处理方法对碳纳米管织构性质及负载Pd-Pt催化剂萘加氢反应活性的影响

采用酸性KMnO4溶液、浓HNO3／H2SO4混酸、中性H202溶液和高温熔融KOH分别对碳纳米管（CNTs）进行了氧化处理，用氮气物理吸附、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、化学滴定和X射线衍射（XRD）对处理后CNTs的表面性质和体相结构进行了研究，考察了其处理前后的变化及其负载的Pd—Pt催化剂在萘加氢为四氢萘反应过程中的的活性。结果表明：KMnO4和混酸处理后，CNTs表面上形成了大量含氧基团，H2O2处理时含氧基团量生成量则较少，而KOH处理后生成的含氧基团量很少，但CNTs比表面积显著提高，同时也使其体相结构破坏。CNTs负载的Pd-Pt催化剂上萘加氢反应的活性随表面羧基类基团含量的升高而增加。     

Pd/C催化Suzuki偶联反应合成啶酰菌胺中间体

采用过氧化氢改性活性炭,并将其作为载体制备Pd/C催化剂。结果表明,通过不同温度处理,活性炭织构和表面性质被选择性地修饰,载体表面官能团影响钯纳米颗粒的分散度和化学状态。与其他处理温度相比,250℃处理的活性炭表面含有更多的酸性含氧基团,所制得Pd/C分散度最高。在催化Suzuki偶联反应合成啶酰菌胺中间体4′-氯-2-硝基联苯中活性显著提高,反应收率增加。酸性含氧基团为钯纳米颗粒在活性炭表面的分散提供了有效的锚定位点,促进了载体与钯纳米颗粒之间的电子转移,形成了相对缺电子的钯纳米颗粒,从而提高了Pd/C催化剂的活性。     

纳米碳纤维的微观结构调控与催化作用

纳米碳纤维（CNF）是一种新型一维结构纳米炭材料,因其具有许多独特的性质而备受研究者关注。按照CNF基本结构单元石墨片层与生长轴的夹角不同,可以将CNF分为板式、鱼骨式和管式3种不同微观结构。采用催化化学气相沉积法合成CNF时,微观结构可以通过改变生长动力学进行调控。CNF微观结构的不同导致表面棱边与基面原子比例不同,进而影响着表面含氧基团分布等性质。当CNF用作催化剂载体时,利用这些性质的不同可以调控负载金属颗粒的形貌以及载体与金属作用力等性质,从而改变催化剂的性能。CNF自身具有催化活性,其活性主要来自表面杂原子基团,因此也与CNF的微观结构密切相关。     

无机碳材料负载固相金属催化剂研究进展

综述了无机碳材料纳米碳管、活性炭纤维和膨胀石墨作为固相金属催化剂载体的国内外研究进展,探讨催化剂的不同负载方法,分析无机碳材料负载固相金属催化剂活性的影响因素及其应用领域。发现无机碳材料负载固相金属催化剂已经应用于催化加氢、光催化、电催化、水处理及大气处理方面,将其用于烟气脱硫副产物亚硫酸盐的处理,不仅能解决催化剂浪费问题,还能避免二次污染的发生。     

硝酸浓度对水热处理活性炭制备Pd/AC催化剂性能的影响

采用水热硝酸氧化法对活性炭表面基团进行处理,考查了硝酸浓度对活性炭的孔结构、表面含氧基团的影响,对催化剂进行了N_2物理吸附、NH_3-TPD、FTIR、TEM等表征,并评价Pd/AC催化剂催化甲酸分解的性能。结果表明,随着硝酸浓度的提高,活性炭上含氧基团增加,浓度过高会破坏活性炭孔结构,使负载Pd粒子尺寸有所增大,催化剂活性降低。当活性炭在硝酸浓度为1.0 mol·L~(-1),150℃下水热处理4h,负载Pd催化剂的催化活性最好,在甲酸浓度为0.01 mol·L~(-1),90℃反应1 h情况下,甲酸分解率达到92.22%。     

对苯醌修饰碳负载Pd催化剂的制备、表征及电催化氧化甲酸性能

制备了对苯醌(C_6H_4O_2)修饰Vulcan XC-72碳载体负载Pd催化剂(Pd/C-b),通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和透射电镜(TEM)对碳载体及催化剂进行了表征,并用循环伏安法(CV)和计时电流法(CA)对其电催化氧化甲酸性能进行了测试。结果表明,对苯醌修饰没有改变碳载体结构及其石墨化程度;相对于未修饰的碳载体,修饰后的碳载体表面含氧量增加,其表面负载的Pd金属粒子粒径更小,分布更均匀;Pd/C-b催化剂的电催化氧化甲酸性能明显改善,抗CO中毒能力也有所增强。     

乙二醇水混合溶剂改性活性炭负载Pd催化剂性能

本文研究了乙二醇水混合溶剂预处理温度对活性炭物理结构、化学性质及负载Pd催化剂性能的影响。结果表明:经过高温醇水蒸气预处理后,活性炭比表面积,孔容、孔径基本保持不变,当处理温度超过140℃时,活性炭表面的含氧基团羧基、酚羟基更加丰富,促进了钯离子的吸附及金属Pd在活性炭表面的分散。在N-苄基苯胺氢解反应中表现出更高的反应活性。     

Pd/MgAlO催化剂催化碳烟燃烧的研究

采用浸渍法合成了Pd负载的MgAlO水滑石基复合氧化物,通过NO2气氛的程序升温氧化(NO2-TPO)和预先存储氮氧化物(NOx)后程序升温氧化手段对催化剂催化碳烟燃烧的活性做了研究,同时通过氮氧化物程序升温脱附(NOx-TPD)对催化剂的存储氮氧化物的能力做了研究。结果表明:当有NO2参与碳烟反应时,催化剂催化碳烟燃烧的活性比以往在空气中的活性好,样品Pd/MgAlO存储NOx后再进行程序升温氧化发现催化碳烟燃烧的活性相比NO2气氛下的活性又有很大提高;预先存储NOx的Pd/MgAlO催化剂活性远远高于MgAlO,归因于催化剂负载Pd后NOx存储能力大大增强。     

环己烷一步氧化法制己二酸的催化剂研究进展

概述了环己烷两步氧化法和一步氧化法制己二酸工艺,传统的两步氧化法存在工艺流程复杂,能耗高,环境污染严重等问题,环己烷一步氧化法采用了绿色多相催化剂代替低活性催化剂硝酸;介绍了国内外环己烷一步氧化法制己二酸的催化剂研究进展,其中重点介绍了锰/钴类、分子筛类、负载型纳米金类、仿生类等催化体系;经过对比发现负载型纳米金催化剂具有优异的催化活性和选择性,指出负载型纳米金催化剂具有巨大的应用潜力,纳米金材料和碳材料相结合一步法制己二酸工艺值得进一步研究。     

氧化石墨烯/类水滑石基复合催化剂的可控制备及其催化性能

针对纳米催化剂在有机染料氧化降解反应中存在的问题,开发高效纳米Fe基催化剂成为当前研究的重点。基于"创新纳米结构调变催化功能"的新策略,利用类水滑石层板金属离子和层间阴离子与氧化石墨烯(GO)表面官能团之间的静电作用,采用水热法制备氧化石墨烯复合类水滑石Fe-LDH@GO纳米催化剂。利用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附和TEM对催化剂的形貌、尺寸、孔道及FeO_x粒子尺寸等物化性质进行表征,发现氧化石墨烯的引入不改变水滑石纳米片结构和形貌,但能够增加催化剂的比表面积,有效锚定FeO_x纳米粒子,使其粒径减小并均匀分散在载体表面,提供更多的有效活性位点。XPS结果表明,催化剂表面存在的Fe^(2+)是芬顿反应的活性中心,氧化石墨烯的引入提高含氧官能团数量,使其在RhB降解反应中表现出优异的催化活性,反应14 min时,RhB转化率100%。     

Effect of oxygen functional groups on synthetic carbons on liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexanone

Synthetic carbons from phenolic resins were used as catalysts for the aqueous phase oxidation of cyclohexanone to C₄-C₆ dicarboxylic acids (adipic, glutaric and succinic acids) at 413 K under 50 bar total air pressure. The changes in microporous structure and surface chemistry, produced as a consequence of activation or heat treatment processes, were analyzed. Using CO₂ or air as activating agent increased significantly the surface area and the total pore volume responsible for the activity. The surface chemistry of the samples was also modified and was characterized by titration with bases of different strength and with HCl, by temperature programmed desorption, and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To determine the role of surface oxygen functionalities on the catalytic behavior of the carbons, heat treatments in nitrogen at different temperatures were used to selectively eliminate oxygenated groups. Thus, treatment at temperatures of 1173 K eliminating the carbonyl/quinone groups decreased the selectivity to adipic acid and dicarboxylic acids. Introducing quinone groups during the synthesis of the carbons also improved the selectivity to adipic acid, proving that the mechanism of oxidation involves the quinone type groups on the carbon surface.     

Effect of surface acid groups associated with amorphous and structured carbon on the catalytic hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzenes

BACKGROUND: Catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDC) is a progressive approach to treating chlorinated waste streams. While carbon is widely used as a catalyst support, the influence of carbon surface functionality on HDC performance has not been established. This work sets out to assess the impact of surface acid groups associated with activated carbon (AC), graphite and graphitic nanofibers (GNF) on Pd promoted gas phase HDC of chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,3‐dichlorobenzene (DCB). RESULTS: The acid groups were introduced by HNO₃ washing and the HDC reaction performed over bulk Pd and Pd physically mixed with each carbon. The carbon was subjected to a thermal treatment to remove the surface acidity. Characterization was by temperature programmed decomposition (TPD), temperature programmed hydrogen treatment (TPH), BET area, acid‐base titration, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. TPD, TPH and titration analyses served to establish the presence of surface oxygen groups after acid washing and facilitated an evaluation of the effectiveness of the thermal treatment to remove these groups. CONCLUSIONS: The surface acid groups inhibited HDC activity, a response most pronounced for Pd + AC, less so for Pd + graphite, while the effect was slight for Pd + GNF. HDC inhibition is attributed to chloroarene interaction with the surface functional (notably carboxylic) groups that impedes HDC. Fractional dechlorination of DCB was equivalent to or lower than CB HDC; there is some evidence of DCB interactions with heat treated graphite and GNF that served to raise HDC activity. Effective HDC over carbon based catalysts requires removal of surface acid groups. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sibunit-based catalytic materials for the deep oxidation of organic ecotoxicants in aqueous solutions. III: Wet air oxidation of phenol over oxidized carbon and Rr/C catalysts

This article presents the first systematic study concerning the effect of the oxidative treatment conditions on the surface chemical composition and the catalytic properties in the deep wet oxidation of organic ecotoxicants of a Sibunit type carbon material (S4) which was earlier identified as promising for the oxidative treatment of industrial wastewaters. The influence of the surface chemistry of the carbon materials oxidized under different conditions on the catalytic performances in the wet air oxidation of phenol of the bare carbon materials as well as the ruthenium-containing catalysts (3 wt % Ru) supported on the oxidized carbon samples was studied. The catalytic activity of the bare carbon samples appeared to be moderate and either (i) increased with the total number of carbonyl and phenolic surface groups or (ii) decreased with the total concentration of surface carboxylic and lactonic species. However, the catalytic performances of the Ru-containing catalysts were significantly higher. Based on our results, an optimum pretreatment of the carbon support could be identified to obtain the most stable and active Sibunit-supported ruthenium catalysts in the wet air oxidation of phenols.     

载体预处理对Pd/C催化剂催化性能的影响

研究了活性炭硝酸表面改性对以其为载体制备的负载钯催化剂性能的影响。利用表面官能团滴定、N₂物理吸附和扫描电镜对催化剂进行表征，以邻硝基氯苯催化加氢制备2，2'-二氯氢化偶氮苯反应为模型反应对催化剂的性能进行评价。结果表明，经过不同浓度的HNO₃处理，活性炭孔结构性能变化不大，但是活性炭表面酸性含氧基团的浓度有了较大程度的增长，为Pd金属粒子的沉积提供了大量的吸附位，提高了Pd金属的分散度，从而制得高活性的Pd/C催化剂。通过30%HNO₃ 60 ℃水浴中回流4 h处理的活性炭可以达到最佳效果，所制得催化剂的活性是以未经硝酸处理过的活性炭载体制备的催化剂活性的2.3倍。     

Noble metals supported on carbon black composites as catalysts for the wet-air oxidation of phenol

Pt, Pd and Ru catalysts supported on carbon black composites (CBC) were characterized in the wet air oxidation of phenol solution using a fixed-bed reactor working in a trickle-flow regime under relatively mild conditions: temperature, 393-433 K; pressure, 50-80 bar; liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), 0.5-6 h⁻¹. The activity of the catalysts decreases in the following order: Pt/CBC>Pd/CBC≈Ru/CBC?CBC. The physicochemical properties of the CBC are affected by its reaction with oxygen during the oxidation process. Combustion of the CBC material in the aqueous phase proceeds at a lower temperature than that in the gas phase; its surface properties change according the same rules as during low temperature oxidation by gaseous air.     

Surface modification and adsorption of eucalyptus wood-based activated carbons: Effects of oxidation treatment, carbon porous structure and activation method

The incorporation of oxygen functional groups onto the surface of eucalyptus activated carbon and its surface chemistry were investigated as a function of oxidation conditions, carbon porous properties and carbon preparation method. Under all treatment conditions of increasing time, temperature and oxidant concentration, liquid oxidation with HNO₃, H₂O₂ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and air oxidation led to the increase of acidic group concentration, with carboxylic acid showing the largest percentage increase and air oxidation at the maximum allowable temperature of 350 °C produced the maximum content of both carboxylic acid and total acidic group. Nitric acid oxidation of chemically activated carbon produced higher total acidic content but a lower amount of carboxylic acid compared to the oxidized carbon from physical activation. The increased contents of acidic groups on oxidized carbons greatly enhanced the adsorption capacity of water vapor and heavy metal ions.     

Preparation and Study of Pd Catalysts Supported on Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC) for Direct Synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2

Activated carbon cloths (ACCs) were used as supports for Pd catalysts. The catalyst preparation was carried out by the impregnation method using acidic solution of palladium dichloride (PdCl₂) as metal precursor. The effects of the oxidation state of the loaded metal, heat treatment of the catalysts in different atmosphere (H₂, air) at different temperatures and surface chemistry of the support on the catalyst characterizations and the catalytic activities were investigated. Wet oxidation of ACC was done by nitric acid in order to induce oxygen-containing surface functional groups. Surface chemistry of the support and oxidation state of the metallic phase was investigated by means of XPS, TPD, SEM, DTA and TGA tests. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H₂ and O₂ was performed batch wise in a stainless steel autoclave. The reactions were conducted under high pressure (38 bar) at 0 °C and methanol was used as reaction medium. The direct synthesis results showed that the oxygen-containing surface functional groups increase the selectivity of the catalysts by reducing the rate of water production. Existence of the oxidized state of Pd (PdO) also makes the catalyst more selective than the corresponding zerovalent state (Pd0). PdO affected on selectivity by increasing the rate of H₂O₂ production and reducing the amount of production of water, simultaneously.     

Sibunit-based catalytic materials for the deep oxidation of organic ecotoxicants in aqueous solutions. II: Wet peroxide oxidation over oxidized carbon catalysts

The influence of the surface chemical composition of carbon catalysts prepared by oxidative treatment on the basis of the Sibunit-4 carbon material of the Sibunit family on their catalytic properties in the liquid-phase oxidation of formic acid by hydrogen peroxide was studied for the first time. Pure carbon samples were found to be active in the destruction of hydrogen peroxide and the oxidation of an organic substrate, and their activity decreased with an increase in the number of carboxyl and lactone groups on the surface of a carbon catalyst. Nevertheless, the rates of such processes on carbon catalysts are lower than in the presence of even small amounts of homogeneous Fe³⁺. It was shown that carbon samples accelerate or (to the contrary) inhibit the Fe³⁺-catalyzed peroxide oxidation of an organic substance, depending on the quantitative ratio of surface carboxyl and lactone groups and Fe³⁺ ions in the reaction solution. Possible acceleration and inhibition mechanisms for peroxide oxidation on carbon catalysts are discussed. The established influence of the surface chemical properties of carbon catalysts must be taken into account in the development of catalysts and processes for the oxidative purification of industrial wastewater.     

Carbon-based monolithic supports for palladium catalysts: The role of the porosity in the gas-phase total combustion of m-xylene

Three different carbon-based monoliths have been studied in their performance as Pd catalyst supports in the total gas-phase combustion of m-xylene at low temperatures. The first monolithic support (HPM) was a classical square channel cordierite modified with -Al₂O₃, blocking the macroporosity of the cordierite and rounding the channel cross-section, on which a carbon layer was applied by carbonization of a polyfurfuryl alcohol coating obtained by dipcoating. The other two monolithic supports were composite carbon/ceramic monoliths (MeadWestvaco Corporation, USA), microporous (WA) and a mesoporous (WB) sample.

All the catalysts have a comparable total Pd loading and very similar Pd particle size (around 5–6 nm). In sample Pd/WA the Pd is situated only in the macropores, while in the case of Pd/WB the Pd is distributed throughout the mesoporous texture. In the case of Pd/HPM, Pd particles are clearly situated at the external surface of the carbon layer.

The catalytic activities of the samples were very different, decreasing in the order: Pd/WB > Pd/WA > Pd/HPM. These results show that the carbon external surface area, the macropores and mainly mesopores, play an important role in this kind of gas-phase reactions, improving the contact between the Pd particles and the m-xylene molecules. The catalytic activity of the Pd supported on carbon-based monoliths correlates with the surface area developed in macro- and mesopores of the monolithic support.     

Co改性的Pd/C催化剂在转移加氢中的应用研究

通过调整Co和Pd的浸渍顺序制备了不同的钴改性的Pd/C催化剂,考察了催化剂在3,5-二羟基苯甲酸转移加氢制备3,5-二氧代环己烷羧酸反应中的活性。确认先浸渍钴后浸渍钯、并在300℃以氢气还原得到的Co-Pd/C催化剂具有最佳活性,反应转化率和选择性分别达到94.6%和99.5%。对该催化剂以BET、TPR、XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等手段进行了表征。结果表明,先浸渍的钴占据了活性炭的微孔使最可几孔径由2.72nm增大为3.32nm,并且与一些对反应不利的官能团作用,使后浸渍的钯主要分布在催化剂的大孔中,避免了过多深度加氢副产物的生成。催化剂活性组分为零价的钯,其平均粒径约10nm,以有利于转移加氢的聚集态存在,使催化剂获得了较高的活性和选择性。