计及无功资源调配成本的风电场优化技术

文章提出了一种计及无功资源调配成本的风电场无功优化方法,实现了风电场在不同运行工况下的无功优化配置。该方法以风电场无功调配成本和网损组成的综合成本最小为目标函数,考虑风电功率波动对系统电压的影响,建立基于机会约束规划的风电场无功优化模型,采用改进内点法进行求解。所提方法通过设置无功成本系数,使风电场能够按实际运行需求调用静止无功发生器、储能设备和风机的无功,并优化风电场网损。通过在电压约束条件中预留电压安全裕度防止系统电压发生越限。在某实际风电场中验证了所提方法的可行性和优越性。     

考虑调压裕度的风电场无功电压控制策略北大核心CSCD

针对风电场并网带来的电压稳定问题,文章提出了考虑调压裕度的无功电压控制策略。采用分层控制技术,首先通过无功整定层计算风电场无功输出参考值;其次在无功分配层考虑无功补偿装置与风电机组自身的调压裕度,选择相应的无功补偿方法,优先选用风电场配置的无功补偿装置进行无功调节。若补偿装置无法满足电压稳定要求,则根据各风电机组的运行状态,将无功补偿值按照无功容量比例算法进行分配,风电机组的网侧变流器采用自适应下垂控制以实现最大无功容量补偿。若无功缺额依然存在,需要对风电机组进行减载控制以实现对电网电压的无功支撑;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台对所提策略的有效性进行了验证。     

基于风电机组无功响应速度的风电场闪变研究

针对风电机组无功响应速度对风电场并网点电压闪变的影响,从风力发电机组特性出发,基于DIg SILENT建立了含风电机组的电网仿真模型,研究风速波动时风机无功响应速度对风电场并网点电压波动与闪变的影响。算例结果表明:风电机组无功响应速度对并网点电压闪变的影响程度与系统短路容量密切相关,加快风电机组无功响应速度能有效抑制风电场并网点的电压闪变。     

考虑双馈电机极限场景出力下无功调节能力的电压分区

考虑到风电场运行在极限场景时双馈感应机组无功调节能力不足可能会导致分区内无功不平衡,提出了考虑双馈电机极限场景出力下无功调节能力的电压分区模型,即以考虑风电功率概率特征的电气距离期望矩阵为依据,以模块度为优化目标,在约束条件中加入满足双馈电机极限场景出力下分区内无功平衡能力约束,消除风电波动性对分区影响的同时求取最优的分区结果。此外,在采用静态无功储备裕度、电源控制力、区域耦合度指标的同时,新提出极限场景无功储备指标,从考虑风机常规出力和极限场景出力两个角度评价了分区结果。最后采用改进粒子群算法对所建模型求解,克服了分区数及聚类中心人为指定具有主观性的问题,并通过对IEEE33节点系统仿真,验证了方案的有效性。     

基于最小网损的风电场无功优化分配策略

针对含双馈式风电机组的风电场接入系统维持接入点电压稳定性问题,通过分析通辽某风电场的实测数据,分析其无功补偿特点,提出了基于有功最小的无功优化分配策略;构建了以风力发电机、箱式变压器和集电线路有功损耗最小的无功优化分配目标函数,利用等微增率法对其求解;在考虑风电场有功损耗的前提下,充分利用双馈式风电机组无功调节能力,制定了该风电场无功分配方案。仿真结果表明该策略的可行性,对风电系统的经济运行具有一定的参考价值。     

基于最优滚动控制域的储能控制策略

针对风电场预测功率与实际功率不匹配以及风力发电不确定性问题,提出一种以补偿风电预测误差和平抑风电波动为目标的储能控制策略。该策略以先进控制理论为基础,结合储能补偿预测区间和储能平抑风电波动区间,提取考虑储能运行成本的储能最优滚动控制域。首先,针对储能补偿预测误差目标,制定储能控制策略,提取允许误差内的储能补偿区间;其次,考虑风电功率波动要求及荷电状态（SOC）约束,采用模型预测控制求解出储能滚动控制序列,确定储能平抑区间。最后,考虑储能运行成本,将补偿区间和平抑区间相结合,制定储能最优滚动控制区间,以此为基础确定储能容量。以中国新疆某风电场为例,对该文提出的储能控制策略与传统控制策略进行对比验证,验证所提策略的可行性和有效性。     

南非风电场有功储备模式下的功率滚动平滑控制

以风电场有功和无功功率指令跟踪为控制目标,以风电机组设计极限和机端电压为约束条件,提出有功储备模式下考虑场内电压稳定的风电场功率分配方案,结合超短期风功率预测,实现风电场功率的高精度滚动控制。该文的控制策略成功应用于南非245 MW功率波动,提高场内电压稳定,保障该风电项目顺利通过南非电网公司的现场测试并进入商业化运行。     

考虑多无功源的分散式风电场多时间尺度无功协调控制

分散式风电接网模式可以解决集中式并网限电等问题,但其多点接入、无法集中无功补偿等特点对传统风电场无功控制模式带来挑战。文章针对风电场无功平衡和电压稳定性问题,提出了一种考虑多无功源的分散式风电场多时间尺度无功协调控制策略。首先,提出了考虑网侧和转子侧变流器限制的无功功率控制策略,并在机端并联电容器,增加了无功功率输出能力;其次,针对不同响应时间常数的无功补偿设备,提出多时间尺度协调控制离散补偿设备、静止无功发生器与风电机组的并网点无功补偿策略;最后,实际工程算例证明了所提策略在故障条件下有效提高了分散式风电场无功功率调节能力,减小了并网点电压跌落幅度。     

基于前置分解组合预测方法的风电功率爬坡预测研究

我国高集中大规模的风电并网发展模式,使风电功率的波动性和不确定性对电网稳定造成越来越大的影响。在目前风电功率爬坡研究的基础上,提出了一种结合前置分解的组合预测算法,并建立了组合预测模型。通过对风电功率爬坡事件的特性分析,对其进行了有效地预测。文章以上海市启东风电场的风电功率数据为实例,通过仿真验证了所提出的组合预测算法能有效地进行风电功率爬坡预测,其预测精度比当前的预测算法有所提高。     

电网电压跌落对海上风电系统无功补偿的影响分析

电网电压跌落时海上风电系统无功补偿容量的需求,是确定海上风电系统无功补偿方案的关键。基于海上风电系统的典型拓扑建立了海上风电系统的功率传输模型,在此基础上分析了电网电压跌落时,风电场有功功率、无功功率以及电网电压跌落幅值对海上风电系统的无功补偿容量的影响,以确定海上风电系统无功补偿方案。最后对一个具体的海上风电场进行PSCAD仿真分析,结果表明:电网电压跌落的幅值、电网电压跌落时风电场输出的有功功率和无功功率对海上风电系统的无功补偿容量有着重要的影响,并因此而影响海上风电系统的动态过程控制。     

电网故障条件下风储联合系统无功自适应控制

针对电网三相对称故障条件下风电场电压不稳定的问题,文章提出了一种基于神经元的风储联合系统无功功率自适应控制策略,该策略以风储联合系统公共耦合点(Point of Common Coupling,PCC)的电压和电流为控制器的输入,采用Hebb学习算法作为自适应律,以获得准确的无功补偿。通过动态调整控制器的参数,使储能系统协调风电达到自适应输出无功功率的效果,提高系统在电网故障下的电压稳定性和风电故障穿越能力。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该控制策略的有效性和正确性,与常规PI控制策略相比,文章所提出的控制策略可使风储系统迅速提供无功功率,PCC点的电压得到明显上升。     

Application of energy capacitor system to wind power generation

In this paper, it is reported that energy capacitor system (ECS), which combines power electronic devices and electric double‐layer capacitor, can significantly decrease voltage and power fluctuations of grid‐connected fixed‐speed wind generator. The proper selection of wind farm output power reference is still a problem for smoothing the wind farm output power. This paper proposes exponential moving average to generate the reference output power of a grid‐connected wind farm. The objective of the control system is to follow the line power reference by absorbing or providing real power to or from the ECS. Moreover, the necessary reactive power can also be supplied to keep the wind farm terminal voltage at the desired reference level. Real wind speed data were used in the simulation analyses, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results clearly show that our proposed ECS can be suitable for wind power application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of wind turbine energy and power factor with an evolutionary computation algorithm

An evolutionary computation approach for optimization of power factor and power output of wind turbines is discussed. Data-mining algorithms capture the relationships among the power output, power factor, and controllable and non-controllable variables of a 1.5 MW wind turbine. An evolutionary strategy algorithm solves the data-derived optimization model and determines optimal control settings. Computational experience has demonstrated opportunities to improve the power factor and the power output by optimizing set points of blade pitch angle and generator torque. It is shown that the pitch angle and the generator torque can be controlled to maximize the energy capture from the wind and enhance the quality of the power produced by the wind turbine with a DFIG generator. These improvements are in the presence of reactive power remedies used in modern wind turbines. The concepts proposed in this paper are illustrated with the data collected at an industrial wind farm.     

风电系统的无功功率与电网电压稳定

论述了风电容量在占局部电网相当比例时,风电机组的无功功率调整与电网电压之间的关系,对于定速和变速风电机组的运行特性做了分析,提出了在需要做无功功率调整时风电机组应能满足的特殊要求。     

Output power leveling of wind turbine Generator for all operating regions by pitch angle control

Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce fluctuation, different methods are available to control the pitch angle of blades of windmill. In a previous work, we proposed the pitch angle control using minimum variance control, and output power leveling was achieved. However, it is a controlled output power for only rated wind speed region. This paper presents a control strategy based on average wind speed and standard deviation of wind speed and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive control in all operating regions for a WTG. The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Stochastic reactive power market with volatility of wind power considering voltage security

While wind power generation is growing rapidly around the globe; its stochastic nature affects the system operation in many different aspects. In this paper, the impact of wind power volatility on the reactive power market is taken into account. The paper presents a novel stochastic method for optimal reactive power market clearing considering voltage security and volatile nature of the wind. The proposed optimization algorithm uses a multiobjective nonlinear programming technique to minimize market payment and simultaneously maximize voltage security margin. Considering a set of probable wind speeds, in the first stage, the proposed algorithm seeks to minimize expected system payment which is summation of reactive power payment and transmission loss cost. The object of the second stage is maximization of expected voltage security margin to increase the system loadability and security. Finally, in the last stage, a multiobjective function is presented to schedule the stochastic reactive power market using results of two previous stages. The proposed algorithm is applied to IEEE 14-bus test system. As a benchmark, Monte Carlo Simulation method is utilized to simulate the actual market of given period of time to evaluate results of the proposed algorithm, and satisfactory results are achieved.     

Power optimization of wind turbines with data mining and evolutionary computation

A data-driven approach for maximization of the power produced by wind turbines is presented. The power optimization objective is accomplished by computing optimal control settings of wind turbines using data mining and evolutionary strategy algorithms. Data mining algorithms identify a functional mapping between the power output and controllable and non-controllable variables of a wind turbine. An evolutionary strategy algorithm is applied to determine control settings maximizing the power output of a turbine based on the identified model. Computational studies have demonstrated meaningful opportunities to improve the turbine power output by optimizing blade pitch and yaw angle. It is shown that the pitch angle is an important variable in maximizing energy captured from the wind. Power output can be increased by optimization of the pitch angle. The concepts proposed in this paper are illustrated with industrial wind farm data.     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.     

Two-stage ADMM-based distributed optimal reactive power control method for wind farms considering wake effects

Since the connection of small-scale wind farms to distribution networks, power grid voltage stability has been reduced with increasing wind penetration in recent years, owing to the variable reactive power consumption of wind generators. In this study, a two-stage reactive power optimization method based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm is proposed for achieving optimal reactive power dispatch in wind farm-integrated distribution systems. Unlike existing optimal reactive power control methods, the proposed method enables distributed reactive power flow optimization with a two-stage optimization structure. Furthermore, under the partition concept, the consensus protocol is not needed to solve the optimization problems. In this method, the influence of the wake effect of each wind turbine is also considered in the control design. Simulation results for a mid-voltage distribution system based on MATLAB verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

New management structure of active and reactive power of a large wind farm based on multilevel converter

This paper proposes a system of supervision and operation of a new structure wherein a large wind farm is connected to an electrical grid. The farm is managed in such a manner that it can produce the power needed by the grid system. The supervision algorithm is used to distribute the active and reactive power references to the wind turbines proportionally. Based on the aerodynamic power and wind speed of each turbine, the active and reactive power references are produced individually. By using the vector field oriented control, each doubly fed induction generator is controlled through the rotor, which is connected to the two-level pulse width modulation converter. The close loop control is used to provide a constant DC voltage using a five-level neutral point clamped converter. The five-level neutral point clamped converter allows also the adaptation of the voltage level to the electrical grid with better resolution waveform. The analysis of the simulation results shows the effectiveness of the proposed system.