模型的输出量,基于灰色关联度选择与该监测量关联密切的SCADA参数作为预测模型的输入量;使用正常状态下的SCADA数据训练LSTM预测模型,得出预测值和残差,通过3σ准则计算出上下预警阈值,用于风电齿轮箱状态监测和故障预警。某风电场风电齿轮箱的SCADA数据验证表明所提出的方法能有效预警风电齿轮箱故障。     

基于工况辨识的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测

针对大型风电机组复杂多变的运行工况,采用单一固定阈值来评价风电机组运行状态误报警率高的问题,采用标准模糊C均值聚类进行运行工况识别;在各个子工况空间下,利用非线性状态估计方法建立齿轮箱正常工作状态下温度模型进行轴承温度估计;采用滑动窗口残差统计方法对残差进行分析,建立残差均值报警阈值。最后以某风电机组SCADA(数据采集与监视控制系统)数据进行应用研究。结果表明:基于工况辨识的模型可以准确估计齿轮箱温度并能够降低误报警率,可以实时在线监测齿轮箱运行状态。     

基于卷积神经网络的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测方法

为了实现对风电机组齿轮箱的状态监测,文章提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测方法。首先,提取风电机组数据采集与监视控制(SCADA)数据和振动信号作为参数,组成齿轮箱状态矩阵。其次,建立了一种卷积神经网络模型,该模型针对输入数据设计了特定结构和池化层规则,提高了计算效率,能够从齿轮箱状态信息中提取特征并判断其状态。最后,利用实际运行的风电机组数据对卷积神经网络模型进行了训练和验证,最终取得了96.3%的识别精度。同时,将该模型应用于对同一风场其他机组的状态监测,结果验证了卷积神经网络模型对齿轮箱状态监测的有效性。     

基于IPSO-BP的风电机组齿轮箱状态监测研究

将改进粒子群算法(IPSO)与BP神经网络相结合,建立齿轮箱正常工作状态下的温度模型并用其进行温度预测。通过合理地选择训练样本,使IPSO-BP模型覆盖齿轮箱的正常工作空间。当齿轮箱工作异常时,其动态特性偏离正常工作空间,导致IPSO-BP网络温度模型预测残差的分布特性发生变化。采用滑动窗口方法实时计算残差的统计分布特性,当残差的均值或标准差超过预先设定的阈值时,发出报警信息,提示运行人员检查设备状态。     

基于SCADA数据特征提取的风电机组偏航齿轮箱故障诊断方法研究

针对风力发电机组偏航系统故障处理难度大和危害严重等问题,开发出基于数据采集与监视控制(SCADA)数据的偏航齿轮箱神经网络诊断模型.利用ReliefF算法和核密度-均值法提取能反映出偏航齿轮箱运行工况的7个SCADA参数,并提取出6种故障特征指标作为神经网络诊断模型输入量,来诊断偏航齿轮箱的正常状态、磨损故障以及断齿故...     

基于IPSO神经网络的风电机组主轴状态监测

风电机组主轴是叶轮和齿轮箱的连接部分,在机组传动链中具有传递转矩和能量的作用,因此对主轴进行状态监测关系到风电机组的稳定性。将改进粒子群算法(IPSO)与BP神经网络相结合构造主轴温度模型并进行预测。当主轴发生故障时,模型输入的观测向量发生异常变化,导致模型预测残差发生改变。为提高主轴异常预警的灵敏度和可靠性,文中采用基于莱依特准则的双滑动窗口对预测残差序列进行实时的统计分析,如果残差均值或标准差超出设定的故障报警阈值时,发出报警信息。     

基于工况细化条件下数据统计分析的风电机组齿轮箱油温故障预警方法

文章针对风电机组齿轮箱油温劣化特征识别问题,提出了一种基于工况细化的异常变化检测和故障早期预警方法。该方法根据风机叶轮转速将机组运行数据进行细化分仓,在每个叶轮转速仓中建立基于概率统计分析的齿轮箱油温正常行为模型并设定其温度分布和温升变化的异常阈值;然后对现场机组齿轮箱油温变化进行监测,利用时序滑动窗口的评估方式实现风机齿轮箱油温故障预警。     

基于轴承温度的风机齿轮箱故障预警研究

齿轮箱轴承作为能量传递的关键部件,对风机状态评估具有重要意义。文章针对齿轮箱故障,提出了基于改进的粒子群算法(APSO)优化的BP神经网络齿轮箱轴承温度预测模型。首先,基于主成分分析法,选取SCADA系统中影响齿轮箱轴承温度的参数,建立正常状态下的齿轮箱轴承温度预测模型,通过对轴承温度残差值进行分析,得出风机故障告警和报警阈值,从而实现对齿轮箱故障的有效预警;最后,利用华北某风电场的数据进行实验仿真,对比分析粒子群(PSO)优化的BP神经网络预测模型和传统BP神经网络预测模型。结果表明,提出的预测方法拥有精度高、收敛速度快等优点。     

基于改进人工蜂群算法的Elman神经网络风机故障诊断

在风机齿轮箱故障诊断过程中,针对由于故障数据稀疏导致模型建立困难的问题,提出一种使用改进人工蜂群算法(IABC)优化Elman神经网络的故障诊断模型。该模型通过建立齿轮箱正常状态下的温度模型,采用残差分析,得到齿轮箱的故障状态,降低了建立模型的复杂度。采用IABC对Elman神经网络的相关参数进行优化,解决了Elman网络收敛速率慢、易陷入局部最优的问题。在IABC算法中,观察蜂阶段采用动态搜索策略,实现搜索能力和开发能力的平衡;在侦查蜂阶段,通过引入混沌变量扰动,增大种群多样性,进而达到全局最优。通过华北某风电场历史数据进行实验,结果表明,IABC与Elman神经网络的结合可对风机齿轮箱故障状态进行识别,且诊断正确率较高,可应用于实际故障诊断。     

An artificial neural network‐based condition monitoring method for wind turbines,with application to the monitoring of the gearbox

Major failures in wind turbines are expensive to repair and cause loss of revenue due to long downtime. Condition‐based maintenance, which provides a possibility to reduce maintenance cost, has been made possible because of the successful application of various condition monitoring systems in wind turbines. New methods to improve the condition monitoring system are continuously being developed. Monitoring based on data stored in the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system in wind turbines has received attention recently. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proved to be a powerful tool for SCADA‐based condition monitoring applications. This paper first gives an overview of the most important publications that discuss the application of ANN for condition monitoring in wind turbines. The knowledge from these publications is utilized and developed further with a focus on two areas: the data preprocessing and the data post‐processing. Methods for filtering of data are presented, which ensure that the ANN models are trained on the data representing the true normal operating conditions of the wind turbine. A method to overcome the errors from the ANN models due to discontinuity in SCADA data is presented. Furthermore, a method utilizing the Mahalanobis distance is presented, which improves the anomaly detection by considering the correlation between ANN model errors and the operating condition. Finally, the proposed method is applied to case studies with failures in wind turbine gearboxes. The results of the application illustrate the advantages and limitations of the proposed method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于深度卷积自编码器的风电机组故障预警方法研究

通过风电机组状态监测进行故障预警,可防止故障进一步发展,降低风场运维成本。为充分挖掘风电机组监控与数据采集（SCADA）各状态参数时序信息,以及不同参数之间的非线性关系,该文将深度学习中自动编码器（AE）与卷积神经网络（CNN）相结合,提出基于深度卷积自编码（DCAE）的风电机组状态监测故障预警方法。首先基于历史SCADA数据离线建立基于DCAE的机组正常运行状态模型,然后分析重构误差确定告警阈值,使用EMWA控制图对实时对机组状态监测并进行故障预警。以北方某风电场2 MW双馈型风电机组叶片故障为实例进行实验分析,结果表明该文提出DCAE状态监测故障预警方法,可有效对机组故障提前预警,且优于现有基于深度学习的风电机组故障预警方法,可显著提升重构精度、减少模型参数和训练时间。     

基于机器学习算法与SCADA系统的风电机组变桨系统变频器的故障预警方法研究

变桨系统是风电机组的关键设备,但由于风电机组长期处于复杂的工作环境,导致变桨系统故障成为风电机组故障中最常见的故障之一,而变桨系统变频器故障在变桨系统故障中的占比很高。基于此,提出了一种变桨系统变频器的故障预警方案,分析SCAdA系统数据,将机器学习算法应用于故障预警,并将模型温度残差作为故障预警的指标;然后,针对随机因素干扰模型温度残差的问题,提出采用滑动时间窗残差估计方法分析预警模型的温度残差趋势,依此判断变浆系统变频器的状态,进而评估变桨系统的运行状态;最后,以新疆维吾尔自治区某风电场的运行数据为例,对提出的变桨系统变频器的故障预警方法进行了验证,结果表明,在所建立的模型及滑动时间窗残差估计方法的基础上能及时对变浆系统变频器的潜在故障做出预警,验证了该方案的可行性和有效性。     

Nonlinear system identification for model-based condition monitoring of wind turbines

This paper proposes a data driven model-based condition monitoring scheme that is applied to wind turbines. The scheme is based upon a non-linear data-based modelling approach in which the model parameters vary as functions of the system variables. The model structure and parameters are identified directly from the input and output data of the process. The proposed method is demonstrated with data obtained from a simulation of a grid-connected wind turbine where it is used to detect grid and power electronic faults. The method is evaluated further with SCADA data obtained from an operational wind farm where it is employed to identify gearbox and generator faults. In contrast to artificial intelligence methods, such as artificial neural network-based models, the method employed in this paper provides a parametrically efficient representation of non-linear processes. Consequently, it is relatively straightforward to implement the proposed model-based method on-line using a field-programmable gate array.     

基于功率预测的风力机健康状态监测

随着风力发电的广泛应用,对风力机健康状态进行准确监测的重要性日益凸显,为此提出了一种基于风力机功率预测的健康状态监测方法,即结合多项式模型和自回归模型特点,考虑风速与风力机输出功率之间的相关性和滞后性,利用改进非线性自回归模型对某风场风力机输出功率进行预测,并将预测结果与传统灰色模型、BP神经网络模型预测结果进行对比,计算与实测数据之间的误差。最后,选取功率预测系数中变化较为稳定的系数项作为观测系数,通过标准残差法确定异常观测系数反推风力机健康状态。分析结果表明,改进非线性自回归模型预测值与实测数据较为接近,趋势较为吻合。相比于传统灰色模型、BP神经网络模型,改进非线性自回归模型预测误差较小,精度较高。可见通过分析功率预测系数变化能够及时发现风力机健康状态变化,为故障发现提供参考。     

Deep learning for automated drivetrain fault detection

A novel data‐driven deep‐learning system for large‐scale wind turbine drivetrain monitoring applications is presented. It uses convolutional neural network processing on complex vibration signal inputs. The system is demonstrated to learn successfully from the actions of human diagnostic experts and provide early and robust fault detection on both rotor bearing, planetary and helical stage gear box bearings from analysis of multisensor vibration patterns using only a high‐level feature selection. On the basis of data from 251 actual wind turbine bearing failures, we are able to accurately quantify the fleet‐wide diagnostic model performance. The analysis also explores the time dependence of the diagnostic performance, providing a detailed view of the timeliness and accuracy of the diagnostic outputs across the different architectures. Deep architectures are shown to outperform the human analyst as well as shallow‐learning architectures, and the results demonstrate that when applied in a large‐scale monitoring system, machine intelligence is now able to handle some of the most challenging diagnostic tasks related to wind turbines.     

基于随机组合赋权模糊评价的风电机组健康状态评估

由于健康指标权重随机性会导致风电机组状态评估灵敏度降低,提出一种评估风电机组健康状态的随机组合赋权模糊评价方法。首先,通过相关性、方差、偏度等多角度分析风电场采集与监视控制系统（SCADA）数据,结合IEC61400-1标准建立机组健康状态评估指标架构,并基于随机因子优化组合权重得到赋权公式,提高评估指标层权重的准确性。其次,为充分覆盖评估指标数据劣化度,基于岭型分布函数建立健康指标劣化隶属度计算函数。结合随机组合权重和隶属度函数,构建风电机组健康状态模糊综合评价数学模型。通过分层评估风电机组健康状态指标架构,得到机组健康等级并实现故障预警。最后,对大连驼山风电场多台机组进行评估试验,结果表明：该文方法能准确评估出风电机组健康状态等级,相比组合赋权云模型方法,灵敏度提高了1.85%。     

基于WD-LSTM的风电机组叶片结冰状态评测

为有效识别叶片结冰状态,尽早采取除冰措施,提出基于小波去噪的长短期记忆神经网络（WD-LSTM）的评测方法。首先基于过采样与欠采样相结合的方法解决SCADA系统数据中的类别不平衡问题,通过对叶片结冰相关的26项指标进行分析,并从结冰机理和数据探索的角度筛选特征量,小波去噪处理后建立WD-LSTM模型,进一步完成模型的训练和测试。分别以15号和21号风电机组为例进行模型验证,通过与LSTM、概率神经网络（PNN）模型和BP神经网络模型进行对比。结果表明,WD-LSTM方法在风电机组叶片结冰评测中的准确率可达98%,优于其他方法。     

Wind turbine condition monitoring based on three fitted performance curves

Based on SCADA data, this study aims at fitting three performance curves (PCs), power curve, pitch angle curve, and rotor speed curve, to accurately describe the normal behaviour of a wind turbine (WT) for performance monitoring and identification of anomalous signals. The fitting accuracy can be undesirably affected by erroneous SCADA data. Hence, outliers generated from raw SCADA data should be removed to mitigate the prediction inaccuracy, so various outlier detection (OD) approaches are compared in terms of area under the curve (AUC) and mean average precision (mAP). Among them, a novel unsupervised SVM-KNN model, integrated by support vector machine (SVM) and k nearest neighbour (KNN), is the optimum detector for PC refinements. Based on the refined data by the SVM-KNN detector, several common nonparametric regressors have largely improved their prediction accuracies on pitch angle and rotor speed curves from roughly 86% and 90.6%, respectively, (raw data) to both 99% (refined data). Noticeably, under the SVM-KNN refinement, the errors have been reduced by roughly five times and 10 times for pitch angle and rotor speed predictions, respectively. Ultimately, bootstrapped prediction interval is applied to conduct the uncertainty analysis of the optimal predictive regression model, reinforcing the performance monitoring and anomaly detection.