海洋石油FPSO运动与位置测量技术应用

单点系泊状态监测系统是FPSO系泊安全管理重要的组成部分，其中FPSO运动和位置测量系统是单点状态监测系统重要的子系统，运动和位置如何测量是研究的核心问题。本文重点介绍了卫星定位系统（GPS）和惯性测量技术在FPSO运动和位置测量中的技术应用，可供FPSO运动与位置测量方案设计时参考。     

FPSO内转塔式单点系泊系统的管线加设与建造

中国南海某油田水深400多m,新建的FPSO系泊系统采用内转塔式单点结构,该单点系泊系统采用一年一遇台风工况,生存工况采用百年一遇台风环境,设计寿命30 a,自持力21 d,船体15 a不进坞的标准进行设计与建造。由于环境条件恶劣和设计标准要求高,以及该油田水域深,这给单点系泊系统的设计和建造带来了巨大的技术挑战。在此将以FPSO中的单点管线加设和建造为基础,详述其主要内容、关键技术及难点。     

关于ROV在单点锚系更换作业中效率提升的研究

FPSO所搭载的系泊系统一般为单点系泊系统,随着使用年份的增长,为了延长其使用寿命,单点系泊锚系需要定期维修或者更换。为了提高海洋工程公司ROV在市场上的竞争性,降低公司生产运营成本,提高ROV在单点锚系更换作业的效率则至关重要。本文主要探讨研究了影响ROV单点锚系更换作业效率的因素和如何提高作业效率的措施及方法。     

FPSO单点系泊系统(SPM)结构改造的研究

曹妃甸11-1/11-2油田单点系泊系统(SPM)于2004年安装完成,连接"海洋石油112"FPSO,设计使用寿命为25年。2011年6月,发现单点的上部轴承有偏磨现象,2011年8月,发现水下部轴承部分组块有位移现象,但轴承仍可以继续工作。2012年11月发现3套油水生产滑环其中一个轴承失效,存在问题的生产滑环停止使用。为了解决系统存在的问题,保证油田正常稳定生产,公司决定实施单点系泊系统的改造项目。工程内容大致包括新建一座单点,保留原上部组块,新铺设海底电缆及海底管线等。结合油田作业特点,对新单点的结构改造及其附属结构的拆除清洗、新海管海缆铺设的施工方案等进行研究,从而摸索出一套适用于原FPSO单点系泊系统的结构改造方案。     

针对吸力锚铸件的超声检验研究分析

随着海洋石油行业的发展,各类海洋采油设施都有了新的发展,而其中海上浮式生产储油轮（以下简称FPSO)由于其优越的性能在近几年得到了广泛的应用。单点系泊系统是FPSO结构的重要组成部分,其中吸力锚是系泊系统的重中之重。由于其受力特性,确保该结构无缺陷是单点系泊系统可以投入生产使用的前提条件。吸力锚主要用铸钢材料一体浇筑而成,由于铸钢材料的声学特性,在使用超声检验面临许多困难,包括声束衰减严重,杂波过多,定性定量困难等。本文通过研究铸钢材料的声学特性及AWS D 1.1标准,选取合适探头,满足对吸力锚铸件的超声检验。     

内转塔式FPSO系泊系统及水下设施建设

随着海洋石油开发向深水区域的发展,对于包括FPSO、单点系泊系统、水下设施等在内的深水工程建设日益增多。本文通过实例,介绍了一种内转塔式系泊系统及相关水下设施的建设全工程,总结系泊系统及相关水下设施规划、设计、建造及海上安装国产化的经验。随着中国海洋石油的发展和壮大,海洋石油设施的国产化,无论是对国家、石油公司还是国内相关产业,都具有突出的经济性,极大支持和促进民族工业的进步,增强了社会和谐发展。     

热介质循环泵基座改造的实践

FPSO是Floating Production Storage and Offloading的英文缩写,即浮式生产储油卸油装置,习惯上称为浮式生产储油船。它是集生产、储油、外输、生活、动力于一体的多功能采油设施,是海洋石油开发中非常重要、也是最具有应用前景的装备之一。FPSO系统作为海上油气生产设施,主要由系泊系统、载体系统、生产工艺系统及外输系统组成,涵盖了数十个子系统。作为集油气生产、储存及外输功能于一身的FPSO具有高风险、高技术、高附加值、高投入、高回报的综合性海洋工程特点。     

基于LabVIEW的FPSO陀螺仪3D姿态实时监测系统

设计了一套FPSO陀螺仪3D姿态实时监测系统,给出了该系统的软硬件结构。系统基于LabVIEW虚拟仪器技术的三轴加速度数据提取程序,并设计了FPSO运动姿态实时显示人机交互界面。实验室测试结果表明:该系统能实时监测并还原FPSO运动实体的姿态。     

FPSO节能降耗综合技术研究

FPSO（浮式生产储油卸油装置）是把生产分离设备、注水（气）设备、公用设备以及生活设施等安装在一艘具有储油和卸油功能的油轮上,油气通过海底管道输到单点后,经单点上的油气通道通过软管输到油轮（FPSO）上,FPSO上的油气处理设施将油、气、水进行分离处理,分离出的合格原油储存在FPSO上的油舱内,计量标定后由穿梭油轮运走。     

FPSO限位作业中载荷分析及拖轮配置

浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)为现今海洋石油开发的主流设施之一,其生产运营期间通过单点实现与其他生产设施的连接与FPSO的定位。为了保证在FPSO旋转半径内有施工需求时,不影响正常的生产运营,需要对FPSO进行限位作业。本文以渤海明珠号"FPSO在BZ25-1油田的限位作业为例,分析作业海域环境条件,计算FPSO所受到的风、流等环境载荷,确定限位方案、拖轮及其相关属具的配置,对保证FPSO海上作业安全性有着重要的意义。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.