2507双相不锈钢在SO2污染模拟海水中的腐蚀行为

采用开路电位、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、Mott-Schottky曲线和浸泡腐蚀实验研究了2507双相不锈钢在含不同浓度(0,0.001和0.01 mol·L-1)NaHSO₃模拟海水中的腐蚀行为. 研究表明:开路电位随NaHSO₃浓度的增加而负移,腐蚀倾向增大;电荷转移电阻R_t随浓度的增加而减小,耐蚀性降低;2507不锈钢的腐蚀形态为局部腐蚀,点蚀程度随浓度升高有所加剧,腐蚀速率随浓度的增加而增大;Mott-Schottky曲线和成膜后电化学阻抗谱测试表明,NaHSO₃的加入增加了2507不锈钢表面钝化膜的点缺陷浓度,降低了钝化膜的稳定性,电荷转移阻力减小,腐蚀更容易发生. 这可能归因于NaHSO₃的加入增加了模拟海水的酸度,并随NaHSO₃浓度的增加促进了不锈钢表面钝化膜的破坏.      

Ce和W对444铁素体不锈钢耐点蚀性的影响

采用浸泡失重法和电化学方法研究Ce和W对铁素体不锈钢在含Cl-溶液中耐点蚀性能的影响,并通过恒电位极化法测定不同Ce和W含量的铁素体不锈钢临界点蚀温度(CPT)。结果表明,W和Ce都可显著抑制铁素体不锈钢在FeCl₃溶液中的腐蚀溶解,且含W的不锈钢蚀坑坑底有W元素富集。Ce和W的添加提高了不锈钢在5%NaCl溶液中的临界点蚀温度,并且当W的质量分数达到1%时,可以显著增强蚀坑的再钝化能力。添加Ce和W可提高不锈钢的点蚀电位,降低腐蚀电流密度,提高不锈钢的耐点蚀性能。不同成分的铁素体不锈钢在中性氯溶液中都表现出稳定的钝态,而Ce和W的添加可以提高钝化膜的稳定性,扩大钝化区范围。     

外加拉应力对13Cr马氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为影响

采用电化学测试手段(开路电位、交流阻抗谱及动电位极化曲线测试), 结合接触角测试及体视显微镜微观形貌观察探究在80 g·L-1 NaCl溶液中拉应力对L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢钝化膜溶解与再修复机制的影响.结果表明, 拉应力大小与L80-13Cr的钝化特性存在正相关关系.随着外加拉应力的增大, L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢的开路电位负移, 电子转移电阻减小, 线性极化电阻减小, 反应速率随着拉应力的增大而增大.而L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢在高电位下再钝化形成的钝化区会缩短, 自腐蚀电位降低, 维钝电流密度增加.接触角测试和体视显微镜微观形貌观察发现, 拉应力使得表面接触角减小, 不锈钢表面容易发生点蚀.外加拉应力使得L80-13Cr马氏体不锈钢的表面能增加, 促进钝化膜的溶解, 并且抑制钝化膜的再生, 导致材料耐蚀性降低.      

温度对13Cr不锈钢在高 CO2 分压环境中腐蚀行为的影响

通过高温高压电化学测试,获得不同实验温度下13Cr不锈钢的循环伏安曲线、交流阻抗谱和Mott-Schottky曲线,结合ZSIMPWIN软件和扫描电子显微镜分析,研究高温高CO2分压环境下,温度对13Cr不锈钢腐蚀电化学行为的影响.在高温高CO2分压环境下,随温度升高,13Cr不锈钢发生腐蚀的倾向增加,表面钝化膜稳定性下降,点蚀敏感度增加.     

表面处理对海洋工程用316L不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

316L不锈钢为常用的耐蚀合金材料,然而其在海洋大气环境服役时易遭受点腐蚀而发生失效。通过点腐蚀速率、临界点蚀温度、点蚀电位、极化曲线测试等评价方法,对经过不同表面处理(光亮退火、抛光、酸洗钝化)后的316L不锈钢的耐点蚀性能进行测试分析。结果表明,不同表面处理对316L不锈钢的临界点蚀温度影响不大,但会使点腐蚀速率、点蚀电位有所差异;在测试条件下,抛光及酸洗钝化均可有效提高316L不锈钢的耐点蚀性能,其中酸洗钝化态的耐点蚀性能最好,因此建议对海洋工程用316L不锈钢产品在使用前进行酸洗钝化处理。     

304L不锈钢焊缝在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律.随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加.在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差.      

304不锈钢在模拟压水堆一回路水中高温电化学腐蚀行为

通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,研究了氯离子浓度和溶解氧对304不锈钢高温电化学腐蚀行为的影响.动电位极化曲线结果表明,氯离子浓度主要影响高电位下的二次钝化效应,低电位下影响效果不明显,结合X射线光电子能谱对氧化膜元素成分的分析发现二次钝化效应与氧化膜中Fe/Cr元素含量比密切相关.电化学阻抗谱和扫描电镜结果表明,随着氯离子浓度增加,氧化膜阻抗逐渐降低,表面外层氧化物颗粒和间隙逐渐增大,耐腐蚀性能降低.随着溶解氧含量的升高,304自腐蚀电位逐渐升高,钝化电流密度降低,钝化区间缩小,表面氧化膜阻抗逐渐增加.      

压水堆一回路主管道316 L不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为

通过中心复合设计试验法设计试验,结合动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测量以及氧化膜形貌观察和成分测量,研究了温度(30~350℃)、Cl-质量浓度(10~1000 μg·L-1)和溶解氧质量浓度(0~200 μg·L-1)3种因素对压水堆一回路主管道316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:温度是影响316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能最显著的因素,温度越高,腐蚀电流密度越大,点蚀电位越低;Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度对316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响与温度密切相关,温度较低时(T < 150℃),Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L腐蚀电流密度几乎无影响,但点蚀电位却随Cl-浓度增加和溶解氧浓度的降低而降低;温度较高时,分别为T > 130℃和T > 150℃,Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L点蚀电位几乎无影响,但腐蚀电流密度却随Cl-和溶解氧的浓度增加而显著增加,腐蚀加剧.电化学阻抗谱的测量和氧化膜形貌的观察也进一步验证了上述试验结果.      

冷弯加工对国产301L不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

采用化学浸泡法、电化学测试研究了冷弯加工前后轨道交通装备用国产301L高强不锈钢腐蚀行为,并对化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀后样品的表面进行扫描电镜和能谱分析。化学浸泡法结果表明,冷弯后的国产301L高强不锈钢在50℃的6%（质量分数）FeCl3溶液中浸泡72h后发生了明显的点蚀,腐蚀速率随时间的延长而迅速增大,72h后腐蚀速率达到128.5g/(m2·h)。电化学测试结果表明,国产301L高强不锈钢经过冷弯加工后,在3.5%（质量分数）NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位下降365mV,钝化区宽度减小150mV,增加了点蚀敏感性。     

304不锈钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

采用扫描电镜、能谱、电化学阻抗谱和拉曼光谱等分析测试手段,研究了西沙群岛苛刻海洋大气环境下,经过不同时间暴露后304不锈钢的腐蚀行为和机理.304不锈钢在西沙大气暴露后的腐蚀类型主要是以局部腐蚀的点蚀为主,腐蚀产物主要由β-FeOOH、γ-Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄组成.随暴露时间的延长,不锈钢表面钝化膜的稳定性变差,点蚀数目增加、点蚀坑深度增大日.表面腐蚀产物覆盖率也逐渐增多.与其他部位相比,点蚀更容易在表面划痕处产生.提高表面加工精度,有助于提高其耐腐蚀性能.      

Reexamination of tympanic membrane temperature as a core temperature

Controversies surrounding tympanic temperature (Tty) itself and techniques for measuring it have dampened the potential usefulness of Tty in determining core temperature (operationally defined here as the body temperature taken at a deep body site). The present study was designed to address the following questions. 1) Can a tympanic membrane probe be made that is safer and more reliable than its predecessors? 2) Why is the effect of facial cooling and heating on Tty so inconsistent in reports from different laboratories? 3) Is Tty still useful as a measure of core temperature? Data from this study, obtained with a modified thermocouple probe, suggest that the widely reported facial skin cooling effect on Tty is most probably due to thermal contamination from the surrounding ear canal wall and/or suboptimal contact of the probe sensor with the tympanic membrane because 1) Tty that fell during facial cooling was increased to the precooling level by the repositioning of the probe sensor; 2) Tty determined by using a probe with a larger sensor area (the sensor soldered to a steel wire ring)tended to fall in response to facial cooling, whereas Tty determined with a thermally insulated probe ring did not; and 3) Tty obtained under careful positioning of the insulated probe was relatively insensitive to facial cooling or heating. Because Tty was practically identical to esophageal temperature (Tes) in the steady state, i.e., 36.83 +/- 0.20 (SD) degrees C for Tty and 36.87 +/- 0.16 degrees C for Tes at room temperature (n = 11), and because facial cooling had little effect on both Tty and Tes (36.86 +/- 0.17 degrees C for Tty and 36.86 +/- 0.26 degrees C for Tes during facial or scalp skin cooling), we support the postulate that Tty is a good measure of core temperature. The temperature transient in response to foot warming was detected 5 min (n = 2) faster with Tty than with Tes. Thus, with further improvements in the design of the probe. Tty can become a standard for determination of core body temperature.     

烧结温度对Fe-Ni-Mo磁温度补偿合金热磁性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备Fe-Ni-Mo磁温度补偿合金,研究了烧结温度对试样相结构和热磁性能的影响.对不同烧结温度试样X射线衍射(XRD)分析发现:1100℃与1150℃烧结产物均为γ(Fe, Ni)与体心立方Mo;1200℃为γ(Fe, Ni)、α(Fe, Ni)与体心立方Mo;1250℃烧结产物分别为γ(Fe, Ni)、α(Fe, Ni)、体心立方Mo与面心立方Mo四相;1300℃烧结产物为γ(Fe, Ni)、α(Fe, Ni)与面心立方Mo.从衍射峰相对强度变化可知:烧结产物α(Fe, Ni)含量随烧结温度先增后减,1250℃烧结α(Fe, Ni)含量最高.通过磁性测量与电镜分析可知,粉末冶金法制备磁温度补偿合金的关键是烧结温度.通过粉末冶金法与铸造法制得的试样热磁性能对比可知:粉末冶金法试样的热磁性略低于铸造试样的,但其热磁性能的稳定性得到很大提高.     

Disorders of temperature regulation

A remarkably effective and efficient thermoregulatory apparatus enables humans to maintain a normal body temperature despite widely varying and changing environmental and internal thermal conditions. Nevertheless, extreme ambient cold or heat and exhaustive exercise stress can overwhelm these defenses, leading to dangerous hypothermia or hyperthermia, respectively.     

红外测温技术在高温液体连续测温系统中的应用

将红外测温技术和光纤传导技术引入高温液体连续测温系统,实现连铸中间包钢水温度的连续测量,克服了热电偶存在的间断测量、需要经常更换等缺陷,和国内外同类产品相比,具有响应速度快、连续测温时间长、测量成本低、精度高等优点。简要介绍红外测温理论、实用测温数学模型的建立与应用、连续测温系统的组成及其测量原理。     

The effects of austenitization temperature on the high temperature ductility of Fe-P-S Alloys

The tensile ductility of high purity iron, containing 20 wt ppm S and 40 to 280 wt ppm P, was measured at 700 °C after austenitization at various temperatures. All samples were cooled from the austenitization temperature and reheated to the test temperature in the same way. The shape of the ductility (as measured by percent reduction of area at fracture) vs austenitization temperature curve was found to depend strongly on phosphorus levels: For 40 wt ppm P a deep ductility minimum, caused by grain boundary cavitation and intergranular failure, was found after austenitizing at 1100 °C; for 180 wt ppm P a less pronounced minimum was found; but for 220 and 280 wt ppm P the minimum disappeared completely and the samples showed 95 pct or greater ductility and necked almost to a point. It is proposed that the low ductilities and intergranular failure in the low P samples are caused by the segregation of S to oxide-ferrite interfaces in the grain boundaries, resulting in a weakened interface and easy cavity nucleation. The cavitation decreases for austenitization treatments above 1100 °C because of desorption of S from the boundaries. No mechanism is proposed for austenitization temperatures below 1100 °C. It is suggested that P additions improve the ductility by competing with S for sites on the oxide-ferrite interface, thereby reducing the amount of segregated S. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Crack Propagation under Creep and Creep-Fatigue” presented at the TMS/AIME fall meeting in Orlando, FL, in October 1986, under the auspices of the ASM Flow and Fracture Committee.