大鼠脂肪干细胞两种培养方法的比较

目的采用组织块培养法和胶原酶消化法体外培养大鼠脂肪干细胞(adipose derived stem cells,ADSCs),并对两种培养方法进行比较分析。方法分离SD大鼠腹股沟处脂肪组织,分别采用组织块培养法和胶原酶消化法获取ADSCs,并对其进行原代培养和传代培养,观察细胞形态,比较细胞的产量和增殖能力;分别用化学成脂诱导剂和化学成骨诱导剂诱导ADSCs分化,观察其分化情况,并计算成脂量。结果组织块培养法和胶原酶消化法培养ADSCs的成功率分别为79%和53%,获得的第4代ADSCs多为成纤维细胞样,长梭形或纺锤形,无形态学差异,传至第8代,细胞生长状态良好,传代后细胞性状均一,生物学特性稳定;培养第7天,组织块培养法每毫克脂肪组织获得的细胞产量高于胶原酶消化法,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);第4代ADSCs生长曲线均为相似的"S"型,细胞倍增时间分别为96.56和95.84 h;ADSCs均可向脂肪细胞和骨细胞方向分化,培养第7天,两组间成脂量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脂肪组织块培养法是更适合的体外获取ADSCs的方法。     

维持静息细胞周期状态的小鼠肝细胞的分离纯化和原代培养

目的建立维持正常肝细胞静息细胞周期状态的小鼠肝细胞的分离纯化及原代培养方法。方法对传统小鼠肝细胞分离纯化的原位两步胶原酶灌流法进行改良,台盼蓝染色法计数细胞总数并鉴定肝细胞活率;用改良的WME培养基对C57BL/6小鼠肝细胞进行原代培养,经过碘酸雪夫氏染色(Periodic acid-Schiff stain,PAS)和全自动生化分析仪鉴定肝细胞的生物学特性及功能;Western blot法检测分离纯化后的小鼠肝细胞及原代培养24、48、72、96 h小鼠肝细胞的细胞周期蛋白p16、cyclin D1和cyclin A的表达水平。结果分离纯化后可从每只小鼠肝脏稳定获取(3～5)×107个肝细胞,细胞活率达(86.68±2.46)%;原代培养96 h内的小鼠肝细胞能保持合成糖原、白蛋白、尿素的功能;原代培养小鼠肝细胞中,细胞周期蛋白p16、cyclin D1和cyclin A的表达水平与分离纯化的小鼠肝细胞相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),表明原代培养96 h内的小鼠肝细胞均能维持静息细胞周期状态。结论改良的分离纯化方法能稳定获得高产量、高活率的小鼠肝细胞;改良后的原代培养方法可使肝细胞维持其特异性功能、分化特性及静息细胞周期状态。     

人气管上皮细胞的原代分离及气液界面培养

目的分离人气管上皮细胞,并进行气液界面(air-liquid interface,ALI)培养,为呼吸道病毒研究提供良好的细胞模型。方法采用低温消化法分离人气管上皮细胞,用预包被胶原的0.4μm Transwell培养皿对传代后的气管上皮细胞进行ALI培养。利用倒置显微镜观察细胞生长状态,免疫细胞化学染色和免疫组化鉴定培养细胞的生长和分化情况,同时测定细胞分化过程中的跨上皮电阻(trans epithelial electrical resistance,TEER)。结果分离培养的气管上皮细胞光镜下细胞形态及免疫荧光角蛋白染色阳性,证实培养细胞为气管上皮细胞。ALI培养后的人气管上皮细胞的形态学、MUC5AC蛋白、Ⅳ型β-微管蛋白(β-tubulinⅣ)的表达及紧密连接和假复层的形成情况均与人气管组织结构类似。结论低温消化法可成功分离到活性高的上皮细胞。ALI培养的上皮细胞形态和功能与体内接近,且能较长时间维持其正常形态及功能,为呼吸道相关疾病的研究提供了理想的平台。     

非灌流法分离大鼠肝星形细胞及其鉴定

目的采用非灌流法分离大鼠肝星形细胞(Hepatic stellate cell,HSC),并进行鉴定。方法采用非灌流法结合酶消化法分离大鼠肝脏细胞,密度梯度离心进一步分离HSC,油红染色检测HSC胞质中的脂滴,免疫组化法检测细胞中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-Smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、结蛋白(Desmin)及神经胶质酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)的表达。结果非灌流法结合酶消化法可成功分离大鼠HSC;密度梯度离心纯化的HSC经油红染色,细胞核周围可见红色脂滴;该细胞中α-SMA、结蛋白及GFAP的免疫组化染色结果均呈阳性,细胞着色率可达90%以上。结论成功建立了大鼠HSC的非灌流分离模式,所获得的HSC纯度较高,该方法稳定简便,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

还原氧化石墨烯对人原代成纤维细胞的毒性研究

通过氧化石墨烯制备还原氧化石墨烯,采用透射电子显微镜对其进行表征,并将其作用于人原代成纤维细胞,通过CCK8法细胞活性检测和细胞划痕实验研究还原氧化石墨烯对人原代成纤维细胞的毒性。结果表明:与氧化石墨烯相比,还原氧化石墨烯颜色变深,粉末变细,具有明显的薄层和褶皱结构;CCK8法细胞活性检测结果显示5μg·mL~(-1)是还原氧化石墨烯对人原代成纤维细胞的安全浓度;细胞划痕实验结果显示还原氧化石墨烯浓度小于5μg·mL~(-1)时对人原代成纤维细胞的愈合没有影响。     

人脐带华通氏胶间充质干细胞的生物学特性及其向肌源性细胞分化的能力

目的探讨人脐带华通氏胶间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord Wharton′s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells,hUCMSCs)的生物学特性及其向肌源性细胞分化的能力。方法收集健康足月产胎儿脐带组织,采用酶消化法从华通氏胶中分离hUCMSCs,选取第3代对数生长期细胞,显微镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞免疫表型分子的表达,免疫荧光染色检测干细胞标记物及其体外向肌源性细胞的分化,荧光显微镜观察及流式细胞术检测携带绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的慢病毒转染hUCMSCs后GFP的表达。结果采用酶消化法获得可贴壁生长的大量hUCMSCs,其能在体外成功进行扩增培养。hUCMSCs可高表达CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90和CD105,而极低表达CD14、CD34、CD45和HLA-Ⅱ;能表达干细胞标记物Oct4和Sox2,且在体外特殊培养条件下表达骨骼肌干细胞标记物Pax7和Myo D;转染的hUCMSCs可稳定表达GFP,转染率高达50%~70%。结论人脐带华通氏胶组织存在间充质干细胞,且其具有向肌源性细胞分化的潜能。     

乳鼠心肌细胞的原代培养方法的改进

目的对乳鼠的心肌细胞进行原代培养方法的改进。方法参照乳鼠心肌细胞原代培养方法,并进行改进,选用Ⅱ型胶原蛋白酶及IMDM培养液进行消化和培养,减少了消化及离心时间,差速贴壁分离纯化后,加入5-溴脱氧核苷抑制成纤维细胞污染。结果本方法培养的心肌细胞存活率为95·6%,培养2~5d观察,视野中绝大多数为已搏动的心肌细胞和心肌细胞团,成纤维细胞无明显增殖。结论本方法是一种较为理想的乳鼠心肌细胞原代培养方法。     

BrdU标记家兔成纤维细胞的体外及体内实验观察

目的用5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)标记家兔皮肤成纤维细胞,确定最佳标记方法,探讨其作为成纤维细胞示踪方法的可行性。方法取12～16周龄健康中国大耳白兔颈部皮肤,胶原酶消化,分离并培养成纤维细胞。取第3代细胞,加入终浓度分别为2.5、5、10和15μg/ml的BrdU共培养,MTT法检测细胞的生长情况。分别用2.5、5、10和15μg/ml的BrdU标记第3代细胞,标记6、12、24和48h后,采用免疫荧光法检测各组细胞的标记阳性率。以最佳剂量及时间标记家兔成纤维细胞,与壳聚糖-甘油磷酸钠水凝胶混合后,注入兔颈内动脉,1周后,免疫荧光法观察植入细胞。结果加入BrdU48h内,各浓度的BrdU对家兔成纤维细胞生长的影响均不明显。标记剂量及标记时间均可影响标记率,但标记时间的影响更大。5μg/ml剂量标记24h,标记率可达(94.50±2.08)%,再加大标记剂量或延长标记时间,标记率提高不明显。以该方法标记的家兔成纤维细胞注入家兔颈内动脉1周后,可在兔颈内动脉观察到大量标记细胞。结论BrdU对家兔成纤维细胞的最佳标记方法为5μg/ml标记24h,该方法对细胞影响小,标记率高,适用于成纤维细胞体内示踪。     

泥鳅肝细胞的分离、纯化及TR——MTSEA透膜

目的:以泥鳅为试验对象,通过分离、纯化其肝细胞以及TR——MTSEA透膜试验,为研究环境毒理学、细胞生理学、药理学等相关研究领域提供基础依据。方法:采用天然胶原酶H消化法分离纯化肝细胞。结果 :可成功得到含血细胞和其他杂细胞比较少的肝细胞。MTSEA为不能透过泥鳅肝细胞细胞膜的小分子氧化剂。结论 :用天然胶原酶H消化法分离纯化肝细胞,可提高肝实质细胞纯度。MTSEA作为不透膜的小分子氧化剂可用来研究更深层次的细胞调控。     

In Vitro Suppression of T Cell Proliferation Is a Conserved Function of Primary and Immortalized Human Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

T cell immunotherapy is now a mainstay therapy for several blood-borne cancers as well as metastatic melanoma. Unfortunately, many epithelial tumors respond poorly to immunotherapy, and the reasons for this are not well understood. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most frequent non-neoplastic cell type in most solid tumors, and they are emerging as a key player in immunotherapy resistance. A range of immortalized CAF lines will be essential tools that will allow us to understand immune responses against cancer and develop novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. To study the effect of CAFs on T cell proliferation, we created and characterized a number of novel immortalized human CAFs lines (Im-CAFs) from human breast, colon, and pancreatic carcinomas. Im-CAFs shared similar phenotypes, matrix remodeling and contraction capabilities, and growth and migration rates compared to the primary CAFs. Using primary isolates from breast carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we report that CAFs across major tumor types are able to potently suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. Im-CAFs retained this property. Im-CAFs are a key tool that will provide important insights into the mechanisms of CAF-mediated T cell suppression through techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 modification, molecular screens, and pipeline drug testing.     

Breast Cancer CAFs: Spectrum of Phenotypes and Promising Targeting Avenues

Activation of the tumor-associated stroma to support tumor growth is a common feature observed in different cancer entities. This principle is exemplified by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are educated by the tumor to shape its development across all stages. CAFs can alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secrete a variety of different molecules. In that manner they have the capability to affect activation, survival, proliferation, and migration of other stromal cells and cancer cell themselves. Alteration of the ECM, desmoplasia, is a common feature of breast cancer, indicating a prominent role for CAFs in shaping tumor development in the mammary gland. In this review, we summarize the multiple roles CAFs play in mammary carcinoma. We discuss experimental and clinical strategies to interfere with CAFs function in breast cancer. Moreover, we highlight the issues arising from CAFs heterogeneity and the need for further research to identify CAFs subpopulation(s) that can be targeted to improve breast cancer therapy.     

Differential Angiogenic Potential of 3-Dimension Spheroid of HNSCC Cells in Mouse Xenograft

The experimental animal model is still essential in the development of new anticancer drugs. We characterized mouse tumors derived from two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cells or three-dimensional (3D) spheroids to establish an in vivo model with highly standardized conditions. Primary cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were cultured from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor tissues and co-injected with monolayer cancer cells or spheroids into the oral mucosa of mice. Mice tumor blood vessels were stained, followed by tissue clearing and 3D Lightsheet fluorescent imaging. We compared the effect of exosomes secreted from 2D or 3D culture conditions on the angiogenesis-related genes in HNSCC cells. Our results showed that both the cells and spheroids co-injected with primary CAFs formed tumors. Interestingly, vasculature was abundantly distributed inside the spheroid-derived but not the monolayer-derived mice tumors. In addition, cisplatin injection more significantly decreased spheroid-derived but not monolayer-derived tumor size in mice. Additionally, exosomes isolated from co-culture media of FaDu spheroid and CAF upregulated angiogenesis-related genes in HNSCC cells as compared to exosomes from FaDu cell and CAF co-culture media under in vitro conditions. The mouse tumor xenograft model derived from 3D spheroids of HNSCC cells with primary CAFs is expected to produce reliable chemotherapy drug screening results given the robust angiogenesis and lack of necrosis inside tumor tissues.     

Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Exosomes in Peritoneal Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer

Most patients with ovarian cancer (OvCA) present peritoneal disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. During peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and disseminate through the intraperitoneal fluid. The peritoneal mesothelial cell (PMC) monolayer that lines the abdominal cavity is the first barrier encountered by OvCA cells. Subsequent progression of tumors through the peritoneum leads to the accumulation into the peritoneal stroma of a sizeable population of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which is mainly originated from a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) process. A common characteristic of OvCA patients is the intraperitoneal accumulation of ascitic fluid, which is composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, miRNAs, and proteins contained in exosomes, as well as tumor and mesothelial suspended cells, among other components that vary in proportion between patients. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have been shown to mediate peritoneal metastasis by educating a pre-metastatic niche, promoting the accumulation of CAFs via MMT, and inducing tumor growth and chemoresistance. This review summarizes and discusses the pivotal role of exosomes and MMT as mediators of OvCA peritoneal colonization and as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic targets.     

Hypoxic Culture Maintains Cell Growth of the Primary Human Valve Interstitial Cells with Stemness

The characterization of aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) cultured under optimal conditions is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis. Here, we propose 2% hypoxia as an optimum VIC culture condition. Leaflets harvested from patients with aortic valve regurgitation were digested using collagenase and VICs were cultured under the 2% hypoxic condition. A significant increase in VIC growth was observed in 2% hypoxia (hypo-VICs), compared to normoxia (normo-VICs). RNA-sequencing revealed that downregulation of oxidative stress-marker genes (such as superoxide dismutase) and upregulation of cell cycle accelerators (such as cyclins) occurred in hypo-VICs. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species was observed in normo-VICs, indicating that low oxygen tension can avoid oxidative stress with cell-cycle arrest. Further mRNA quantifications revealed significant upregulation of several mesenchymal and hematopoietic progenitor markers, including CD34, in hypo-VICs. The stemness of hypo-VICs was confirmed using osteoblast differentiation assays, indicating that hypoxic culture is beneficial for maintaining growth and stemness, as well as for avoiding senescence via oxidative stress. The availability of hypoxic culture was also demonstrated in the molecular screening using proteomics. Therefore, hypoxic culture can be helpful for the identification of therapeutic targets and the evaluation of VIC molecular functions in vitro.     

纤维连接蛋白的提取及其在细胞培养中的应用

目的从牛血清中提取纤维连接蛋白(Fibronectin,FN),并观察其在细胞培养中的作用。方法将明胶偶联于溴化氰活化的Sepharose-4B,采用亲和层析法从牛血清或粗提后的样本中提取FN,并检测其蛋白含量。用纯化的牛FN处理细胞培养板,观察细胞在板中的生长情况,并与在进口板中的生长情况进行比较。结果所提取的FN,其蛋白含量约为400μg/ml,电泳结果与FN对照品一致,均为两条主带。用其处理的细胞培养板,培养细胞的形态和密度与进口板比较无明显差异。结论用溴化氰活化的Sepharose-4B提取FN是可行的,且其在细胞培养中有良好的助黏附与贴壁作用,有助于细胞培养。     

Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Modify the Response of Prostate Cancer Cells to Androgen and Anti-Androgens in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture

Androgen receptor (AR) targeting remains the gold standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, treatment resistance remains a major clinical problem. To study the therapeutic effects of clinically used anti-androgens we characterized herein a tissue-mimetic three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model whereby PCa cells were cultured alone or with PCa-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Notably, the ratio of PCa cells to CAFs significantly increased in time in favor of the tumor cells within the spheroids strongly mimicking PCa in vivo. Despite this loss of CAFs, the stromal cells, which were not sensitive to androgen and even stimulated by the anti-androgens, significantly influenced the sensitivity of PCa cells to androgen and to the anti-androgens bicalutamide and enzalutamide. In particular, DuCaP cells lost sensitivity to enzalutamide when co-cultured with CAFs. In LAPC4/CAF and LNCaP/CAF co-culture spheroids the impact of the CAFs was less pronounced. In addition, 3D spheroids exhibited a significant increase in E-cadherin and substantial expression of vimentin in co-culture spheroids, whereas AR levels remained unchanged or even decreased. In LNCaP/CAF spheroids we further found increased Akt signaling that could be inhibited by the phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, thereby overcoming the anti-androgen resistance of the spheroids. Our data show that CAFs influence drug response of PCa cells with varying impact and further suggest this spheroid model is a valuable in vitro drug testing tool.     

蓖麻毒素对原代培养小鼠肺泡上皮细胞的影响

目的探讨蓖麻毒素气源性中毒中的肺损伤机制。方法取BALB/c雌性小鼠,采用心脏灌注排血、胶原酶和胰蛋白酶原位消化法及组织块细胞迁出培养法,分离培养小鼠肺泡上皮细胞,经刮除法及差相消化贴壁法纯化小鼠肺泡上皮细胞,通过兔抗鼠角蛋白单克隆抗体细胞爬片组化染色法对细胞进行纯度鉴定;经不同终浓度的蓖麻毒素(0、0.000 1、0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100μg/ml)处理细胞进行毒性分析;倒置显微镜下观察0.05μg/ml蓖麻毒素对细胞的毒性作用。结果获得的小鼠肺泡上皮细胞纯度达90%以上;随着蓖麻毒素浓度的增加,细胞活力降低,蓖麻毒素浓度与肺泡上皮细胞增殖抑制呈正相关;0.05μg/ml的蓖麻毒素即可引起细胞皱缩、空泡化变性。结论蓖麻毒素可引起原代培养肺泡上皮细胞变性损伤,损伤程度随蓖麻毒素浓度增高而加重,为蓖麻毒素气源性中毒中的肺损伤机制提供了理论依据,同时为进一步探讨蓖麻毒素的毒理作用提供了新的思路。     

Microcarrier cell culture and its application to the large-scale production of human fibroblast interferon

Animal cells are important in producing several products, but anchorage-dependency of most cell strains is one of the difficulties to get over. Microcarrier was utilized in this study in order to increase the surface area for cell-anchorage and also to improve other characteristics of the cell culture system. First the critical parameters affecting the initial attachment were determined. The best plating efficiency was found at pH = 7.4 and 5% FCS concentration. Use of the intermittent stirring during the initial phase of cell culture gave better cell plating than the continuous stirring. Next the human fibroblast interferon was successfully produced from cells cultured on microcarrier and several advantages of using microcarrier were identified. Usually 10,000 units/ml of interferon was produced from microcarrier culture as compared to 6,000 units/ml in monolayer culture. FCS concentration in cell growth stage affected the yield of interferon and gave optimum results at 5%. Antibiotics did not influence the production of interferon significantly. The highest sensitivity in interferon assay was obtained with Hep 2 cells as the target cells and more than 3 x 10⁵ cells/ml were needed for good result. Microcarrier culture fixed onto confluent monolayer showed results as good as suspension microcarrier culture.