热处理改性淀粉的理化性质、结构和消化特性的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

热处理改性淀粉具有操作简单、污染少、产品安全性高的优点,是最常用的淀粉物理改性方法。主要总结了干热处理、湿热处理和韧化处理对淀粉理化性质、结构性质和消化性质的影响,也总结了添加亲水胶体辅助热处理和多种热处理方法联合处理对淀粉理化性质及消化性质的影响。研究发现热处理改性能够提高淀粉热稳定性和抗消化能力。热处理改性对淀粉性质的影响与热处理改性方式、淀粉种类和来源有关,其中湿热处理和韧化处理过程水分含量较高,能使淀粉的溶胀力和溶解度发生显著改变。三种热处理方法均能够改变淀粉相对结晶度,湿热处理还能改变淀粉的结晶晶型。除韧化处理外,干热处理和湿热处理均能改变淀粉颗粒结构。添加亲水胶体辅助热处理或热处理方法联合处理能增强热处理改性对淀粉理化性质和消化性质的影响。这为热处理改性淀粉的进一步研究及应用提供参考。     

湿热处理改性淀粉的研究进展

湿热处理是改性淀粉的一种新的物理方法。本文列举了不同种类淀粉的湿热处理条件，对湿热处理影响淀粉的理化性质如颗粒形貌、糊化性质、以及对酸和酶的敏感性等作了概述。最后阐述了湿热处理对淀粉作用的机理及发展。     

湿热处理对淀粉改性的研究进展

湿热处理是改性淀粉的一种新的物理方法。本文列举了不同种类淀粉的湿热处理条件，对湿热处理影响淀粉的理化性质如颗粒形貌、糊化性质、以及对酸和酶的敏感性等作了概述。最后阐述了湿热处理对淀粉作用的机理及发展。     

物理改性对淀粉特性影响的研究进展

淀粉的物理改性是指利用物理作用,使淀粉的结构与性质发生变化,以获得某些特定的性质,满足加工生产的要求。物理改性由于具有简单快速、绿色环保的特点,已经受到越来越多研究者的青睐。本文主要综述了超高压处理、球磨处理、挤出作用、湿热处理、辐射处理以及超声波处理几种物理改性方法对淀粉特性的影响,比如结晶结构、微观形态、分子链结构、糊化性质、老化性质、淀粉糊特性等,并对其应用前景做了展望,为物理改性淀粉的生产及应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

反复/连续湿热处理对小麦B淀粉结构、理化性质和消化性能的影响

以小麦B淀粉为原料,在120℃和30%含水量条件下对小麦B淀粉进行反复湿热处理和连续湿热处理,分析并比较两种处理方法对淀粉结构、理化性质和消化特性的影响。结果表明:反复和连续湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒表面出现孔洞,淀粉双螺旋结构、结晶区和无定形区被破坏,淀粉分子发生重新排列和分布。这些变化导致淀粉的结晶度降低,糊化黏度下降,凝胶温度升高,解螺旋所需能量下降。同时,与连续湿热处理相比,反复湿热处理能更显著地改变淀粉的结构、理化性质和消化特性。本研究结果揭示了湿热改性淀粉的变性机理,为小麦B淀粉的深度开发利用提供试验依据。     

湿热处理技术对淀粉理化特性影响的研究进展

随着人们对变性淀粉需求量的增加,湿热处理技术成为了变性淀粉研究的热点之一。湿热处理是用于生产变性淀粉的一种物理手段,不带来任何化学试剂残留,属于环境友好型新技术。湿热处理可以改变淀粉的形态、结晶性、热学性质、淀粉胶性质,增加缓慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量。为了促进湿热处理技术的研究、应用以及使人们对该技术有一个全面而清晰的认识,综述了湿热处理对淀粉理化性质和功能特性的影响,以及湿热处理淀粉在工业中的应用与发展前景。     

酶法改性淀粉颗粒的研究进展

酶法改性淀粉颗粒是在淀粉糊化温度以下修饰淀粉的一种改性方法。淀粉改性后,其颗粒形态、分子结构、晶型、结晶度、溶解度、糊化特性以及流变学性质等发生改变,可达到改善淀粉的加工特性并提高其应用价值的目的。本文通过综述淀粉颗粒酶法改性前后结构与性质的变化,以及改性所需的淀粉酶种类、方法等,以期为酶法改性淀粉颗粒的应用提供参考。     

湿热处理改善红薯粉条品质的优化工艺研究

红薯淀粉糊化特性回生值是影响红薯粉条品质的关键因素,湿热改性技术对红薯淀粉粉条品质有明显的改善效果。为了提供一种绿色安全高效生产粉条用的红薯淀粉产品,试验以红薯淀粉回生值为响应值,根据单因素试验结果建立Box-Behnken模型对改性技术进行优化。利用响应面分析法探讨红薯淀粉含水量、湿热处理温度和湿热处理时间3因素对湿热改性红薯淀粉回生值的影响。优化的工艺条件为:红薯淀粉含水量34%、湿热处理温度105.8℃、湿热处理时间1 h。在此条件下得到的湿热改性红薯淀粉制备的粉条品质显著(P0.01)的优于原红薯淀粉粉条。湿热改性红薯淀粉粉条品质中的断条率比原淀粉粉条下降70%,而粉条硬度和粉条拉伸强度有显著性的增加,由原来的23.91、0.79 N分别增加到30.81 N和1.71 N。结果表明湿热处理不仅使红薯淀粉粉条耐煮不糊汤,而且粉条弹韧性能也增强。研究用响应面法优选出的改性工艺合理可行,为产业化应用提供了参考。     

湿热处理对高粱淀粉理化性质的影响

以高粱种子为原料制备高粱淀粉,在4个不同含水量(20%、25%、30%和35%)条件下,110℃湿热处理16 h对淀粉进行改性,进而分析湿热处理对其理化性质的影响。结果表明:湿热处理没有改变高粱淀粉典型的A型晶体结构,但相对结晶度从21.1%显著增加到36.6%;湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒表面形态有明显变化,吸水性和淀粉糊化温度的增加也与处理的水分含量呈正相关,最高值分别为HMT-35的1.7 m L/g和76.7℃;同时淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度、吸油性、峰值黏度和热焓变值(ΔH)随着处理水分含量的提高而显著降低。证明湿热处理能有效改变高粱淀粉结构和理化性质,可以提高其热稳定性,扩大其在食品工业及其他行业的应用范围。     

Effect of lysine incorporation,annealing and heat moisture treatment alone and in combination on the physico-chemical,retrogradation, rheological properties and in vitro digestibility of kithul (Caryota urens L.) starch

Physico-chemical, retrogradation, rheological properties and in vitro digestibility of lysine incorporated kithul starch modified by annealing, heat moisture treatment and its combinations were studied. LS-AHMT (annealed-heat moisture treated lysine incorporated kithul starch) exhibited lowest amylose leaching. LS-AHMT showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher relative crystallinity. LS-ANS (annealed lysine incorporated kithul starch), LS-HMT (heat moisture treated lysine incorporated kithul starch) and LS-AHMT formed more weak gel by the effect of annealing, heat moisture treatment and its combination. LS-AHMT showed lowest pasting viscosities, G′ and G″ values among the modified kithul starch, which indicates its lower retrogradation properties. In vitro digestibility of kithul starch decreased after modifications and LS-ANS, LS-HMT and LS-AHMT showed significantly higher resistant starch content. The current study showed that annealing, heat moisture treatment and its combination on NS-LS (lysine incorporated kithul starch) effectively modified kithul starch properties.     

Physicochemical Property of Starch-Soluble Dietary Fiber Conjugates and Their Resistance to Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Preparation and investigation of the resistant starch-soluble dietary fiber conjugates are very important, considering the different and meaningful physiological properties of resistant starch and soluble dietary fiber. In this study, the different starch-soluble dietary fiber conjugates were obtained by crosslinking using sodium trimetaphosphate, under the different treatments of conventional heat moisture and microwave heat moisture. The starch-soluble dietary fiber conjugates prepared under the treatment of conventional heat moisture almost completely resisted the hydrolysis of the amylolytic enzymes. However, the hydrolysis of the starch-soluble dietary fiber conjugates treated by microwave heat moisture was obvious. In the treatment of conventional heat moisture, soluble dietary fiber was combined into outer layer of the overall starch granule by the linking with 2-, 3-, or 6-OH of glucose in the amorphous region. This combination showed a large protective effect on the resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole starch granules. Whereas, in the treatment of microwave heat moisture, soluble dietary fiber was linked into the amorphous part of starch blocks derived from destructive starch granule, resulting in the conjugates with high homogeneity. Therefore, the as-prepared resistant starch-soluble dietary fiber conjugates under the treatment of conventional heat moisture have a potential to be used as new dietary supplement in the food industry.     

湿热处理对小麦淀粉结构和性质影响

对小麦淀粉进行湿热处理,研究不同初始含水量对小麦淀粉结构和性能影响。实验结果表明,经湿热处理后小麦淀粉颗粒表面出现凹坑,随初始水分含量增加,淀粉颗粒表面凹坑数量增加,同时粘结现象变得严重;湿热处理小麦淀粉糊化温度随初始含水量增加而升高;经湿热处理后小麦淀粉对酸和酶敏感性增加,更易被酸和酶水解。     

Influence of Heat‐Moisture Treatment and Acid Modifications on Physicochemical,Rheological, Thermal and Morphological Characteristics of Indian Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Starch and its Application in Biodegradable Films

Water chestnut starch was subjected to acid modification and heat‐moisture treatment. Hydrochloric acid was used for acid modification at three different concentrations (0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M) for 2 h. Modifications did not alter the granule morphology. Heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) resulted in slight reduction in the granular size of the starch granules. Acid modification lowered the amylose content, swelling power, water‐ and oil‐binding capacity but improved the solubility of starch to a considerable level. Light transmittance of acid‐modified (AM) starches improved significantly. A significant reduction in peak, trough, final and setback viscosity was observed by acid‐thinning. In case of heat‐moisture treated starch the final viscosity (F_v) was found to be even higher than the peak viscosity (P_v). Native water chestnut starch exhibited a lower onset temperature (T_o) and peak temperature (T_p) of gelatinization than the corresponding acid‐treated starches. Starch films prepared from native starch exhibited excellent pliability, whereas those prepared from AM and HMT starches showed good tensile strength. Starch films prepared from acid‐treated starches provided better puncture and tensile strength.     

热处理过程中食品组分与淀粉相互作用研究进展

热处理作为淀粉类食品加工过程中较为常见的熟化方式, 可以为体系带来大量的热能及活跃的水分子, 不仅对淀粉的结构产生影响, 也可以促进淀粉与其他共存组分之间的相互作用。这种相互作用的变化可以更大程度地改变淀粉的结构、颗粒形貌以及理化性质, 从而进一步改变淀粉的加工及功能特性, 如增加淀粉持油性、延缓淀粉贮藏过程中的回生现象、提高淀粉的抗酶解能力等。本文总结了在3种常见的热处理方式(湿热处理、压热处理和干热处理)下, 淀粉与其他主要食品组分(非淀粉碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质)的相互作用, 通过对热处理加工协同共存组分对淀粉的结构及颗粒形貌、理化特性、回生和消化特性的影响研究现状进行分析, 为淀粉类食品加工过程中的组分互作的探究提供参考。     

含水量对湿热处理荸荠淀粉性质的影响

为有效开发利用荸荠淀粉,以荸荠淀粉为原料,将荸荠淀粉的含水量分别调节为20%、25%、30%、35%,利用鼓风干燥烘干箱在105℃下湿热处理2 h,研究湿热处理对荸荠淀粉糊化特性、流变特性、溶解度与膨胀度的影响。结果表明:随着湿热处理淀粉含水量的增大,淀粉糊峰值黏度和衰减值均有所降低;谷值黏度有所升高,淀粉颗粒的溶解度和膨胀度均有一定程度的下降;剪切稀化现象减弱;损耗角正切值越来越小,荸荠淀粉在湿热处理后所形成的凝胶为弱凝胶。     

湿热处理对山药粉理化及结构性质的影响

为了研究湿热处理对山药粉理化和结构性质的影响,在90和110 ℃下,分别对水分含量15%、25%和35%的样品进行9 h湿热处理,并对处理后的山药粉进行了溶胀性、糊化特性、热力学特性、结晶程度以及红外光谱的测定。结果表明,湿热处理使山药粉溶解度增加,在处理条件为90 ℃水分含量25%时,溶解度升至9.88%,而膨胀力由3.90 g/g降至3.12 g/g。湿热改性山药粉糊化温度显著升高（P<0.05）,但其峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值较原山药粉都显著降低（P<0.05）,糊化焓值呈上升趋势。湿热处理使山药粉结晶度由23.5%升至27.22%,但晶型仍为C型。红外光谱图表明,湿热处理使山药淀粉的短程有序结构轻微改变。湿热处理是一种有效改善山药粉理化性质的方法。     

Functional Properties and Retrogradation of Heat‐Moisture Treated Wheat and Potato Starches in the Presence of Hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin

Some functional and retrogradation properties of native and heat‐moisture treated potato and wheat starches were examined in the presence of hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (HPβ‐CD). HPβ‐CD increased swelling factor, amylose leaching, and solubility of both native and heat‐moisture treated wheat starches but it had less impact on corresponding potato starches. Gelatinization enthalpy of native wheat starch was decreased in the presence of HPβ‐CD but was increased in potato starch with increasing concentration. Reduction of amylose‐lipid complex endotherm in both native and heat‐moisture treated wheat starch was observed in the presence of HPβ‐CD. Heat‐moisture treatment did not change the transition parameters of amylose‐lipid complex showing its resistance to hydrothermal treatment. HPβ‐CD greatly decreased the pasting temperature of wheat starch. Cold paste viscosity of both native and heat‐moisture treated wheat starch was increased by HPβ‐CD to a greater extent than corresponding potato starch. Amylopectin retrogradation of all the starches was unaffected in the presence of HPβ‐CD but heat‐moisture treatment slightly decreased retrogradation of potato starch. These results suggest that HPβ‐CD can disrupt the amylose‐lipid complex within the starch granule in both native and heat‐moisture treated wheat starch but has no influence on amylopectin retrogradation. However, greatly increased wheat starch setback with HPβ‐CD indicates its greater effect on wheat starch amylose retrogradation.     

Modification and properties of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Harms starch I: Heat moisture treatments and annealing

African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) starch was subjected to heat moisture treatments at 18% (HMT-18), 21% (HMT-21), 24% (HMT-24), 27% (HMT-27) and excess (Annealing) moisture levels. Proximate chemical composition of the starch samples revealed that the moisture content of the starches ranged between 6.7% and 12.5%. Following modification of the native starch, there was a reduction in the moisture level of the heat moisture treated starches from HMT-18 to HMT-27. However, the annealed starch (HMT-ANN) retained higher moisture content compared to native starch (AYB-Native). The carbohydrate, protein, ash, amylose and fat content reduced with all the forms of heat treatments. At the temperature range studied (60–90 °C), increasing level of heat moisture treatments reduced the solubility and swelling capacity. pH also exert a profound effect both on the solubility and the swelling of the starch. Increasing degree of alkalinity increased both solubility and swelling capacity. In the native and modified starch samples, replacement of the wheat flour by the starch resulted in increased alkaline water retention of the blends. Water absorption capacity of the starch increased with the severity of moisture treatments, while the oil absorption capacity decreased. Apart from HMT-18, there was improved gel forming capacity of all the other heat-modified starches.Pasting temperature increased after hydrothermal modifications, whereas peak viscosity (P_v), Hot Paste Viscosity (H_v), setback and breakdown values all reduced after heat moisture treatments. All the starches were of type-B viscosity.Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed that heat moisture treatment shifted the onset temperature (T_o), peak temperature(T_p) and conclusion temperature (T_c) to higher values. The gelatinisation temperature of the annealed starch was comparable to native starch. In addition, gelatinisation band of the native starch increased progressively from HMT-18 to HMT-27. Heat moisture treatment reduced the gelatinsation enthalpy (ΔH), while the enthalpy of retrogradation(ΔH_r) increased with the storage time of the gelatinised starch. Retrogradation enthalpy of the heat moisture conditioned starches were lower than the value obtained for the native starch.X-ray diffraction studies of the starch indicated that all the starch samples showed the type-C diffraction pattern. Differences were however observed in their degree of crystallinity. Native starch exhibited the lowest crystallinity (20%) while annealed starch had the highest crystallinity (27%)Microscopy studies revealed surface indentation, formation of groves in the central region, folding of starch granules and formation of doughnut-like appearance in some of the starch samples.