引水条件下水库生态调度方法研究

针对以生态流量大小为调度目标的生态调度方法与供水目标矛盾突出的问题,提出了包括流量大小、频率、延时等多种属性信息的生态整体目标,并设计了生态流量约束法以及生态供水限制线法两种生态调度方法。结果表明:生态流量约束法主要是对生态流量大小进行调节,无法对水库缺水时期的生态供水进行灵活调整,其与供水目标的竞争关系明显;而生态供水限制线法,能够针对包括流量大小、频率、延时等多种信息的生态目标整体,通过调整流量大小及流量过程等形式,对生态目标进行控制,其调度效果要明显优越于生态流量约束法。因此,碧流河水库实施大伙房输水应入连工程后,应采取生态供水限制线的生态调度方法。     

城市生态水系规划研究——以山东省滨州市城市水系为例

阐述了城市水系对于生态城市建设的意义和作用。提出了水安全指标体系、水环境指标体系、水资源指标体系、水体生态多样性指标体系和水文化指标体系等生态水系五大指标体系。以山东省滨州市城市生态水系规划为例,分析了该市水系存在的主要问题,设定了其生态水系规划目标,并从五大指标体系入手,制定了该市生态水系建设的措施。     

黄河生态水文评估指标体系构建及案例研究

在总结、分析国内外相关研究成果的基础上,结合黄河生态水文特点,提出其指标体系构建原则,借助Pearson相关分析法提取并确定了可表征黄河河流生态水文情势的50个指标,构建了黄河生态水文评估指标体系,并将该指标体系应用于黄河干流兰州断面的生态水文评估。实例研究采用变化范围法进行评价计算,结果表明,兰州断面的整体水文改变度为0.722,即发生高度改变。其中1、2、8、9月平均流量、逆转次数、高流量延时、枯季最大流量、丰季最大流量发生时间、大小洪水次数、涨水次数与延时等指标改变强烈,将对黄河兰州段的水沙关系、生物种群数量、幼苗比例、栖息地环境以及滩区、湿地、洪泛区的植被与动物种类产生较大影响。与水文变化指标体系进行对比,发现两者评估结果基本一致,表明本文方法在实际应用中是可行的。同时,微观结果表明,本文方法相对水文变化指标体系更细致、更全面、更准确,可较好地反映黄河生态水文态势。     

黄河生态水文评估指标体系的构建及案例研究

【目的】维持良好的生态水文联系是维持河流健康生命的基础，开展河流生态水文评估指标体系研究对进一步认识、量化和恢复河流系统健康状况具有重要指导意义。【方法】在总结、分析国内外相关研究成果的基础上，结合黄河生态水文特点，建立指标体系构建原则，通过因素分析提取可以表征黄河河流生态水文情势的50个指标，构建黄河生态水文评估指标体系，并将指标体系应用于黄河干流兰州断面的生态水文评估。【结果】实例研究结果表明，兰州断面的整体水文改变度为0.722，属高度改变。其中1、2、8、9月平均流量、逆转次数、高流量延时、枯季最大流量、丰季最大流量发生时间、大小洪水次数、涨水次数与延时等指标改变强烈，会对黄河兰州段的水沙关系、生物种群数量、幼苗比例、栖息地环境以及滩区、湿地、洪泛区的植被与动物种类产生较大的影响。与IHA指标体系对比，两者的评估结果基本一致。【结论】黄河生态水文评估指标体系在实际应用中可行，相对IHA指标体系更细致、更全面、更准确，可较好的反映黄河生态水文态势。     

水生态空间管控指标体系构建

建立水生态空间管控指标体系是水生态空间管控规划的重要基础工作,合理确定水生态空间管控指标是资源环境保护指标体系的核心内容。从水生态空间功能和保护对象管控需求出发,从水资源总量、水环境质量、水生态区域和管控能力等4个方面分级分类提出了水生态空间管控指标体系,该指标体系可为评估水生态空间管控效应、完善水生态空间管控体系、落实《生态文明建设目标考核办法》和落实河长制责任提供技术支撑。     

水生态文明城市指标体系的若干思考与建议

水生态文明建设是解决我国快速城镇化过程中资源环境问题的重要战略,受到社会各界的普遍关注。水生态文明城市指标体系对于水生态文明建设的具有引导作用,同时也是建设成效评估的重要依据;受各地自然地理和经济社会情况的影响,不同地区或部门出台的指标体系各具特色、同时差异明显。针对6个试点城市(济南、苏州、广州等)、山东省和江苏省以及水利部出台的水生态文明城市指标体系进行了剖析与对比,阐述了目前水生态文明城市指标体系中存在的主要问题;最后从有效性、完备性、规范性以及评估计算方法等方面提出了完善和改进我国水生态文明城市指标体系的具体建议。     

城市水生态文明内涵及指标体系构建综述

针对城市水生态文明研究中存在缺乏自然—人类—水体相协调的水生态文明模式,未形成系统的城市水生态文明研究体系等问题,基于文献资料,从城市水生态文明的基本内涵、指标体系的构建原则及方式等方面对专家学者的研究成果进行了系统总结,概括了城市水生态文明已有研究成果的优缺点,并提出了改进建议。从指标体系的分类方法、基础数据的获得方式以及综合评价的计算方法方面指出了未来城市水生态文明评价指标体系的发展趋势:基于"自然—社会"二元水循环模型构建指标体系;利用GIS采集基础数据;建立统一的城市水生态文明评价支持系统,对城市水生态文明程度进行科学量化计算。     

生态承载力定量评价方法的研究进展

人类的可持续发展必须建立在生态系统完整、资源持续供给和环境长期有容量的基础上,因而研究生态承载力具有重要的现实意义。通过介绍生态承载力概念的演化过程及内涵,论述了目前常用的生态承载力评价方法,包括自然植被净第一性生产力估测法、资源与需求的差量法、综合评价法、状态空间法、生态足迹法等,并对各种评价方法进行了比较评述。指出：生态承载力的大小取决于生态环境系统和社会经济系统两方面,因此将生态承载力评价指标因子分为压力指标和承压指标两大类,构建了生态承载力的评价指标体系。     

绿洲生态稳定性预测

本文以宁夏绿洲为例，综合考虑水资源、土地资源、生物资源和环境因子四项影响绿洲生态稳定性的主要因素，建立了系统的绿洲生态稳定性评价指标体系，在此基础上，应用广义水资源合理配置模型以及依托配置模型构建的植被群落盖度与地下水埋深之间的关系，建立了绿洲生态稳定性预测模型，对受水资源约束条件下的绿洲生态演化过程进行了定量分析，预测未来不同水资源条件下的绿洲生态稳定性。预测结果表明，2010、2020年水平年50％黄河来水频率下，绿洲生态稳定性整体处于良好状态；75％黄河来水频率下，整体处于一般状态。绿洲生态稳定性变化趋势符合当地社会经济发展趋势，结果合理。     

江西水生态文明县评价指标体系研究

针对目前江西县级水生态文明城市建设评价尚无统一标准,未形成系统的评价指标体系等问题,文章在概述水生态文明内涵的基础上,通过分析已有文献、技术资料和政策法规,吸收江西省水生态文明试点县建设经验,采用问卷调查与专家咨询相结合的方法,初步构建了江西水生态文明县建设评价指标体系,该指标体系包含了水安全、水环境、水生态、水管理、水景观、水文化等六方面共25个指标,并给出了各个指标的含义和计算方法,可为江西水生态文明县建设评价提供技术支撑。     

基于标准化帕尔默干旱指数的西江流域干旱评估

采用西江流域武宣站集水区68个气象站点1961—2014年的逐日气象观测资料和12个水文站点1961—1989年日径流资料以及植被、土壤数据,驱动VIC水文模型计算水文要素的时空分布,构建网格尺度的标准化帕尔默干旱指数(SPDI),结合游程理论识别历史干旱事件,分析了SPDI在西江流域干旱评估的适用性以及历史干旱事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:SPDI在西江流域干旱评估中具有良好的适用性;1961—2014年西江流域干旱频次、历时总体呈增加的趋势;1960、1980和2000年代属旱情较严重年代,21世纪以来西江流域干旱化趋势更为明显。     

基于熵组合权重和灰色聚类模型的河道整治工程社会影响评价

以灰色系统理论为基础,建立了河道整治工程社会影响灰色聚类评价模型。针对河道整治工程社会影响评价的特点,从对经济发展影响、社会发展影响、社会环境影响、对合理利用自然资源的影响四个方面建立评价指标体系,采用熵组合赋权法确定指标权重,以长江新济洲河段河道整治工程为例进行了实例研究。评价结果表明:其社会影响为Ⅱ级"较好"。模型分析结果与工程建设特点和所处环境特征基本吻合,验证了评价结果的准确性。研究表明,在河道整治工程社会影响评价方面,灰色聚类模型和熵组合权重法具有较好的科学性和实用性。研究所得内容对于河道整治工程具有很好的理论参考价值。     

FlowRegEnvCost: An R Package for Assessing the Environmental Cost of River Flow Regulation

FlowRegEnvCost is an R package developed for evaluating the environmental costs of river flow regulation. The methods for calculating the costs are separated in three steps: (i) measuring the admissible range of variability of regulated river flow based on flow data during the period before the impact, (ii) measuring the environmental impact of regulated flows on a daily basis according to the resulting hydrological change in terms of the magnitude, duration, and frequency of the impact, and (iii) estimating the environmental costs associated to flow regulation subject to spatiotemporal characteristics. The method is based on the “polluter pays” principle, i.e., the estimated cost should be proportional to the resulting impact on the environment. This paper presents FlowRegEnvCost and applies the methodology in the Esla River case study, in Spain. FlowRegEnvCost enlarges the current recognition of the environmental costs and represents an easy-to-use and transparent management tool for accomplishing the goals of the Water Framework Directive.

     

Implications of flood pulse restoration for populus regeneration on the upper Missouri River

We developed a mass balance flow model to reconstruct unregulated daily peak flows in the National Wild and Scenic reach of the Missouri River, Montana. Results indicated that although the observed frequency of large peak flows has not changed in the post‐dam period, their magnitude has been reduced from 40 to 50% as a consequence of flow regulation. Reductions in the magnitude of these flows should reduce the expected frequency of large flood‐pulses over a longer time‐scale. Results of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model indicated that limited cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. Monilifera) recruitment occurs at relatively small peak discharges, but to maximize establishment of cottonwoods in the Wild and Scenic reach, a threshold of 1850 m³/s would be necessary at the Virgelle gauge. Floods of this magnitude or greater lead to establishment of cottonwood seedlings above the zone of frequent ice‐drive disturbance. Restoring the frequency, magnitude, duration and timing of these flood pulses would benefit important natural resource values including riparian cottonwood forests and native fish species in the upper Missouri River basin. However, efforts to naturalize flow must be made in the context of a water management system that was authorized and constructed for the primary purposes of flood control, power generation and irrigation. Using the synthesized flow model and flood damage curves, we examined six scenarios for delivering flows ≥1850 m³/s to the Wild and Scenic reach. Whereas some scenarios appeared to be politically and economically infeasible, our analysis suggested that there is enough operational flexibility in the system to restore more natural flood pulses without greatly compromising other values. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汉江流域水电梯级开发对生态环境影响评价研究

汉江是长江中游最大的支流,水能资源蕴藏量丰富,然而水电梯级开发与流域生态环境之间的矛盾是当前汉江流域面临的首要问题,如何评估汉江水电梯级开发造成的生态环境影响已成为学者广泛关注的问题。通过分析流域生态系统结构和功能,构建了基于PSR模型的水电梯级开发生态环境影响多层次评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定指标权重,运用专家评分法对指标进行量化,对汉江流域生态环境进行了评价。评价结果表明:随着汉江干流梯级的逐步建成,汉江生态环境影响评价综合指数总体呈现下降趋势。利用SPSS将标准化后的各个水电开发阶段的压力指数和生态环境影响评价综合指数进行拟合分析,得到以诱发地震等级、河流断面宽深比等为因素的汉江流域水电梯级开发生态环境影响预测方程。该方程可为流域水电梯级开发生态环境影响预测提供借鉴。     

南盘江流域规划环境影响评价指标体系

在介绍流域综合规划环评的发展历史和指标体系概念内涵的基础上,通过对南盘江流域的综合分析,结合实践经验,从资源系统和环境系统两大系统入手,建立影响识别概念模型,以"资源-环境"基本模式,对环境影响进行识别,确定环境保护目标,制定相应的指标控制值,最终形成多层次指标体系,为今后开展流域综合规划环境影响评价中指标体系的建立及应用提供技术依据和支撑。     

Comparison of the interannual and interdecadal variability of heavy flood characteristics upstream and downstream from dams in inversed hydrologic regime: Case study of Matawin River (Québec,Canada)

Erected in 1930, the Matawin Dam caused an inversion of the hydrologic regime of the Matawin River: snow‐melt water in spring (April to June) is stored in the reservoir and then released in winter (January to March) to feed the hydroelectric generating stations built downstream on the Saint‐Maurice River. Thus, heavy floods occur upstream from the dam in spring but downstream in winter. We compared the interannual and interdecadal variability of the heavy flood characteristics (magnitude, duration, frequency and variability) both upstream (spring floods) and downstream (winter floods) from the dam during the 1934–1994 period. This comparison revealed that the principal change observed downstream from the dam translates into a strong increase in the duration (in days) of heavy floods. The average duration of these floods quintupled. This change in duration occurred around the mid‐1960s and thus led to a significant decrease in the magnitude, frequency and variability of heavy floods. It also altered the relationship between the climate indices and these fundamental characteristics (magnitude, frequency and duration). Downstream from the dam, the magnitude and frequency are positively correlated to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), whereas upstream they are negatively correlated to the same index. However, the AMO index is negatively correlated to the duration downstream from the dam, whereas upstream this characteristic is no longer significantly correlated to any climatic index. Two factors have been invoked to explain this change observed downstream from the dam.

• The cooling observed since the 1960s at the station located at the dam. However, this cooling was not observed on the scale of the entire watershed. This reduces its plausibility.
• The increase in hydroelectric power production in the watershed after nationalization of hydroelectric power in 1962. This increase would be explained by the expansion of the market for hydroelectric power (national and international markets). Before nationalization, the hydroelectric power produced in the watershed was intended only for regional industries.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large,inland delta

The Peace–Athabasca River Delta (PAD) is one of the largest freshwater deltas and most biologically productive in the world. Because regional evaporation is greater than precipitation, the thousands of lakes and wetlands dotting this area rely on periodic flooding from the Peace and Athabasca rivers to be replenished. Flood frequency significantly declined beginning in the mid‐1970s, several years after the initiation of flow regulation of the Peace River. However, the drying trend was interrupted in 1996 when the PAD experienced extensive inland inundation on two separate occasions, one in the spring and one in the summer. A one‐dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model was used to evaluate the role of flow regulation and hydroclimatic conditions on the water levels of major lakes found in the PAD. Three Peace River flow scenarios were analysed: the observed flows, the flow regime without the ‘precautionary drawdown’ spill which was required because of the discovery of a sinkhole at the crest of the dam, and the naturalized flow regime, which assumed no dam regulation. Modelling results indicated that the effect of the spill on the flow regime within the PAD was approximately equivalent in magnitude, although different in timing, to what would have resulted from the prevailing hydroclimatic conditions in an unregulated system. Furthermore, even in the absence of the precautionary drawdown spill, the lake levels would have risen well above the maximum daily average, suggesting that 1996 was one of the wettest years on record. Finally, the hydrodynamic regime observed at the end of the summer 1996 was very similar to that modelled under unregulated flow conditions, suggesting that flow regulation could be used to alter the hydrodynamic regime of a large delta to at least partially restore natural conditions and potentially improve ecosystem health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡水库近坝支流水华预警及处置策略初探

以三峡水库近坝支流香溪河为例,基于水华暴发特征规律,通过数值模拟手段,研究不同调度启动时间和执行周期下调度对水华暴发过程的影响,得到以下水华预警规则及处置策略:第一,水华易发时段,在香溪河上游河段(距河口25 km)设置叶绿素浓度连续监测站点;第二,在叶绿素浓度从较低水平连续上升至10μg/L时,保持日调峰泄流过程的条件下启动升水位调度,叶绿素浓度连续下降时可终止;第三,库水位在受上游来流或下泄流量限制而必须下降时,尽可能控制在叶绿素浓度连续下降以后。