可回收低分子量香豆胶压裂液室内研究

为解决压裂作业水资源缺乏和返排液难处理的问题,研发了利用pH值控制的酸性破胶技术,研发了可重复交联的可回收低分子量香豆胶压裂液。低分子量香豆胶分子量是常见稠化剂的1/4~1/10,更利于在非降解破胶的前提下返排;可控缓释酸性破胶剂实现酸性破胶剂的可控释放;结合配套使用的交联剂和交联促进剂等添加剂形成了适合不同储层的压裂液体系。根据标准评价该体系的性能:交联冻胶可以调挂、冻胶能在2.5~6小时内破胶、90℃耐温耐剪切性实验后粘度为103.91mPa·s,证明该体系性能符合现场要求;经过破胶后重复交联的压裂液性能与新鲜配置的压裂液性能相似,达到了回收重复利用的目的。该压裂液性能稳定,可重复利用性强,在作业用水缺乏的地区有很好的应用前景。     

一种酸性压裂液体系的室内研究

常规的羟丙基瓜胶压裂液体系一般在碱性条件下交联,对于碱敏性地层不能达到理想的压裂效果。文章通过室内研究,筛选出一种酸性压裂液体系:0.8%~1.0%低分子稠化剂AAP+1.0%KCl+0.3%助排剂S-203,pH在5左右以交联比为100∶3.0~100∶3.5与交联剂交联。该压裂液体系可耐温达到110℃,在170 s-1连续剪切1.5 h后粘度仍有61.3 mPa s,破胶后破胶液粘度小,易于返排,该压裂液体系对于碱敏性储层有较好应用前景。     

适合超深气井用的超高温复合型压裂液研究

为满足大庆油田深层气井压裂改造需要,研制了适合超高温压裂的羟丙基胍胶(HPG)/聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合稠化剂,并测试出聚丙烯酰胺和羟丙基胍胶复合物最优质量比为2/3。通过选择羟丙基胍胶和聚丙烯酰胺复合物作为稠化剂,利用聚丙烯酰胺与胍胶高分子形成梯形聚合物提高稠化剂在高温时的稳定性,从而将压裂液使用温度的上限提高到200℃,同时,评价了复合稠化剂压裂液高温流变性和破胶性能,使用羟丙基胍胶/聚丙烯酰胺复合稠化剂作为稠化剂制备压裂液,在200℃、170s-1剪切条件下连续剪切120min,压裂液的粘度保持在50mPa·s以上,可以满足大庆油田深部埋藏高温气藏增产改造的需求。     

鄂南浅层油气藏低伤害VES-M清洁压裂液研究

以瓜胶、合成聚合物以及粘弹性表面活性剂等为稠化剂,优选出一种适应浅层油气藏的低伤害VES-M清洁压裂液体系。综合评价了压裂液体系热稳定性、悬砂性、破胶性能以及对岩心渗透率的影响。结果表明,VES-M清洁压裂液体系在60℃,170 s-1条件下的表观黏度达50 mPa.s,悬砂性能良好,遇水或者烃类均可破胶,破胶后粘度低于5 mPa.s,无残渣,对地层伤害小且易返排。鄂南浅层油气藏的现场应用表明,该清洁压裂液具有良好的破胶性能、摩阻低、伤害小,可有效控制缝高,增产效果明显。     

酸性有机钛交联剂的合成及在压裂液中的应用

以钛酸丁酯为主剂,多元醇为络合剂合成了一种酸性有机钛交联剂,并以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺作为稠化剂,制备了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液。研究了交联剂中钛酸丁酯的质量分数,丙三醇与乳酸的质量比以及pH对冻胶交联延时、黏度的影响,得到较佳的合成条件。考察了质量分数为0.5%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,m(HPAM)∶m(有机钛)=100∶0.5时,有机钛/部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液的性能,交联延时300 s;在95℃,170s-1的条件下连续剪切90 min,黏度保持在50 mPa·s以上,体系耐温耐剪切性能良好;由线性黏弹性范围内动态频率扫描结果可知,G'>G″,是典型的黏弹性流体;常温下,V(压裂液)∶V(石英砂)=100∶30时,沉降速度0.025mm/s;破胶后,破胶液黏度低于5.0 mPa·s且残渣量较低,对储层伤害小。     

酸性有机钛交联剂的合成及其在压裂液中的应用

以钛酸丁酯为主剂,多元醇为络合剂合成了一种酸性有机钛交联剂,并以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺作为稠化剂,制备了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液。研究了交联剂中钛酸丁酯的质量分数,丙三醇与乳酸的质量比以及pH对冻胶交联延时、黏度的影响,得到较佳的合成条件。考察了质量分数为0.5%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,m（HPAM）：m（有机钛）=100:0.5时,有机钛/部分水解聚丙烯酰胺压裂液的性能,交联延时300s;耐温性能优异,在95℃,170s-1的条件下连续剪切90min,黏度保持在50mPa.s以上,体系耐温耐剪切性能良好;由线性黏弹性范围内动态频率扫描结果可知,G’>G”,是典型的黏弹性流体;常温下,V（压裂液）：V（石英砂）=100:30时,沉降速度0.025mm/s;破胶后,破胶液黏度低于5.0mPa.s且残渣量较低,对储层伤害小。     

阳离子型双子高粘弹压裂液体系开发

进行了常规植物胶压裂液残渣含量高、地层伤害大/对改造效果产生巨大影响等调查。对表面活性剂压裂液体系、蠕变原理、粘弹性、抗剪切性、破胶性、助排性、岩心伤害等进行了研究,开发了一种低伤害、粘弹性良好的清洁压裂液。结果表明,当清洁压裂液配方为2.5%DS+1.0%NaBr+0.6%YFZ-1时,在90℃、170 s^(-1)条件下剪切1 h时压裂液粘度稳定在80 mPa·s以上;在f<10 rad/s时,G'>G″,且G'>0.1 Pa,压裂液粘弹性较佳。压裂液与原油或凝析油反应时,破胶液粘度均小于3.274 mPa·s,破胶液表面张力、界面张力分别小于24.916,1.904 mN/m,破胶、助排较好。0.35%胍胶压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为32.85%,而2.5%双子表面活性剂清洁压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为7.79%,较之胍胶压裂液对储层伤害率小,有益于保持增产改造的效果。     

阳离子型双子高粘弹压裂液体系开发

进行了常规植物胶压裂液残渣含量高、地层伤害大/对改造效果产生巨大影响等调查。对表面活性剂压裂液体系、蠕变原理、粘弹性、抗剪切性、破胶性、助排性、岩心伤害等进行了研究,开发了一种低伤害、粘弹性良好的清洁压裂液。结果表明,当清洁压裂液配方为2.5%DS+1.0%NaBr+0.6%YFZ-1时,在90℃、170 s~(-1)条件下剪切1 h时压裂液粘度稳定在80 mPa·s以上;在f<10 rad/s时,G'>G″,且G'>0.1 Pa,压裂液粘弹性较佳。压裂液与原油或凝析油反应时,破胶液粘度均小于3.274 mPa·s,破胶液表面张力、界面张力分别小于24.916,1.904 mN/m,破胶、助排较好。0.35%胍胶压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为32.85%,而2.5%双子表面活性剂清洁压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为7.79%,较之胍胶压裂液对储层伤害率小,有益于保持增产改造的效果。     

一种酸性压裂液研制及其性能评价

针对低渗透、碱敏性储层,研制了一种以有机锆为交联剂,羧甲基羟丙基胍胶为增稠剂的酸性压裂液体系,并对压裂液相关性能进行了系统评价。实验结果表明,当增稠剂溶液浓度为0.4%,交联比为100∶2,破胶剂加量为0.06%时,与压裂液助剂粘土稳定剂、缓蚀剂、助排剂等配制的压裂液破胶液粘度为1.013 mPa.s,残渣含量为261 mg/L,防膨率为90.5%,表面张力为27.6 mN/m,平均缓蚀速率为0.826 g/(h.m2),在90℃下滤失速率为0.575×10-5 m/min0.5,对储层的伤害率小于15%。     

压裂用耐温乳液稠化剂的制备及性能

为发展耐温疏水聚合物压裂液体系,本文在丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）中引入了疏水单体甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯来提高稠化剂的耐温性,合成了聚合物稠化剂PAS。实验结果表明,制备改性聚合物的条件为：单体占总质量的30%,乳化剂占油相的10%,亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）为6,引发剂占单体质量的0.2%,油水相比为1∶2。其黏均分子量为450×104g/mol。测试了该聚合物1.5%的浓度在120℃、170s-1下剪切1.5h后黏度保持在80mPa·s,具有较好的耐温性,并具有剪切回复性能;其粒径分布为500～1200nm;在破胶剂过硫酸钾的用量为0.03%时,在90℃下,其黏度可以下降到5mPa·s,完成破胶。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。