加拿大卡尔加里市Okotoks小镇太阳能小区建设

简要介绍了北美目前最大的跨季太阳能储存项目——加拿大0kotoks小镇的太阳能小区建设，对其太阳能供热系统的工作原理及利用土壤床作为储能体进行大规模跨季节太阳能储存的方法进行了分析。该项目根据不同季节可利用太阳能数量的不同，分别设置了短期（临时）太阳能储箱（STTS）及跨季节太阳能储存箱（BTES），以提高太阳能的利用率。其中，BTES的效率可达50％以上。小区太阳能家用热水系统（DWH）可满足住户60％的热水需求，而太阳能采暖系统则可满足90％采暖要求；建成后每幢住宅每年可减排5t温室气体，整个小区可减排260t／年。     

Simulation of hybrid ground-coupled heat pump with domestic hot water heating systems using HVACSIM+

A hybrid ground-coupled heat pump (HGCHP) with domestic hot water (DHW) supply system has been proposed in this paper for space cooling/heating and DHW supply for residential buildings in hot-climate areas. A simulation model for this hybrid system is established within the HVACSIM+ environment. A sample system, applied for a small residential apartment located in Hong Kong, is hourly simulated in a typical meteorological year. The conventional GCHP system and an electric heater for DHW supply are also modeled and simulated on an hourly basis within the HVACSIM+ for comparison purpose. The results obtained from this case study show that the HGCHP system can effectively alleviate the imbalanced loads of the ground heat exchanger (GHE) and can offer almost 95% DHW demand. The energy saving for DHW heating is about 70% compared with an electric heater. This proposed scheme, i.e. the HGCHP with DHW supply, is suitable to residential buildings in hot-climate areas, such as in Hong Kong.     

Experimental study of a solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pump system with solar seasonal thermal storage in severe cold areas

This paper presents the experimental study of a solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pump system (SAGCHPS) with solar seasonal thermal storage installed in a detached house in Harbin. The solar seasonal thermal storage was conducted throughout the non-heating seasons. In summer, the soil was used as the heat sink to cool the building directly. In winter, the solar energy was used as a priority, and the building was heated by a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) and solar collectors alternately. The results show that the system can meet the heating-cooling energy needs of the building. In the heating mode, the heat directly supplied by solar collectors accounted for 49.7% of the total heating output, and the average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump and the system were 4.29 and 6.55, respectively. In the cooling mode, the COP of the system reached 21.35, as the heat pump was not necessary to be started. After a year of operation, the heat extracted from the soil by the heat pump accounted for 75.5% of the heat stored by solar seasonal thermal storage. The excess heat raised the soil temperature to a higher level, which was favorable for increasing the COP of the heat pump.     

太阳能热泵蓄热系统的实验研究

文章介绍了带有相变蓄热水箱的太阳能热泵系统的运行实验。该系统是在原有的太阳能一土壤源热泵的基础上通过增加一个蓄热装置建立起来,包含太阳能集热器、相变蓄热水箱、双热源（太阳能和土壤）热泵以及末端装置（风机盘管）四个主要部分实验在供暖期末期进行,在整个实验阶段,系统供暖满足率为0．6,平均供热COP达到6.5。     

Achieving total domestic hot water production with renewable energy

Various means of producing domestic hot water (DHW) with renewable energy in zero net energy homes (ZNEH) are examined for two climates (Montréal and Los Angeles). Four alternatives are examined: (i) a regular electric hot water tank; (ii) the desuperheater of a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) with electric backup; (iii) thermal solar collectors with electric backup; and (iv) a heat pump water heater (HPWH) indirectly coupled to a space conditioning GSHP. Results show that heating DHW with thermal solar collectors with an electric backup (which is either provided by the photovoltaic (PV) panels or the grid in a ZNEH) is the best solution for a ZNEH. The second part of this paper focuses on determining what should be the respective areas of the thermal solar collectors and PV array to obtain the least expensive solution to achieve total DHW production with renewable energy.     

Renewable energy for passive house heating: Model of the active solar heating system

The large windows on the south-oriented façade of a passive house strongly contribute to building space heating. These windows constitute the passive solar heating system. This paper studies the active heating system of a passive house, which includes the following sub-systems: (1) solar thermal collectors, (2) a water storage tank, (3) a secondary water circuit, (4) a domestic hot water preparation system and (5) an air ventilation and heating system. Models for all sub-systems are presented. The integrated model was implemented to Pirmasens Passive House (Rhineland Palatinate, Germany). The active solar heating system provides a smaller amount of heat than the heat provided by the passive solar heating system. Almost all the solar energy collected is not used for space heating but to domestic hot water (DHW) preparation. However, there is still a need for the classical water heater to operate all over the year. Almost all space heating thermal load is covered by using the classical air heater that operates mainly during the nights from November to April. The solar fraction lies between 0.180 in February and 0.679 in October, with a yearly average of 0.446. The study reveals that on a yearly basis it is more advantageous to use vertical south-oriented solar collectors instead of roof placed collectors.     

Exergy efficiency analysis in buildings climatized with LiCl–H2O solar cooling systems that use swimming pools as heat sinks

Solar cooling is emerging as one of the most interesting applications in the harnessing of solar energy for alternative uses. Current devices can effectively control the climates of small buildings while addressing the issues associated with the excessive thermal energy captured during the summer months. This article presents an exergy analysis of buildings with solar thermal systems used for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production and heating and cooling support. The cooling system analyzed is a LiCl–H₂O thermally driven heat pump with integral energy storage that uses outdoor swimming pools as heat sink. All subsystems were integrated into the model and considered as a single energy system, and data from installations in three different locations were used. The influences of the heating and cooling demand ratios and the dead state and house temperatures were analyzed. Further, the use of dissipated energy was analyzed, demonstrating that the proposed method facilitates the realistic study of these systems and provides useful analytical tools for improving the overall exergy performance. The energy delivered for heating, cooling and DHW production strongly influences global performance, suggesting that the appropriate sizing of each system is a priority.     

Economic and exergy analysis of alternative plants for a zero carbon building complex

The feasibility of zero carbon emission plants for heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) supply, is analyzed, with respect to conventional plants, for a new residential building complex to be constructed, in Northern Italy. Two zero carbon plants are considered: the first is composed of air-to-water heat pumps for space heating and cooling, PV solar collectors, air dehumidifiers, thermal solar collectors and a wood pellet boiler for DHW supply; in the second, the air-to-water heat pumps are replaced by ground-coupled heat pumps. The conventional plant is composed of a condensing gas boiler, single-apartment air to air heat pumps, and thermal solar collectors. The economic analysis shows that both zero carbon plants are feasible, and that the air-to air heat pumps yield a shorter payback time. The exergy analysis confirms the feasibility of both plants, and shows that the ground coupled heat pumps yield a higher exergy saving.     

Study on hybrid ground-coupled heat pump systems

Although ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems are becoming attractive air-conditioning systems in some regions, the significant drawback for their wider application is the high initial cost. Besides, more energy is rejected into ground by the GCHP system installed in cooling-dominated buildings than the energy extracted from ground on an annual basis and this imbalance can result in the degradation of system performance. One of the available options that can resolve these problems is to apply the hybrid ground-coupled heat pump (HGCHP) systems, with supplemental heat rejecters for rejecting extra thermal energy when they are installed in cooling-dominated buildings. This paper presents a practical hourly simulation model of the HGCHP system by modeling the heat transfer of its main components. The computer program developed on this hourly simulation model can be used to calculate the operating data of the HGCHP system according to the building load. The design methods and running control strategies of the HGCHP system for a sample building are investigated. The simulation results show that proper HGCHP system can effectively reduce both the initial cost and the operating cost of an air-conditioning system compared with the traditional GCHP system used in cooling-dominated buildings.     

太阳能-地源热泵系统的运行模拟

以济南市某工程为例,使用DeST软件对该工程进行年逐时负荷模拟,得到冷负荷峰值为313.3 kW,热负荷峰值为293.7 kW,累计年排热量为166 451 kW·h,累计年提热量为210 380 kW·h,热不平衡率为20.88%。利用TRNSYS软件建立了太阳能-地源热泵系统动态模型,并进行模拟分析。当地土壤初始温度均为15.3℃,复合系统的模拟结果显示系统运行20年,地温均值一直保持在14.8~16.4℃的稳定范围内。研究表明:太阳能-地源热泵复合系统具有良好的蓄热能力,提高了太阳能利用率,可有效解决寒冷地区地源热泵的冷热不平衡问题,是解决严寒地区供暖问题的一个重要途径。     

相变材料在太阳能热泵系统的应用

介绍了相变材料在太阳能热泵系统中的应用现状,开发适用于太阳能热泵系统的脂肪酸类相变材料。以某太阳能空气源热泵系统为研究对象,在蓄热水箱中安装相变蓄热装置,满足夜间值班供暖热负荷。与安装相变蓄热装置前比较,系统的动态费用年值下降,经济性提高。     

Modeling of energy performance of a house with three configurations of building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems

A theoretical and experimental study of energy performance of three different open loop air heating building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) systems that utilize recovered heat for home heating is presented. The configurations are: Configuration 1: base case of unglazed BIPV with airflow under it; Configuration 2: addition of 1.5 m vertical glazed solar air collector in series with Configuration 1; Configuration 3: addition of a glazing over the PV. The model developed has been verified against experimental data from a solar research house for Configuration 1. Obtained relationships for BIPV/T system exiting air temperature as function of solar irradiance and air speed in PV cavity may be used for developing fan airflow control strategies to achieve desired outlet air temperature suitable for different applications. For Configuration 1, preheated air is suitable for HVAC system and domestic hot water (DHW) preheating. Higher outlet air temperatures of the PV cavity suitable for DHW might be achieved by utilizing Configurations 2 or 3. With Configuration 2, significant outlet air temperatures are achieved in winter along with enhanced thermal efficiency making it suitable for coupling with a rockbed heat storage. Finally, Configuration 3 significantly reduces electricity production and may lead to excessively high PV panel temperatures.     

土壤蓄冷与土壤耦合热泵集成系统

以平衡电网负荷、削峰填谷及利用可再生浅层地热能为基本出发点,提出了土壤蓄冷与土壤耦合热泵集成系统的新设想.该集成系统将蓄冷装置与地下埋管换热器合二为一,在夏季空调工况时,利用电力低谷时段的廉价电力,将冷量全部或部分储存到土壤中,以供白天用电高峰期空调使用;在需供冷的过渡季,系统按土壤耦合热泵系统的供冷工况运行,将系统的冷凝热排至土壤中,为冬季供暖储备热量;供暖季节,系统按土壤耦合热泵系统的供暖工况运行,土壤作为热泵系统的低位热源.介绍了该集成系统的形式、技术特点及核心研究内容,并在前期研究工作的基础上对影响集成系统运行特性、冷量损失的因素进行了较全面的总结.     

小型别墅季节蓄热型太阳能供热技术研究

本文首先根据小型别墅的热水供应和采暖需要,建立了小型别墅季节性蓄热太阳能供热系统流程,进而根据某一特定城市的气象数据,进行全年逐时的计算机模拟。在此基础上,研究了全年热导平衡,各月太阳能供热量,不同蓄热容量对全年太阳能保证率、集热器集热效率、水箱温度的影响。并由此得出结论：蓄热容积是集热而积的3倍左右时,集热器年平均集热效率较高,且在进入冬季时可利用水温差较大;且采用大蓄热容积配合分隔水箱的方式,可以有效提高太阳能在冬季的利用。     

太阳能辅助加热的土壤源热泵应用研究

冬季土壤温度较低，而且以热负荷为主的北方地区，若完全采用土壤源热泵供暖，则地埋换热器和机组的初投资均比较高，连续运行的效率也较低，因此，可利用太阳能集热器作为辅助能源。以宝佳制衣厂太阳能辅助土壤源热泵系统供冷、供热、全年提供生活热水为例，从初投资、运行费用、环境效益三方面与传统空调系统进行比较，该系统比完全土壤源热泵系统更经济。     

Investigation and modelling of the centralized solar domestic hot water system in residential buildings

The solar domestic hot water (DHW) system is applied as a building energy saving technique. The centralized system, which is considered to provide both energy efficiency by exploiting solar energy and high-level services to the customers as the occupants could have access to the hot water at any time during the day, is widely used among the various forms of solar DHW systems. The real performance of a centralized solar DHW system is measured, based on which a model describing the solar energy collection, water supply, and terminal water use is built. The simulation reveals that the actual energy performance of the centralized DHW system is closely related with the occupant behaviour, i.e., the water use patterns of the occupants residing in a building. This study concluded that whether the DHW system is energy efficient or not could not be evaluated without considering the water use patterns of the occupants.     

Utilization of wind energy in space heating and cooling with hybrid HVAC systems and heat pumps

Approximately one-third of the primary energy resources are consumed in space heating, cooling, and air-conditioning with a very low exergetic efficiency. The depleting nature of primary energy resources, negative environmental impact of fossil fuels and low exergetic efficiencies obtained in conventional space heating and cooling are the main incentives for developing alternative heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) techniques which can employ low density and interrupted energy sources. In this respect, in spite of difficulties primarily encountered in coupling wind energy with conventional space heating and cooling equipment, wind energy seems to be an exciting alternative provided that synectic combinations are pursued and applied. In this paper, a new wind turbine coupled hybrid HVAC system is presented, which consists of an optimum combination of convective and radiant heating and cooling systems with in-space thermal energy storage. A design case for a single family home is presented. In this study a 6 kW(e) wind turbine drives a ground source heat pump (GSHP) which is coupled to a hybrid HVAC system to satisfy the thermal loads of a 100 m² home. In this example, sensible heating and cooling loads are satisfied by the high mass radiant floor which matches the daily peak demand and the available peak wind energy. Latent heating and cooling loads, along with ventilation requirements are satisfied by a forced-air system. Variable radiant and convective split type of control is implemented, and both systems are served by the same GSHP which also satisfies the domestic hot water (DHW) demand.     

Development of a ground-coupled heat pump system simulation model using g-function approximation for a residential code-compliant tool

This study develops a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) simulation model for a residential code-compliant simulation tool. To achieve this, this study proposed the g-function approximation method using polynomial curve-fitting equations. In addition, the residential air-source heat pump (ASHP) simulation model (i.e., RESYS in DOE-2.1e) was modified to include a vertical ground heat exchanger module. To check validity of the new GCHP system model, this study compared the simulation results against the results from the other simulation tools. The results between the programs showed good agreement within 5.3% differences for the annual total site energy use. Using the developed GCHP simulation model, the energy savings for a code-compliant residential building in Houston and Dallas were evaluated in comparison with the ASHP system, and the resultant annual energy savings were about 10% to 15% in the total site energy use and 30% to 40% in the heating plus cooling energy use.     

Gravel bed storage analysis for heat pump systems

The storage of solar heat in the earth beneath a building, using an air flow gravel bed heat exchanger to supply a heat pump, is analyzed. A simulation of annual performance is demonstrated, using a transient analysis to model heat flow ambients to and from the gravel bed, combined with iterative steady state approximations for the more slowly varying heat losses through the large thermal mass of soil. A cost analysis example is solved.Gravel bed heat exchangers are one means to provide large (seasonal) heat storage capacity for solar installations in new buildings at relatively low cost and without added space requirements.     

空气-水双热源复合热泵工程应用方案探讨

采用复合热泵技术将太阳能、空气能、地源热泵等两种或几种可再生能源利用形式结合成联合供能系统应用于建筑中,改善单一形式可再生能源在应用中的条件,既可达到节能减排的目的,又能保证系统能量供应的稳定性,具有很好的推广应用价值。从工程应用角度出发探讨了空气-水双热源复合热泵技术在太阳能热水、太阳能供暖、太阳能光/热一体化、地源热泵、余热/废热回收利用等方面的应用方案,为复合源热泵技术在建筑中的推广应用提供参考。