湿热环境下复合材料层板拉-压性能

通过对碳纤维环氧复合材料试样进行不同湿热环境下的拉伸和压缩实验,分析其吸湿特性、拉压力学性能、破坏后断口形貌以及动态力学性能,探讨湿热对该复合材料的拉伸和压缩性能的影响。结果表明:碳纤维环氧复合材料的吸湿过程满足Fick定律,饱和吸湿率约为0.86%。吸湿后材料表面变得光滑,有少量纤维拔出和树脂破坏发生,但吸湿后没有发生化学反应和新物质生成。吸湿后在130℃下,复合材料的拉伸性能保持率为96%,而压缩性能保持率仅为69%。吸湿后玻璃化转变温度比干态时下降了33℃。     

弯曲载荷下碳纤维/双马复合材料湿热特性实验研究

研究了碳纤维/双马复合材料单向层板在三点弯曲载荷作用下70℃水浸的湿热特性,测试分析了层板的吸湿量、玻璃化转变温度、弯曲性能及其破坏模式随湿热时间的变化,通过对比研究弯曲载荷作用和无外载荷条件下层板湿热性能的差异,探讨了应力对复合材料湿热行为的作用规律。结果表明：弯曲载荷作用下试样整体的吸湿规律、剩余弯曲性能等方面与未加载情况相比没有显著差异,但弯曲加载试样吸湿饱和前相同吸湿率时玻璃化转变温度下降更多;弯曲加载试样受压应力部分吸湿速度小于受拉应力部分,同时弯曲断口的扫描电镜照片显示,与未加载情况相比弯曲加载试样受拉应力部分树脂与纤维粘结较弱,说明应力会对复合材料湿热性能产生影响,并且不同方向应力的作用规律不同。     

不同湿热条件下碳纤维/环氧复合材料湿热性能实验研究

对比研究了环氧5228A树脂及碳纤维/环氧5228A树脂复合材料层合板在3种湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸,70℃85%相对湿度)下的湿热性能,考察了湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律,并从吸湿特性、物理化学特性、树脂力学性能、湿应力等方面分析了不同湿热环境下复合材料性能衰减的机制。研究表明,碳纤维/高温固化环氧树脂复合材料层间剪切性能主要是由吸湿率决定,相同吸湿率不同湿热条件下性能的下降幅度基本相同;3种湿热条件下该树脂及其复合材料未发生化学反应、微裂纹等不可逆变化,复合材料层合板湿热老化机制主要是吸入水分后基体增塑和树脂、纤维湿应变不一致导致的湿应力对复合材料性能的负面作用。     

不同湿热条件下碳纤维/QY9611复合材料湿热性能研究

研究国产碳纤维/QY9611复合材料在3种不同湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸、70℃下85%相对湿度)下的吸湿规律;考察不同湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律;在3种不同湿热环境下对复合材料进行定量吸湿,并测试定量吸湿下复合材料常温的层间剪切性能。结果表明:湿热环境越恶劣,平衡吸湿量越大,吸湿速率越快;3种湿热环境的吸湿过程中材料并没有发生化学变化;碳纤维/QY9611复合材料在湿态23℃和150℃层间剪切性能保持率分别在88%和70%以上;碳纤维/QY9611复合材料吸湿后层间剪切性能主要由吸湿率决定,不同湿热条件相同吸湿率下层间剪切性能的下降幅度基本相同。     

不同纤维织物/乙烯基酯复合材料的湿热老化

本文将不同纤维织物与750HOI环氧乙烯基酯树脂复合成三种层合结构的复合材料,对比研究了树脂浇铸体及复合材料在60℃与90℃去离子水中的湿热性能。通过材料的吸湿特性、弯曲性能、微观结构以及动态热机械性能的变化,分析了材料的湿热老化机理。研究表明:不同纤维织物增强的复合材料吸湿行为具有较大差异;90℃浸泡2160h后,添加碳纤维表面毡的复合材料F2弯曲强度保留率为70.42%,而表面层为方格布的复合材料J的保留率为51.88%;红外光谱(FTIR)研究表明:90℃湿热老化后复合材料基体树脂发生了水解断裂;扫描电镜(SEM)和动态热机械分析(DMA)研究发现:老化后复合材料中纤维/基体界面发生脱粘破坏,界面结合强度降低,试样的Tg和储能模量减小。     

碳纤维表面结构对复合材料吸湿性能的影响

通过改变阳极氧化处理程度得到了具有不同表面结构的碳纤维, 然后将其与环氧树脂加工成碳纤维/树脂基复合材料, 研究了碳纤维的化学结构与湿热环境下复合材料吸湿之间的关系。结果显示: 阳极氧化处理后碳纤维表面的活性显著提高, 碳纤维表面含氧官能团的含量大幅增加, 尤其是-OH由处理前18.62%提高到处理后的34.84%。随着湿热处理条件的改变, 复合材料的吸湿机理也有所差异, 且温度是影响复合材料吸湿的重要因素。碳纤维表面活性越高, 复合材料达到吸湿平衡时的平衡吸湿量越大, 而平衡吸湿量的增加又会导致复合材料层间剪切强度(ILSS)下降幅度增大。     

纤维缠绕复合材料起伏区域残余应力

针对纤维交叉起伏区域残余应力,建立一种细观分析模型。基于热传导方程、固化反应动力学模型和复合材料层合理论,采用有限元方法和细观分析模型,对缠绕复合材料在固化工艺过程中的残余应力分布及其变化规律进行数值模拟。通过算例,研究纤维起伏区域残余应力的分布特点,结果表明:起伏纤维束不同位置处残余应力差别很大,层合区纤维束呈现拉应力状态,起伏区纤维束呈现压应力状态,富树脂区出现最大压应力;残余应力沿纤维束起伏方向呈现V型变化趋势,在纤维束上不同位置出现拉、压不同的应力状态,起伏角度最大处出现最大压应力。     

湿法缠绕用T800碳纤维复合材料基体研究

针对T800碳纤维和湿法缠绕的特点,开发了一种适合T800碳纤维湿法缠绕用的树脂基体,测试了该树脂基体与T800碳纤维制成复合材料的力学性能和耐湿热性能。结果表明,该树脂体系的粘度和适用期可满足湿法缠绕成型工艺要求,制备的T-800碳纤维复合材料界面粘接好,层间剪切强度达到101 MPa,NOL环拉伸强度高于2500MPa;单向复合材料经95℃蒸馏水浸泡150h后的平衡吸湿率低于1%、力学性能保留率高,耐湿热性能优良。     

国产T700级碳纤维/BMI复合材料湿热性能

为研究国产碳纤维复合材料湿热性能,基于热压罐制备工艺,分别将国产T700级碳纤维和日本东丽T700S碳纤维与国产QY9611双马树脂进行匹配,从纤维表面物理/化学状态、吸湿曲线、吸湿后玻璃化转变温度、宏观力学性能等方面对2种复合材料开展湿热性能研究.结果表明:国产T700/BMI复合材料的饱和吸湿率为0.77%(35 d),T700S/BMI复合材料的饱和吸湿率为0.81%(19 d);71℃水浸168 h后,国产T700/BMI的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)下降10.3%(由252.1℃到226.2℃),T700S/BMI复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)下降8.7%(由256.6℃到234.3℃);150℃湿态环境下,国产T700/BMI复合材料90°拉伸强度与T700S/BMI基本相当,0°压缩强度较T700S/BMI高约17.9%,层间剪切强度较T700S/BMI高约9.3%,表明国产T700/BMI复合材料具有更优良的湿热力学性能.     

热残余应力对考虑微观孔隙碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料横向拉伸性能的影响

为研究由于材料固化产生的热残余应力对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料横向拉伸性能预测结果的影响,发展了一种基于摄动算法的纤维和孔洞随机分布代表性体积单元（RVE）生成方法,建立更加接近真实材料微观结构的RVE模型。通过施加周期性边界条件,并赋予组分（纤维、基体和界面）材料本构关系,进而实现温度和机械荷载下模型的热残余应力和损伤失效分析。从结果中发现,材料固化过程会在纤维之间产生残余压应力,在模型孔隙周围产生沿加载方向的残余拉应力。所建立不含孔隙RVE模型的失效均是由于界面脱黏引起,材料固化在纤维之间产生的残余压应力会增加模型的预测强度。含有孔隙的RVE模型失效起始于孔隙周围的基体中,而材料固化在模型孔隙周围产生的热残余拉应力对含孔隙RVE模型预测的失效强度有降低作用。对于具有不同孔隙尺寸的RVE模型,模型的失效强度随着孔隙尺寸的增加而不断降低,但是热残余应力减弱了孔隙尺寸对模型预测结果的降低作用。对于具有不同长宽比椭圆形孔隙的RVE模型,热残余应力增加了孔隙长宽比对模型强度的降低作用。      

Measurement of interfacial residual stress in SiC fiber reinforced Ni-Cr-Al alloy composites by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was used to measure Raman spectra of the inner SiC fibers and surface C-rich layers of SiC fibers, composite precursors and SiCf/Ni-Cr-Al composites. The residual stresses of the inner SiC fibers and surface C-rich layers were calculated, and the effect of the(Al + Al_2O_3) diffusion barrier layer on the interfacial residual stress in the composites was analyzed in combination with the interface microstructure and energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS) elements lining maps. The results show that the existence of(Al + Al_2O_3) diffusion barrier improves the compatibility of the SiCf/Ni-Cr-Al interface,inhibits the adverse interfacial reaction, and relieves the residual stress inside SiC fibers and at the interface of composite material. Heat treatment can reduce the residual stress at the interface. As the heat treatment time increases, the residual stress at the interface decreases.     

Transient hygrothermoelastic analysis of layered plates with one-dimensional temperature and moisture variations through the thickness

Transient heat and moisture diffusion and the resulting hygrothermal stress field are analysed in a layered plate subjected to hygrothermal loadings at the external surfaces. The one-dimensional transient diffusion is formulated as a one-way coupled problem wherein moisture-induced effects on heat diffusion are neglected, but the exact continuity in moisture flux at layer interfaces holds unlike existing analytical studies. An analytical solution to the diffusion problem is obtained by extending a previously derived solution for double-layered plates. Hygrothermal stresses are evaluated by superposition of stresses due to the applied temperature and moisture fields. First, numerical calculations are performed for a double-layered plate to investigate the influence of moisture-flux continuity at the layer interface on hygrothermal stress distribution. Second, the obtained solutions are applied to the hygrothermoelastic problem of a functionally graded material-like (FGM-like) non-homogeneous plate whose physical properties vary along the thickness direction. Numerical results show that the use of inappropriately simplified continuity conditions for moisture flux may cause a significant error in evaluating the transient hygrothermal stresses in a layered body. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a gradual change in the material composition of FGM-like non-homogeneous plates induces considerable hygrothermal stress relaxation.     

不同初始结构碳纤维石墨化进程趋同性研究

为优化碳纤维的石墨化工艺,利用拉曼光谱对碳纤维在石墨化过程中的结构变化进行了研究,分析比较了两种碳纤维石墨化进程的异同.结果表明:纤维在高温下发生脱氮与石墨化转变反应,脱氮反应会在石墨微晶中留下分子级空洞,氮原子脱除越多,微晶内空洞越多;石墨化转变促使石墨微晶生长、结构完善.两种纤维氮元素含量不同造成其初始结构不同,氮含量越低,纤维石墨化程度越高.氮原子脱除程度不同引起两种纤维石墨化进程存在差异,热处理温度高于1 800℃时,不同初始结构碳纤维中的氮原子都脱除完全,纤维中碳化学结构趋于相同,石墨化进程出现趋同性.     

用Raman光谱研究纤维复合材料

本文以Raman光谱方法的基本原理为依据,结合纤维复合材料研究对结构表征和性能测试技术的要求,评述了Raman光谱在本领域中应用所取得的成果。通过分析在测定界面应力分布、评价界面性质、表征界面和基体结构、测量残留应力等方面应用Raman光谱所遇到的问题,探讨了在研究纤维复合材料本构关系和跟踪复合材料加工过程等领域采用现代Raman光谱技术的前景。     

超高分子量聚乙烯架桥纤维与裂缝的交互微观力学

使用拉曼光谱研究了架桥纤维与裂缝微观力学,以超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维为例,将纤维搭桥试样进行微拉伸试验,着重分析架桥纤维的止裂作用和架桥纤维/环氧树脂界面的应力分布,并对不同位置架桥试样的裂缝扩展速度和应力分布进行分析,并进一步运用剪切滞后模型,对架桥纤维在不同拉伸载荷下的应力分布进行了拟合分析,结果表明:架桥纤维能够分散部分外载应力,对于裂纹扩展具有显著的止裂作用。在低于UHMWPE纤维最大应变拉伸时,发现在裂缝中心位置处架桥纤维所承受的应力最大,其应力不超过2GPa,而基体树脂的应力可达到12GPa,架桥纤维/基体界面的应力传递达不到100%。以UHMWPE为架桥的应力传递模型呈"正抛物线"型,应力分布存在于粘结区、脱粘区和架桥区。     

The influence of hygrothermal conditions on the damage processes in quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminates

The effects of hygrothermal conditions on damage development in quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber/epoxy laminates are described. First, monotonic and loading/unloading tensile tests were conducted on dry and wet specimens at ambient and high temperatures to compare the stress/strain response and damage development. The changes in the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained experimentally from the monotonic tensile tests. The critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination for the above three conditions are compared. The delamination area is measured by using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) at various loads to discuss the effects of delamination on the nonlinear stress/strain behavior. Next, the stress distributions under tensile load including hygrothermal residual stresses are computed by a finite-element code and their effects on damage initiation are discussed. Finally, a simple model for the prediction of the Young's modulus of a delaminated specimen is proposed. It is found that moisture increases the critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination by reducing the residual stresses while high temperature decreases the critical stresses in spite of relaxation of the residual stresses. The results of the finite-element analysis provide some explanations for the onset of transverse cracking and delamination. The Young's modulus predicted by the present model agrees with experimental results better than that predicted by conventional models.     

Hygrothermal characterization of the viscoelastic properties of Gore-Select® 57 proton exchange membrane

When a proton exchange membrane (PEM) based fuel cell is placed in service, hygrothermal stresses develop within the membrane and vary widely with internal operating environment. These hygrothermal stresses associated with hygral contraction and expansion at the operating conditions are believed to be critical in membrane mechanical integrity and durability. Understanding and accurately modeling the viscoelastic constitutive properties of a PEM is important for making hygrothermal stress predictions in the cyclic temperature and humidity environment of operating fuel cells. The tensile stress relaxation moduli of a commercially available PEM, Gore-Select^® 57, were obtained over a range of humidities and temperatures. These tests were performed using TA Instruments 2980 and Q800 dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMA), which are capable of applying specified tensile loading conditions on small membrane samples at a given temperature. A special humidity chamber was built in the form of a cup that encloses tension clamps of the DMA. The chamber was inserted in the heating furnace of the DMA and connected to a gas humidification unit by means of plastic tubing through a slot in the chamber. Stress relaxation data over a temperature range of 40–90°C and relative humidity range of 30–90% were obtained. Thermal and hygral master curves were constructed using thermal and hygral shift factors and were used to form a hygrothermal master curve using the time temperature moisture superposition principle. The master curve was also constructed independently using just one shift factor. The hygrothermal master curve was fitted with a 10-term Prony series for use in finite element software. The hygrothermal master curve was then validated using longer term tests. The relaxation modulus from longer term data matches well with the hygrothermal master curve. The long term test showed a plateau at longer times, suggesting an equilibrium modulus.     

Interfacial stress transfer in an aramid reinforced thermoplastic elastomer

The interfacial micromechanics of Twaron 2200 aramid fibers in an engineering thermoplastic elastomer (Pebax 7033, polyether amide block co-polymer) has been investigated by determining the distribution of interfacial shear stress along fibers in single-fiber model composites using Raman spectroscopy. The effects of various fiber surface treatments on the interfacial shear stress and fragmentation of the aramid fibers are discussed. The fiber average stress increased linearly with applied matrix stress up to first fracture. Each composite was subjected to incremental tensile loading up to full fragmentation, while the stress in the fiber was monitored at each level of the applied stress. It was shown that the experimental approach allowed us to discriminate between the strengths of the interfaces in the different surface-treated aramid fiber Pebax matrix systems, but also to detect different phenomena (interfacial debonding, matrix yielding and fiber fracture) related intimately to the nature of stress transfer in composite materials. The efficacy of the surface treatments was clear by comparing the maximum interfacial shear stress with the fragment lengths of the modified aramid fibers. The fiber breaks observed using Raman spectroscopy were not clean breaks as observed with carbon or glass fibers, but manifested themselves as apparent breaks by fiber skin failure. The regions of fiber fracture were also investigated using optical microscopy.     

Raman spectroscopy of carbon-nanotube-based composites

Recent developments in the application of Raman spectroscopy to carbon-nanotube-based composite materials are reviewed. This technique may be used to identify carbon nanotubes, access their dispersion in polymers, evaluate nanotube/matrix interactions and detect polymer phase transitions. The Raman spectra of nanotubes can also be used to quantify the strain or stress transferred to nanotubes from the surrounding environment and to investigate local stresses and strains in polymers and composites. A polarized Raman technique was developed to detect the stress or strain in a matrix using randomly dispersed single-walled nanotubes. This technique has been used to detect and map stress fields in model fibre-polymer composites. The stress distributions around fibre breaks were mapped and compared with classical load transfer models.     

Catalytic graphitization of carbon fibers with electrodeposited Ni–B alloy coating

Catalytic graphitization of carbon fibers with electrodeposited Ni–B alloy coating was studied. Carbon fibers with and without electrodeposited Ni–B coating were heat treated at different temperatures and the structural changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that much better graphitization can be achieved for carbon fibers at lower heat treatment temperature (HTT) when the Ni–B coating is present. Moreover, the degree of graphitization of the Ni–B-coated carbon fibers increases with the increasing of B content in the Ni–B coating at the same HTT. The mechanism of catalytic graphitization was discussed.