秦皇岛港务局东港污水再生回用工程介绍

对秦皇岛市第一座由企业出资兴建的污水再生回用工程的概况、设计特色进行了介绍 ,分析了工程效益 ,并对企业开展污水回用工作提出了几点建议     

山西省工业节水水平分析与节水潜力探讨

文中从取水水源、取水用途及主要行业用水状况等方面分析了用水节水现状，并分阶段阐述了历年用水节水特点。在此基础上，针对污水排放、利用状况以及节水存在的诸多问题，从用水指标对比、节水技术改进以及污水再生回用等方面详细挖掘了节水潜力。     

深圳特区水资源的可持续利用

从深圳经济特区所面临的水问题出发 ,针对特区水资源短缺和水环境恶化的现状 ,通过对水资源可持续利用途径的分析 ,指出节制用水、污水再生回用是解决特区水问题的优化途径 ,并提出了一些具体的措施和策略     

“北京市城市污水回用设计指南”课题获建设部华夏二等奖

“北京市城市污水回用设计指南”是我国污水回用工程领域的第一部技术指南,达到了国内领先水平,填补了国内空白。最近又荣获建设部华夏科技进步二等奖。我国虽发布了《城市污水回用设计规范》、《城市污水再生利用分类标准》、《城市杂用水水质标准》和《景观环境用水水质标准》,但到目前为止,我国还没有适用于污水再生利用工程设计、施工和运行管理方面的手册或指南,设计人员和管理部门缺少可具体操作的技术指导,影响了污水再生利用的发展。“北京市城市污水回用设计指南”研究成果适用于城市污水回用工程建设、设计和运行管理,为建设单位…     

中卫市城镇污水再生利用现状及潜力分析

随着社会经济的发展,宁夏回族自治区中卫市用水总量逐年递增,污水再生利用已成为缓解水资源供需矛盾的必然途径。2018年,中卫市污水总处理能力为12.5万m~3/d,污水处理率为88.66%,出水水质达到城市杂用水、绿地灌溉用水等回用标准;污水再生利用率为11.50%,低于银川市及国内其他城市的污水再生利用率。文章预测2025年中卫市污水处理率和再生利用率将分别达到95%和30%,较2018年有1 645万m~3的污水再生利用潜力。     

呼和浩特市水资源和水环境的可持续利用途径

从呼和浩特市地区所面临的水资源问题出发，针对市区水资源短缺，水资源开发利用中存在的问题，水环境日趋恶化及水资源管理跟不上城市经济发展的需要等现状。通过对水资源可持续利用途径的分析，指出节制用水、合理开发水资源、污水再生回用、降水的有效利用——集雨工程是解决呼市水问题的优化途径，并提出相应策略和具体的措施。     

城市污水回用问题分析

城市污水回用可以缓解水资源短缺问题。在分析城市污水回用的必要性和可行性的基础上,强调污水回用技术的重要意义。重点评述了污水回用的途径和目前存在的问题:污水处理水平较低,污水灌溉理论研究滞后,水价偏低阻碍回用水技术推广等。     

鞍山市污水处理及再生水回用现状分析

鞍山市再生回用水目前主要集中在鞍钢厂区污水处理厂,就全市而言回用率为44.6%,还满足不了现实需求。鞍山市居民小区再生水回用设施正处于建设的初始阶段。二级处理出水深度处理基本套用常规给水处理工艺,一般仅限于局部回用或处理厂内部回用,与当前城市污水再生回用多元化的需求及不想称。目前鞍山市当务之急是用水对象及水质要求、水质保障的研究论证、工程建设与运行管理以及相应政策、法规、标准的统一配套,急需发展污水处理再生回用,以实现水资源的可持续利用。     

污水回用 大势所趋——关于北京市污水回用的思考

我国是世界上高度缺水的国家之一，首都北京也面临着日益严重的水危机，污水回用是解决水危机的有效途径，污水经过处理可回用于农业灌溉，景观河道用水，市政用水，工业水和地下水回灌等多个方面。本文介绍了国际上一些国家进行污水回有的经验，同时还介绍了北京市污水处理与回用现状，并分析了污水回用过程中存在的问题，针对这些问题提出了改进建议。     

石家庄市中水回用工程现状及发展趋势

中水是污水经过处理后再生的水。中水回用是污水处理的延伸和开发,具有广阔的发展空间,为严重缺水的城市提供了新的水源。中水可广泛用于市政杂用水,如园林绿化用水、环境景观用水、道路喷洒用水;生活杂用水,如冲厕、洗车、小区绿化;工业冷却用水等。     

利用小型污水处理设施和中水解决城镇水资源问题

水资源短缺和水环境污染已经成为城市和小城镇可持续发展的制约因素，中水回用则是解决这两个问题的重要举措。在调查分析了石家庄市水资源、污水处理和中水回用情况的基础上，回顾了污水处理和中水回用的发展历程，分析了中水回用的不同方法，以石家庄为例进行中水回用的经济效益分析。分析表明大力推行小型污水处理设施并进行中水回用是城市和小城镇水资源可持续发展的重要举措。     

Reusing Urban Wastewater—An Alternative and a Reliable Water Resource

ABSTRACT

Fundamental concepts of reusing urban wastewater as an alternative and a reliable source of water supply are discussed, along with the categories for water reuse, planning methodologies, wastewater reclamation technologies, and economics. The rational basis for integration of urban reclaimed water into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is evaluated. Special attention is paid to tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment systems that are capable of producing essentially pathogen-free effluent for a variety of uses such as irrigation of urban landscape, flushing of toilets served by dual plumbing systems in large commercial buildings, and groundwater recharge for eventual potable reuse. The motivating factors for wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized and the costs of water reclamation projects are discussed with several examples. The integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is emphasized.     

城市再生水资源利用潜力与前景分析——以合肥市为例

在分析合肥市水资源开发利用、水环境质量状况与水资源供需形势的基础上,探讨了合肥市开展再生水利用的必要性与意义,提出发展再生水回用是解决城市水资源短缺问题的有效途径之一。初步确定合肥市再生水利用的主要方式,同时对再生水可供水量规模进行预测,并对再生水的利用前景进行分析,根据合肥市污水回用存在的问题提出污水资源化利用的建议性对策,为合肥市水资源综合规划及节水型社会建设提供参考依据。     

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.     

Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning.

The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.     

Research on wastewater reuse planning in Beijing central region.

The need to implement wastewater reuse in Beijing is discussed. Based on the investigation of the built wastewater reuse projects in Beijing, the differences between small wastewater reuse system and large systems were analyzed according to the technical, economical and social issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the small system and the large system were then given. In wastewater reuse planning in Beijing urban region, the large system was adopted. The rations of reclaimed water for difference land use type, including industrial reuse, municipal reuse, grass irrigation, and scenes water reuse were determined. Then according to the land use information in every block in central Beijing, using GIS techniques, the amounts of the reclaimed water needed in every block were calculated, and the main pipe system of reclaimed water was planned.     

Viability of increasing the tariff of freshwater for irrigation as a tool to stimulate wastewater reuse in the MENA region.

Despite water scarcity and high agricultural water demand in the Middle East and North Africa region, substantial proportions of treated wastewater are discharged into the environment and seas without proper utilization. All countries of the region, low pricing of reclaimed wastewater is a common tool to make reuse attractive. However, low pricing of reclaimed wastewater is ineffectual due to farmers' access to freshwater for irrigation at low tariff. Therefore, increasing the prices of freshwater in such a way that does not jeopardize feasibility of agriculture would promote irrigation with reclaimed wastewater even at increased prices. On one hand, it increases the gap between the price of freshwater and that of reclaimed wastewater, making the later more attractive. On the other hand, it would be used as a financial resource for funding the investment costs of the infrastructure needed for conveyance and distribution of reclaimed wastewater. This paper studies the viability of increasing the prices of freshwater and reclaimed wastewater. The results show that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater even for restricted irrigation can be as profitable as, and sometimes better than, freshwater irrigation. Some of the permitted crops such as fruit trees can be more profitable than vegetables. Thus, it appears that the level of knowledge farmers and others on the benefits of reclaimed wastewater is still limited.     

城市污水再生利用现状分析

概述了我国城市供水状况和用水结构,指出了水资源短缺引起的各种供水问题的严重性,探讨了进行污水再生利用,推进污水资源化的重大意义。详细分析了国内外污水再生利用的发展情况,包括工艺流程、设施(设备)能力、实际利用量、存在问题及原因分析、技术经济效益等内容,并结合工程实践经验提出了相应的建议。     

The water reclamation and reuse project of El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

Water reclamation and reuse have become essential components of water resources management in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, by helping to develop additional water resources in the lower Llobregat River, one of its main sources of water supply. By generating a reliable flow of 300,000 m3/day of high quality reclaimed water, the options available for integrated water resources management have widely expanded to allow in-stream river water substitution, restoration of natural wetland areas, agricultural irrigation, and supply to a seawater intrusion barrier. Those management options have been possible thanks to the implementation of an extensive water distribution system that allows distribution of reclaimed water to a point 15 km upstream of the reclamation facility, and to a seawater intrusion barrier within a few kilometres of the plant. The cost of producing reclaimed water using a physico-chemical process (0.05 euro/m3) and the investment required for such a facility (0.21 euro/m3 annual capacity) are very close to those of similar large scale projects in Spain. However, higher degrees of treatment, such as demineralization for agricultural irrigation and for injection into a seawater intrusion barrier, result in considerable increases of both water reclamation cost and investment costs.     

城市再生水利用风险评价指标体系初探

水的再生利用是破解我国水资源短缺问题的重要途径之一,但是再生水利用对人体健康和环境的影响也是生活污水处理必须面对的挑战,从而受到人们普遍关注。根据我国再生水回用途径和天津市纪庄子再生水厂的出水水质情况,构建了再生水利用风险评价指标体系(包括健康风险指标和生态环境风险指标),并对纪庄子再生水厂的出水与景观用水和地表水分别进行了风险评价,得出再生水用在不同用途时存在的不同环境风险。