DD6单晶高温合金980℃蠕变性能研究

研究了第二代单晶高温合金DD6的[001],[011]和[111]取向980℃不同应力条件的拉伸蠕变性能.结果表明,DD6合金的蠕变性能良好,并具有蠕变各向异性;与[011]和[111]取向相比,应力对[001]取向的合金蠕变寿命影响较小;蠕变过程中由于晶体转动[001]结晶取向与主应力轴方向偏离度逐渐减小,而[011]和[111]结晶取向与主应力轴方向偏离度有所增加;[001]取向的合金加工硬化倾向性较大,[011]和[111]取向的合金加工硬化倾向较小.     

镍基单晶高温合金的拉伸断裂行为

对[001]、[011]和[111]取向的镍基单晶高温合金的不同取向的弹性模量及硬度做了表征,并分析了[011]和[111]取向的单晶在室温和1070℃的拉伸断口形貌。研究结果表明:合金的弹性模量及拉伸断裂存在各向异性。室温下,[011]取向试样拉伸断裂变形不均匀,断面为椭圆形;[111]取向的试样断裂面为圆形,没有发生颈缩。[011]、[111]取向断口均由裂纹源区、扩展区及瞬断区组成。室温下,合金的拉伸断口为剪切型韧性断裂;高温下,合金的拉伸断口为微孔聚集型韧性断裂。     

DD6单晶合金蠕变特性及断裂机理

在500MPa、900℃和300MPa、1000℃两种环境条件下,通过实验研究了[001]、[011]、[111]三种取向的镍基单晶合金DD6的蠕变特性及断裂机理。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金蠕变性能具有明显的晶体取向相关性,在相同的温度和应力条件下,三种取向的单晶合金寿命差别很大,温度是影响[001]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要因素,而应力则是影响[011]和[111]取向单晶合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。同时,晶体取向和实验条件的不同,都会使最小蠕变率发生变化,随着温度的升高,不同取向晶体的各向异性减弱,相同条件下,[111]取向最大蠕变量最大,[001]取向次之,[011]取向最小。而晶体取向对断裂机理有直接的影响,[001]、[111]取向DD6单晶合金的断裂是由微孔引起的断裂,[011]取向的DD6单晶合金在900℃、500MPa条件下的蠕变断裂为滑移断裂,1000℃、300MPa条件下的断裂为滑移面断裂和韧窝断裂二者兼有的混合型断裂。     

DD6单晶高温合金760℃的蠕变性能研究

研究了[001]、[011]和[111]取向760℃不同应力条件下的第二代单晶高温合金DD6的拉伸蠕变性能.结果表明:DD6合金具有明显的拉伸蠕变性能各向异性;在相同的试验条件下,蠕变寿命以[111]、[001]、[011]顺序依次减小;不同取向的稳态蠕变速率不同;三个取向的基体通道类型不同,不同类型基体通道的应力大小不一,小应变量下的蠕变变形主要集中在应力水平较高的基体通道.     

DD6单晶高温合金振动疲劳性能及断裂机理

研究[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金的室温振动疲劳S-N曲线,并获得了其室温振动疲劳极限。利用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、背散射衍射等手段对DD6单晶高温合金振动疲劳断裂机制进行分析。结果表明:采用S-N法估算得到的[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳极限约为337.5MPa。振动疲劳裂纹断口呈现单个或多个沿{111}晶体学扩展平面组成的形貌特征,断口上分为疲劳源区和疲劳扩展区两个阶段,裂纹在应力最大截面处的表面或内部缺陷处萌生,呈单源特征,疲劳扩展区呈现类解理断裂特征,未出现典型的疲劳条带特征。说明沿{111}晶面滑移是DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳断裂的主要变形机制,断口上的类解理扩展平面以及微观上类解理花样是DD6单晶高温合金室温振动疲劳断裂的主要特征。     

镍基单晶合金紧凑拉伸试样高温断裂特性的实验研究

采用紧凑拉伸（CT）试样对三种晶体取向[001]，[011]，[111]的镍基单晶合金DD3在950，850℃和760℃下的拉伸以及950℃时的蠕变和疲劳性能进行了实验研究。应用光学显微镜（OM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对单晶体裂纹扩展路径和断口表面进行了观察和分析。拉伸实验结果表明：单晶体裂纹扩展路径沿着特定的晶体学矢量方向扩展而在试样自由表明呈现Z字型外观，其扩展方向及形状取决于晶体取向。温度对试样的断裂形式影响较为显著，760℃时的断裂特征为剪切型脆性断裂，断裂平面为沿滑移面的光滑斜断口；950℃下试样断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型韧性断裂，断口由粗糙的剪切唇和纤维区构成。蠕变和疲劳实验结果表明：镍基单晶具有明显的蠕变和疲劳性能各向异性，蠕变寿命以[011]，[111]，[001]顺序依次减小，疲劳寿命以[111]，[011]，[001]顺序依次减小；蠕变及疲劳裂纹扩展路径均与加载方向垂直，断裂表面均为光滑的平断口。试样断口细观分析显示，蠕变试样断口由杯锥状韧窝组成，而疲劳试样断口则由疲劳裂纹组成。疲劳损伤比蠕变损伤更有利于裂纹的扩展。     

一种镍基单晶高温合金的各向异性研究

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金[001],[001]和[111]三个晶体取向的组织和性能.结果表明,晶体取向对合金枝晶组织形态和偏析存在显著影响,而合金的弹性模量和持久性能也存在明显的各向异性.在弹性模量方面,[111]取向最大,[011]取向次之,[001]取向最小.对于持久寿命,在871℃/552MPa下,[001]取向的持久寿命最高,[111]取向的延伸率最高;在1010℃/248MPa下,[111]取向的持久寿命最高,[001]取向的延伸率最高;两种实验条件下,[011]取向的持久寿命都最低.     

近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久性能各向异性研究

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响。结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性。这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个〈110〉{111}滑移系共同作用的结果。同时,原子扩散造成的γ′筏排和γ/γ′相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性。     

Anisotropy of Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy at 980℃/250MPa Near [001] Orientation

通过不同取向DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久测试,研究了取向对980℃持久性能的影响.结果表明:[001]取向偏离主应力轴15°以内,DD6单晶高温合金980℃/250MPa持久寿命相当,没有各向异性.这主要是由于近[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金多个<110>{111}滑移系共同作用的结果.同时,原子扩散造成的γ’筏排和γ/γ’相界面形成的位错网也降低持久性能各向异性.     

第二代单晶高温合金DD6长期时效后的拉伸性能

研究了第二代单晶高温合金DD6长期时效后的拉伸性能.结果表明:980℃长期时效后,[001]取向DD6合金760℃条件下保持了良好的高温拉伸性能;时效1000 h,抗拉强度仍然大于1000MPa,屈服强度接近900MPa;γ'相的变化对DD6合金760℃条件下的拉伸性能没有明显影响.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.