Zr含量对Mg–4Zn–xZr合金显微组织及阻尼性能的影响

目的 为探究Zr含量变化对铸态Mg–4Zn–xZr(x=0.3,0.6,0.9,x表示质量分数,%)合金显微组织、力学性能和阻尼性能的影响。方法 通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析其显微组织变化,动态热分析仪(DMA)探究其高温及常温阻尼性能,X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析其物相,电子万能试验机进行力学性能测试。结果 Zr的质量分数由0.3%增至0.9%时,Mg–4Zn–xZr合金的平均晶粒尺寸分别为121、108、83 µm,第二相分别为岛屿状的MgZn、长条状的MgZn2和细小颗粒状的Mg7Zn3。在低温区,3种合金均存在阻尼峰P1,临界应变振幅点ε0.1的阻尼值Q^–1分别为0.061、0.044和0.023;在高温区,存在阻尼峰P2。随着Zr含量的增加,Mg–4Zn–xZr合金的抗拉强度由182 MPa提升至207 MPa,伸长率由15%下降至10.1%。结论 随着Zr含量的增加,合金中产生新的形核中心,晶粒发生细化,晶粒低位错储存能力提高,抗拉强度上升,塑性和阻尼性能下降。低温区P1峰为晶界阻尼峰,具有热激活弛豫特征;高温区P2峰为晶界型阻尼峰和微塑性型阻尼峰的叠加。     

铜含量对CoCrFeNi高熵合金组织结构和性能的影响

通过设计不同Cu含量的CoCrFeNi高熵合金,筛选出一种具有较高强度和导电性的Cu基高熵合金。采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、力学性能测试机、电阻测试仪研究了铸态CoCrFeNiCux(x=1,2,3,4,5)高熵合金的组织、力学和导电性能。当x=1,2时,合金为FCC单相;当x≥3时,合金除了FCC相外还存在其他析出相。当x=1时,合金的微观形貌由等轴晶组成;当x≥1时,合金的微观形貌是树枝晶和等轴晶形貌,枝晶间的Cu含量较高。合金的拉伸强度和伸长率均随着Cu含量的升高先降低后升高,其中CoCrFeNiCu3合金的综合力学性能最差,抗拉强度仅约120 MPa,伸长率不到1%。CoCrFeNiCu5合金具有最优异的综合力学性能,其抗拉强度约为370 MPa,伸长率约为11%。合金的电阻率随着Cu含量的升高逐渐降低,CoCrFeNiCu5合金的电阻率最低,导电性能最好,同时,电阻随着温度的升高而升高。测试了5种合金的热膨胀系数,其随着Cu含量的升高呈波浪性上升。结合拉伸测试和导电性能测试结果,CoCrFeNiCu5合金具有优异的综合力学性能和导电性能。     

聚变堆包层第一壁缩比部件激光选区熔化成形研究

目的 研究激光选区熔化(SLM)成形第一壁缩比结构的组织性能。方法 以316L粉末为原材料,运用Inspire软件对不同成形姿势下第一壁缩比结构的应力与变形情况进行数值模拟,选择最佳成形姿势进行SLM成形,以控制整体变形,并对成形零件进行显微组织观察与力学性能测试。结果 实验结果表明,与立放和侧放2种成形姿势相比,平放时残余应力与变形最小,最大残余应力为29.68 MPa,最大变形量为0.29 mm。成形件微观组织呈现各向异性,x–y方向主要为粗大的胞状晶组织,z–x方向为细长的柱状晶组织。力学测试结果显示,x–y方向的抗拉强度为672.1 MPa,伸长率为48.2%,冲击韧性为100.6 J/cm²;z–x方向的抗拉强度为646.9 MPa,伸长率64.4%,冲击韧性为136.3 J/cm²。结论 组织的差异性主要是由扫描工艺与熔池内部复杂的温度场引起的,微观结构的各向异性会造成力学性能的差异,x–y方向的强度高于z–x方向的,z–x方向上的塑性韧性更高。     

C合金化对AlCrFeCoNi2.1共晶高熵合金微观组织和拉伸性能的影响

目的 为了显著提高AlCrFeCoNi2.1共晶高熵合金的室温力学性能,利用C合金化的方法研究不同碳含量对微观组织和室温拉伸性能的作用规律。方法 采用电弧熔炼–滴铸方法制备了不同C含量的(AlCrFeCoNi2.1)–x%C(x=0、1、2、3,原子数分数)共晶高熵合金,利用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段研究了不同C含量下微观组织、相结构和拉伸性能的变化规律。结果 添加C元素后,合金未形成新相,仍然由FCC相和B2相组成,但其微观组织呈现出由层片状向树枝晶转变的特征。随着C含量的增加,屈服强度和抗拉强度增大,但伸长率有一定的降低,其中(AlCrFeCoNi2.1)–3%C(原子数分数)合金的屈服强度可达到791 MPa,抗拉强度可达到1 332 MPa,同时伸长率仍有6.1%,与AlCrFeCoNi2.1合金相比,屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提高了99 MPa和296 MPa。结论 该强化效果主要来源于C原子的固溶强化作用和微观结构的改变。     

往复挤压高韧Mg-Zn-Y合金

将铸态Mg92.5Zn6.4Y1.1镁合金往复挤压2,4,8,12不同道次,然后分别正挤压制成φ12mm的棒材.采用OM,XRD及DTA研究了往复挤压不同道次镁合金的组织和力学性能.研究表明,铸态Mg92.5Zn6.4Y1.1镁合金往复挤压后,组织得到显著细化,力学性能得到大幅度提高,获得了高强韧镁合金.2道次后,晶粒约5μm,拉伸强度超过300MPa,伸长率高达20%.继续增加往复挤压道次,晶粒细化和拉伸性能提高均不明显,当往复挤压12道次时,拉伸强度明显降低,而伸长率达到23%.Mg92.5Zn6.4Y1.1镁合金的伸长率大幅度提高归因于在往复挤压过程中,铸态组织中的缩松、缩孔等缺陷闭合和成分偏析非均匀相的分布均匀化,以及晶粒的破碎、回复和动态再结晶所引起的晶粒细化及材料的流动,最终获得完全致密、细小而均匀的等轴晶组织.     

高熵修饰的纳米晶合金Fe–ZrNbMoTa的成形与高温稳定性研究

目的 获得高热稳定性的铁基高熵纳米合金并研究其热稳定性机理。方法 通过高能球磨方法制备了Fe–ZrxNbxMoxTax(x=0.1、0.2、0.5、1,原子数分数)单相纳米合金粉末,在不同的退火处理温度下对退火前后的组织演变与元素偏析行为进行表征。结果 获得了尺寸为15 nm的极细FeZr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2晶粒,在900 ℃下退火1 h后,平均晶粒尺寸增长到73 nm,有第二相Fe2Ta析出。而纳米晶Fe–Zr1.0Nb1.0Mo1.0Ta1.0合金在同样条件下退火后尺寸为55 nm,同时观察到Fe2Ta和FeZr2析出。结论 高熵元素的加入使该类合金具有较好的热稳定性,而新强化相的析出进一步抑制了高温下的晶粒生长,即Fe–ZrNbMoTa合金在高温下的稳定性主要是受多组分偏析引起晶界处能量降低的热力学机制和与溶质拖拽、钉扎相关的动力学机制共同影响。     

AZ81镁合金挤压组织和性能研究

对AZ81镁舍金铸锭进行(390±10)℃×15h的固溶处理后,在400℃进行挤压,挤压比为32∶1,研究其组织和力学性能.结果表明,挤压AZ81镁合金具有较细的晶粒组织,第二相Mg17Al12被破碎,其分布变得弥散,个别呈流线分布;挤压AZ81镁合金比铸造AZ81镁合金的力学性能有较大提高,其屈服强度为221.6MPa,抗拉强度为311.5MPa,伸长率为14.2%.其挤压态断口表现出明显的塑性断裂特征.     

Zn添加对挤压态Mg-Al-Ca-Mn合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

目的 研究不同含量Zn元素对镁合金塑性、强度的改良效果.方法 以Mg-Al-Ca-Mn合金为基础,采用热挤压成形加工方法,分析不同Zn含量对其显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果 Zn元素可以改变挤压态镁合金的显微组织,对其主合金相影响不大,但可以改变衍射峰强度.Zn元素可以提高挤压态镁合金的屈服强度和伸长率,提高镁合金韧性;ACMZ2合金综合性能最佳.结论 热挤压成形能够细化镁合金晶粒,Zn元素含量可以改善镁合金微观组织和力学性能,可在实际生产中根据需求调整Zn元素含量以获得最佳性能.     

挤压态Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–Ca–Si合金微观组织和力学性能

目的 改善AZ91镁合金在温度超过120 ℃时的力学性能。方法 在AZ91合金中添加Ca、Si和La/Ce混合稀土元素。在360 ℃下等温挤压,平均挤压速度为1.2 mm/s,挤压比为30︰1,以探究Ca、Si和La/Ce混合稀土元素对AZ91合金力学性能、物相组成和显微组织等的影响。结果 在AZ91挤压态合金中,与添加Si元素相比,Ca元素对挤压态合金的力学性能影响更大。在室温时,Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–Si挤压态合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是254 MPa、306 MPa、7.0%,而Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca挤压态合金的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是308 MPa、330 Ma、7.1%。Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca–0.5Si挤压态合金室温力学性能最佳,其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别是351 MPa、383 MPa、7.4%,说明Ca、Si这2种元素的协同作用可同时提高室温下AZ91合金的强度和塑性。在150 ℃和200 ℃下,Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE– 0.5Ca–0.5Si合金仍然具有最佳的力学性能。在150 ℃下,其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别为174 MPa、225 MPa、31.8%。在200 ℃下,其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别为136 MPa、153 MPa、49%。挤压后合金中形成 、 平行于挤压方向的织构。结论 经过360 ℃的热挤压后,由于动态析出、动态再结晶和织构的作用,显著提高了合金的拉伸性能。在室温、150 ℃、200 ℃下,Mg–9Al–Zn–0.5RE–0.5Ca–0.5Si挤压态合金的力学性能最佳,说明同时添加Ca、Si和La/Ce混合稀土元素有利于提高AZ91合金的耐热性。     

铸态AZ81镁合金ECAP态组织与性能研究

采用自制的90°模具,经Bc路径在温度为300℃下研究对比了铸态及不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP)态AZ81镁合金微观组织和力学性能.结果表明ECAP随着挤压道次的增加,AZ81镁合金显微组织和力学性能发生显著变化.当挤压到4道次,平均晶粒尺寸由原来铸态的145um细化为9.6um,拉伸断口韧窝明显增多;抗拉强度从180 MPa提高到306 MPa,延伸率和硬度分别达到15.8%和142HL.分析表明,AZ81镁合金在高温挤压过程中Mg17Al12相粒子被破碎,并部分溶入基体,$-Mg基体与%-Mg17Al12相互相阻碍其晶粒长大,获得细小晶粒组织.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.