锂离子电池负极材料Ge4+掺杂Li4Ti5O12的制备及其电化学性能研究

以Ti(OC₄H₉)₄、CH₃COOLi·2H₂O和GeO₂为原料, 采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li₄Ti_5-xGe_xO₁₂(x=0、0.05、0.1、0.15)电极材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)以及交流阻抗对材料进行结构、形貌及电化学性能表征。研究结果表明, 适量Ge⁴⁺掺杂不会改变Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的尖晶石结构, 但对其颗粒尺寸和形貌均产生影响。由于掺Ge⁴⁺后样品的颗粒尺寸减小, 使得Ge⁴⁺掺杂Li₄Ti₅O₁₂倍率性得到不同程度的提高。其中Li₄Ti_4.9Ge_0.1O₁₂显示出较好的倍率性和循环稳定性, 0.2C下的首次放电容量为172.43 mAh/g, 5C下循环100次后比容量为140.62 mAh/g, 容量保持率为97.3%。     

水热法制备锂离子二次电池用球形Li4Ti5O12负极材料及其电化学性能

以LiOH溶液和不同粒径的自制球形TiO₂为反应物, 通过水热法快速地合成了尖晶石型结构的球形Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, 并考察了材料合成的水热反应机理和电化学性能。TiO₂在100℃、5 mol/L LiOH溶液中经水热反应20 h得到前驱体, 再经800℃热处理2 h便可得到粒径大小不同(0.5~1.5 µm)且分布均匀的球形尖晶石Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料。LiOH在水热反应条件下扩散到球形TiO₂内部, 得到在分子水平混合均匀的Li-Ti-O中间体, 利于高温下生成纯相的尖晶石Li₄Ti₅O₁₂。所得粒径大小不同的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料均表现出稳定的电化学循环充放电性能, 其中, 粒径为0.5 µm 的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的电化学性能最好: 室温下, 以0.2 C的倍率进行充放电, 其可逆容量达到158 mAh/g, 70周后容量保持率高于99%; 同时还表现出优异的高温循环稳定性, 55℃下以0.2 C的倍率进行充放电, 50次循环后其可逆放电比容量仍能达到125 mAh/g。     

锂离子电池负极材料钛酸锂的研究进展

锂离子电池作为一种动力能源, 在电动汽车和各种储能系统中有着良好的应用前景。尖晶石结构的钛酸锂(Li₄Ti₅O₁₂)负极材料具有较高的脱嵌锂电位平台、优异的循环稳定性、以及突出的安全性能, 被认为是一种非常有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料, 在锂离子动力电池中具有巨大的发展潜力。然而, 尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂存在着本征导电率低, 理论容量小等缺陷, 极大地限制了其规模化应用, 需要进一步改善和提高。本文总结了尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料在结构形貌、制备方法和性能方面的研究进展, 深入分析和讨论了离子掺杂、碳表面改性和纳米化等改性方法对尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂综合电化学性能的改善效果, 并展望了尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂作为锂离子电池负极材料未来的发展方向。     

硫化物固态电解质Li6PS5Cl的球磨-固相烧结制备与性能

硫银锗矿结构的硫化物固态电解质Li₆PS₅Cl（LPSC）具有离子电导率高（>3×10^-3 S·cm^-1）和对锂稳定性良好等特点,是构建全固态锂离子电池的理想电解质材料之一,具有良好的发展前景。本工作采用高能球磨和惰性气氛固相烧结相结合的方法制备硫银锗矿型固态电解质LPSC,并采用粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectra）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等对其进行表征,探究制备工艺对LPSC结构、成分和电学性质等的影响。结果表明：高能球磨会破坏原料的晶粒,降低晶粒尺寸,延长球磨时间有利于LPSC前驱体粉末的非晶化和后续烧结,提高烧结温度将促进制备的LPSC电解质的物相变纯和离子电导率升高,但烧结温度过高会导致LPSC的分解。综合考虑球磨时间和烧结温度对材料离子电导率和电子电导率的影响,经8 h球磨和500℃烧结制备的LPSC在室温下具有最高的离/电子电导率比（2.091×10⁵）,其离子电导率高达4.049×10^-3 S·cm^-1,而电子电导率仅为1.936×10^-8 S·cm^-1。利用该电解质制备的712 NCM/LPSC/In-Li全固态电池在0.1 C的充放电倍率下首周放电比容量高达151.3 mAh·g^-1,且具有优良的循环稳定性。     

锂离子电池负极材料钼掺杂钛酸锂的制备及电化学表征

采用固相合成法制备了钽掺杂材料Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂. 通过XRD和SEM来表征Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂的结构和形貌. 结果表明: 钼掺杂并没有改变本体材料的结构和形貌, 而且显著提高了材料的循环性能和倍率性能. Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂在10C和30C倍率的放电容量分别为117.03和94.24mAh/g.Mo掺杂取代了Li₄Ti₅O₁₂中的Ti位置, 产生了Ti⁴⁺/Ti³⁺混合价态, 从而提高了钛酸锂的电导率. 所以Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂是一种高倍率性能优异的锂离子电池负极材料.     

锂离子电池正极补锂材料Li5FeO4的制备及电化学性能

为开发高能量密度的锂离子电池,补锂技术受到广泛的关注。以LiNO₃-LiOH混合锂盐为反应介质和锂源、纳米Fe₂O₃为铁源,通过熔盐法成功制备出正极补锂材料Li₅FeO₄,采用正交实验法优化Li₅FeO₄的合成工艺条件,讨论合成条件对材料电化学性能的影响。将Li₅FeO₄添加到LiFePO₄正极极片表面,并与石墨负极组装成全电池,研究其对全电池电化学性能的影响,以及降低锂离子电池初始容量损失的机制。结果表明,使用熔盐法可制备出纯度高、粒径小且电化学性能好的Li₅FeO₄正极补锂材料,在0.05 C倍率下具有672.8 mAh·g^-1的脱锂比容量;当添加2.8%(质量分数)的Li₅FeO₄(基于活性物质质量的占比),LiFePO₄/石墨全电池...     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2的制备与性能

采用共沉淀法制备粒径10 μm左右的前驱体Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05（CO₃）_x（OH）_y,然后采用该前驱体和LiOH·H₂O成功制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂（LiNCA）,并详细研究了煅烧氛围、煅烧温度和煅烧方式等条件对LiNCA电化学性能的影响。研究表明,在O₂中煅烧获得的LiNCA放电容量达到170 mAh·g^-1,50次循环后容量保持率达到95%,性能明显优于空气氛围中煅烧得到的LiNCA。在O₂氛围下,700~750℃温度范围煅烧得到的LiNCA性能最好,煅烧温度过高或过低,LiNCA性能均明显下降。将前驱体在O₂氛围中450℃条件预煅烧,然后与LiOH·H₂O在700~750℃混合煅烧的煅烧方式,得到的LiNCA放电容量明显提高,可达190 mAh·g^-1。     

Er2O3掺杂Gd2(Zr0.8Ti0.2)2O7陶瓷的物理性能

用固相反应法制备(Gd_1-xEr_x)₂(Zr_0.8Ti_0.2)₂O₇(摩尔分数x=0,0.2,0.4)陶瓷并测试其晶体结构、显微形貌和物理性能,研究了Er₂O₃掺杂的影响。结果表明,(Gd_1-xEr_x)₂(Zr_0.8Ti_0.2)₂O₇陶瓷具有立方烧绿石结构,显微结构致密,在室温至1200℃高温相的稳定性良好;Er³⁺掺杂降低了陶瓷材料的热导率和平均热膨胀系数,当x=0.2时,其1000℃的热导率最低(为1.26 W·m^-1·k^-1)。同时,Er³⁺掺杂还提高了这种材料的硬度和断裂韧性。     

聚乙二醇聚合度对介孔η-Al2O3纤维形貌及吸附能力的影响

分别以2种不同聚合度的聚乙二醇（PEG）PEG600和PEG2000为模板导向剂,采用水热法合成η-Al₂O₃（PEG600）和η-Al₂O₃（PEG2000）介孔纤维,借助XRD、TEM和N₂吸附测试对材料进行表征,研究了PEG聚合度对介孔η-Al₂O₃纤维性质的影响。通过静态吸附平衡实验考察了介孔η-Al₂O₃纤维对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性。结果表明：2种模板导向剂均可用于合成介孔η-Al₂O₃纤维。PEG聚合度对介孔结构、比表面积、孔体积和孔径有较大影响。η-Al₂O₃（PEG600）的比表面积和孔体积分别为189.899 m²·g^-1和0.329 cm³·g^-1,分别是η-Al₂O₃（PEG2000）的1.4倍和1.2倍,平均孔径也比η-Al₂O₃（PEG2000）的大。2种介孔η-Al₂O₃纤维对亚甲基蓝的吸附机制均为多分子层吸附。根据BET多层分子吸附方程计算得η-Al₂O₃（PEG600）和η-Al₂O₃（PEG2000）对亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附量分别为256.391 3 mg·g^-1和204.045 9 mg·g^-1。     

Sb掺杂O3型Na0.9Ni0.5Mn0.3Ti0.2O2钠离子电池正极材料

提高钠离子电池正极材料的循环稳定性和比容量是实现其广泛应用的关键,基于引入特定杂元素可优化正极材料结构稳定性和比容量的策略,本研究采用便捷的固相反应法制备O3-Na_0.9Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Ti_0.2O₂(NMTSb_x, x=0,0.02, 0.04, 0.06)系列层状氧化物正极材料,对比研究了Sb掺杂对Na_0.9Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Ti_0.2O₂正极材料储钠性能的影响。测试结果表明,引入Sb后过渡金属层中氧原子之间的静电斥力减小,晶格间距扩大,有利于Na⁺的脱嵌。且掺杂Sb所造成的强电子离域降低了整个系统的能量,获得了更有利于循环充放电的稳定性结构。在2.0～4.2 V测试范围下,未掺杂的NMTSb₀在1C(240mA·g^-1)倍率下初始放电比容量为122.8mAh·g^...     

Si/Li4Ti5O12复合锂离子电池负极材料的制备、结构和电化学性能

本文以纳米Si为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法,采用不同的煅烧温度,合成了在Si颗粒表面包覆Li4Ti5O12的复合结构材料作为锂离子电池负极材料。结合采用XRD、SEM、TEM、HRTEM和EDS等材料结构分析方法和对合成材料的首次库仑效率、循环稳定性及CV曲线的测试分析,研究了凝胶煅烧温度对合成材料的结构和电化学性能的影响,探讨了Li4Ti5O12的引入对改善Si负极材料循环性能的作用。研究结果表明,在600-800℃的煅烧温度下,溶胶-凝胶过程的产物主要为Li4Ti5O12,产物中Si保持其初始的晶体结构和颗粒特征。提高煅烧温度至1000℃,产物中出现相当量的杂相,大大降低了材料的容量。Si/Li4Ti5O12材料的首次充放电容量随煅烧温度的升高呈现先升高后又下降的变化,并在700℃获得最大值。Li4Ti5O12的引入较明显地改善了Si负极材料的循环稳定性。     

基于纳米多孔钛酸锂结构的染料敏化太阳电池复合光阳极研究

本研究探索了具有良好导电性能的多孔钛酸锂结构对传统氧化钛纳米晶光阳极的增强效果。以钛酸四丁酯、氢氧化锂为源, 采用溶胶-凝胶结合溶剂热反应和高温烧结方法, 制备了具有多孔结构的尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂纳米粉体; 在表征其结晶性、微观形貌及孔结构的基础上, 将其与TiO₂纳米晶浆料复合, 制备复合光阳极, 并详细考察了钛酸锂掺量、结晶性和孔结构等对电池光电转换性能的影响规律。结果表明: 随热处理温度升高, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂结晶性增强, 晶粒尺寸明显增大, 比表面积下降。掺入Li₄Ti₅O₁₂粉体可以有效提高光阳极膜的染料负载量, 降低TiO₂/染料分子/电解液界面的电子传输阻抗, 从而明显提高复合光阳极的光电流密度(J_sc=13.91 mA/cm²)和开路电压(V_oc =0.8 V)。Li₄Ti₅O₁₂含量为1wt%的复合光阳极电池光电转化效率最好, 达到7.011%, 比纯TiO₂电池(效率: 5.384%)提高30%。     

Electrochemical performance of overlithiated Li1+xNi0.8Co0.2O2: structural and oxidation state studies

Pure, layered compounds of overlithiated Li_1+xNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ (x = 0.05 and 0.1) were successfully prepared by a modified combustion method. XRD studies showed that cell parameters of the material decreased with increasing the lithium content. SEM revealed that the morphology of particles changed from rounded polyhedral-like crystallites to sharp-edged polyhedral crystals with more doped lithium. EDX showed that the stoichiometries of Ni and Co agrees with calculated synthesized values. Electrochemical studies revealed the overlithiated samples have improved capacities as well as cycling behavior. The sample with x = 0.05 shows the best performance with a specific capacity of 113.29 mA?h?g^-1 and the best capacity retention of 92.2% over 10 cycles. XPS results showed that the binding energy of Li 1s is decreased for the Li doped samples with the smallest value for the x = 0.05 sample, implying that Li⁺ ions can be extracted more easily from Li_1.05Ni_0.8Co_0.2O₂ than the other stoichiometries accounting for the improved performance of the material. Considerations of core level XPS peaks for transition metals reveal the existence in several oxidation states. However, the percentage of the+3 oxidation state of transition metals for the when x = 0.1 is the highest and the availability for charge transition from the+3 to+4 state of the transition metal during deintercalation is more readily available.     

Bi2O3助熔剂对CaO-B2O3-SiO2/Al2O3玻璃陶瓷复合材料性能的影响

以CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂(CBS)玻璃粉体和Al₂O₃陶瓷粉体为原料,通过在CBS与Al₂O₃的质量比固定为50:50的玻璃-陶瓷复合材料中添加适量的Bi₂O₃作为烧结助熔剂,探讨了Bi₂O₃助熔剂对CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结性能、介电性能、抗弯强度和热膨胀系数的影响规律.研究表明:Bi₂O₃助熔剂能通过降低CBS玻璃的转变温度和黏度促进CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的致密化进程,于880 ℃下烧结即能获得结构较致密、气孔较少的CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料.然而,过量添加Bi₂O₃将使玻璃的黏度过低,从而恶化CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结性能、介电性能及抗弯强度.当Bi₂O₃的添加量为CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的1.5wt%时,于880 ℃下烧结即能获得最为致密的CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料,密度为2.82 g·cm^-3,这一材料具有良好的介电性能(介电常数为7.21,介电损耗为1.06×10^-3),抗弯强度为190.34 MPa,0~300 ℃的热膨胀系数为3.52×10^-6 K^-1.     

Electrical properties of garnet-like lithium ionic conductors Li5+xSrxLa3--xBi2O12 fabricated by spark plasma sintering method

A typical approach involving Pechini method and spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was presented for the preparation of high density Li_5+xSr_xLa_3--xBi₂O₁₂ (x = 0, 1) ceramics. Phase formation, microstructure, grain size and electrical properties of the specimens were examined using XRD, SEM and alternating current impedance spectroscopy (ACIS). Dense Li₅La₃Bi₂O₁₂ and Li₆SrLa₂Bi₂O₁₂ ceramics with pure garnet-like phase, relative density of 97% and average grain size of about 5 μm were fabricated using this approach. The total conductivities at 298 K of Li₅La₃Bi₂O₁₂ and Li₆SrLa₂Bi₂O₁₂ ceramics prepared by the SPS method are 5.1×10^-5 and 6.8×10^-5 S/cm, respectively, 2 times higher than that of samples prepared by the conventional sintering method.     

Influence of rare-earth oxides on structure and crystallization properties of Bi2O3–B2O3 glass

Bi₂O₃·B₂O₃ glasses doped with rare-earth oxides (RE₂O₃) (RE³⁺ = La³⁺, Pr³⁺, Sm³⁺, Gd³⁺, Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺) were prepared by the melting–quenching method. The relationships between composition and properties were demonstrated by IR, DSC, XRD and SEM analysis. The results show that the network structure resembles that of undoped Bi₂O₃·B₂O₃ glass, composing of [BO₃], [BO₄] and [BiO₆] units. RE₂O₃ stabilizes the glass structure as a modifier. Transition temperature (T_g) increases linearly with cationic field strength (CFS) of RE³⁺. La₂O₃, Pr₂O₃, Sm₂O₃ and Gd₂O₃ are benefit to promote the formation of BiBO₃ crystal. When Er₂O₃ and Yb₂O₃ are introduced, respectively, the main crystal phase changes to Bi₆B₁₀O₂₄. Transparent surface crystallized samples are obtained by reheating at 460–540 °C for 5 h. In this case, needle like BiBO₃ crystal or rare-earth-doped BiBO₃ crystal (Pr_xBi_1−xBO₃ and Gd_xBi_1−xBO₃) are observed, which is promising for non-linear optical application.     

High-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films and YBa2Cu3O7/PrBa2Cu3O7 superlattices

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of epitaxial YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x thin films and YBa₂Cu₃O₇/PrBa₂Cu₃O₇ superlattices are summarized. High-resolution imaging of cross-sections and plan views and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope were the methods applied. In the first section results on YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x thin films With varying oxygen stoichiometry deposited onto SrTiO₃ are discussed. Then, YBa₂Cu₃O₇/PrBa₂Cu₃O₇ superlattices deposited onto SrTiO₃ and MgO are investigated. Finally, an interface analysis of high-quality YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x thin films deposited onto sapphire with yttrium-stabilized zirconia buffer layers is presented.     

Structural and optical properties of (100 − x)(Li2B4O7) − x(SrO–Bi2O3–0.7Nb2O5–0.3V2O5) glasses and glass nanocrystal composites

Glasses of various compositions in the system (100 − x)(Li₂B₄O₇) − x(SrO–Bi₂O₃–0.7Nb₂O₅–0.3V₂O₅) (10  x  60, in molar ratio) were prepared by splat quenching technique. The glassy nature of the as-quenched samples was established by differential thermal analyses (DTA). The amorphous nature of the as-quenched glasses and crystallinity of glass nanocrystal composites were confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction studies. Glass composites comprising strontium bismuth niobate doped with vanadium (SrBi₂(Nb_0.7V_0.3)₂O_9−δ (SBVN)) nanocrystallites were obtained by controlled heat-treatment of the as-quenched glasses at 783 K for 6 h. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of the glass nanocrystal composites (heat-treated at 783 K/6 h) confirm the presence of rod shaped crystallites of SBVN embedded in Li₂B₄O₇ glass matrix. The optical transmission spectra of these glasses and glass nanocrystal composites of various compositions were recorded in the wavelength range 190–900 nm. Various optical parameters such as optical band gap (E_opt), Urbach energy (ΔE), refractive index (n), optical dielectric constant and ratio of carrier concentration to the effective mass (N/m^*) were determined. The effects of composition of the glasses and glass nanocrystal composites on these parameters were studied.