以油茶籽粕为底物发酵生产蛋白酶培养条件的优化研究

优化了枯草芽孢杆菌KD-N2利用茶籽粕等为底物液体发酵生产蛋白酶的发酵条件。单因素实验结果表明,在初始p H 8.0、种龄30h、转速230r/min、接种量12%(v/v)、培养温度28℃、装液量30m L时,发酵液中蛋白酶活性较高。正交试验结果表明,接种量5%(v/v),装液量30m L,初始p H值7.2时为最佳条件,在30℃、30h种龄、200r/min培养18h后蛋白酶活性达到104.2U。文章同时对发酵过程可溶性蛋白质含量和发酵液p H值变化进行了分析,为提高发酵产酶总量,发酵条件还需进一步进行优化。     

韦伯灵芝漆酶生产中试研究

以韦伯灵芝(Ganoderma weberianum)TZC-1为生产菌株,在前期优化的摇瓶培养条件和5 L发酵罐小试生产工艺条件的基础上,对该菌株在50 L发酵罐进行中试放大,确定韦伯灵芝漆酶在50 L发酵罐的中试发酵工艺参数。结果表明:以3 d种龄种子按8%的接种量转接至发酵罐进行中试发酵,发酵温度28℃,装液量30L,采用分阶段控制p H和溶解氧浓度(DO)的策略,发酵初期(0~48 h)p H控制在6.0,48 h后p H控制在4.5~5.0范围内;0~36 h内控制搅拌转速100 r/min,通气量10 L/min;36~72 h内控制搅拌转速150 r/min,通气量15 L/min;72~96 h内控制搅拌转速200 r/min,通气量20 L/min;96 h至发酵结束搅拌转速250 r/min,通气量15L/min。发酵前72 h DO保持在15%~30%有利于菌丝生长,72 h后DO保持在10~15%有利于漆酶的积累。发酵144 h选择放罐,可获得18.8 L发酵原液,其漆酶活力可达27 667.7 U/L,是摇瓶发酵水平的2.5倍。     

耐高糖面包酵母发酵工艺优化

为了优化耐高糖酵母发酵工艺,基于培养温度、摇床转速、装液量、初始p H、菌体接种量五个因素的单因素实验的结果,之后对装液量、初始p H、菌体接种量进行响应面优化实验。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:培养温度30℃,摇床转速200 r/min,装液量8.4%,p H4.7,接种量7.4%,在此条件下,酵母细胞干重提高了55.72%。同时,利用5.0 L机械搅拌罐以溶氧反馈流加、恒速流加、间歇流加三种糖蜜补充方式进行酵母细胞培养,绘制生长曲线,发现以溶氧反馈流加方式补充糖蜜更有利于酵母繁殖,最大酵母湿重达到143.95 g/L,达到了耐高糖面包酵母高密度发酵的实验水平,确定了酵母最佳的流加补料方式。     

响应面试验优化杏鲍菇液体发酵菌种培养条件

通过Box-Behnken响应面试验设计方法对杏鲍菇液体发酵菌种培养条件进行优化。通过单因素试验得出最佳p H值、接种量、转速、装液量。在此基础上通过响应面分析得到了四因素对菌丝干质量得率的影响,其顺序依次为转速p H值接种量装液量。同时得到杏鲍菇液体发酵菌种的最佳培养条件,其具体参数为p H 5.90、接种量9.50%、转速147.00 r/min、装液量95.00 m L/250 m L,且在该条件下杏鲍菇菌丝干质量可到达1.265 7 g/100 m L。本研究结果为杏鲍菇液体菌种栽培技术和活性物质研究提供理论依据。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HRH_(317)抑菌物质发酵条件的优化

该试验研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌HRH_(317)抑菌物质的发酵条件。首先采用单因素试验研究发酵时间、温度、初始pH、接种量及菌龄、摇床转速、装液量对发酵液抑菌活性的影响,然后采用正交设计对这7个因素进行筛选,分析极差结果确定接种菌龄、接种量、发酵时间为影响抑菌圈大小的3个关键因素,在此基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计及响应面进行分析,在发酵温度37℃、初始p H7.0、摇床转速150 r/min、装液量30 mL/100 mL条件下,确定菌株HRH317抑菌物质的最佳发酵条件为接种菌龄21 h、接种量3.8%、发酵时间25.5 h。拟合试验模型结果显示,抑菌活性物质的抑菌圈直径大小从未优化前的18.63 mm提高至22.95 mm,抑菌圈大小增加23.19%。     

灵芝菌发酵紫甘薯渣获得可溶性膳食纤维的工艺优化

通过单因素和正交实验,优化了以灵芝菌发酵紫甘薯渣生产可溶性膳食纤维的发酵培养基和培养条件,并且进行了发酵罐放大实验。在摇瓶水平,采用紫甘薯渣4 g,豆渣1 g,料液75 mL,pH 6.0,接种量16%,甘蔗渣2%,KH2PO40.1%、MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%、VB10.005%,发酵4天,可溶性膳食纤维达到15.89 g/L。相同条件下,15 L发酵罐中,通气量200 L/h,转速为50 r/min,装液量65%,可溶性膳食纤维达到14.73 g/L。采用优化工艺,发酵前紫甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量提高了10.92 g/L。     

桑黄菌液体发酵工艺条件的研究

为能够提高桑黄液体菌丝体粗多糖产量,通过单因素试验,以菌丝生物量及菌丝多糖产量为指标,考察了接种龄、发酵液初始pH、装液量、接种量以及摇床转速等因素对其的影响,采用正交试验确定较佳发酵条件。结果表明:当装液量130mL/500mL,pH5.5,摇床转速180r/min时,菌丝生物量达18.2g/L,桑黄胞外粗多糖产量达6.02g/L。     

响应面法优化黑曲霉产α-葡萄糖苷酶发酵条件

在液体发酵单因素研究的基础上,通过二水平设计的Plackett-Burman试验确定3个对黑曲霉产α-葡萄糖苷酶影响的关键因素:玉米淀粉用量、装液量和温度。再通过最陡爬坡实验逼近最大酶活区。最后利用响应面法中的Box-Behnken试验设计,进行三因素三水平的响应面分析,以期获得黑曲霉产α-葡萄糖苷酶最优的发酵培养基和发酵条件。优化结果表明,黑曲霉产葡萄糖苷酶最优条件为:玉米淀粉55.8 g/L,玉米浆干粉30 g/L,接种量4%(体积分数),装液量49.3 m L(500 m L摇瓶),摇床转速240 r/min,初始p H4.8,发酵温度36.3℃。优化后α-葡萄糖苷酶活为375.5 U/m L。     

无载体固定化米根霉半连续发酵产L－乳酸工艺研究?

为了选择米根霉半连续发酵产L-乳酸工艺参数,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对接种量、CaCO3添加时间、温度、装液量及转速进行了优化,并采用培养基重复发酵,建立米根霉半连续发酵工艺。其中摇瓶半连续发酵条件为：孢子接种量4%,种子接种量10%,发酵开始时添加CaCO3,装液量为20%～30%,0～36h时发酵温度28～30℃、36～72h时发酵温度32～34℃,转速200r/min。7L磁力搅拌发酵罐半连续发酵工艺条件为：搅拌转速为300r/min,通气量为1.25L/(L·min),温度为32℃。发酵罐重复发酵稳定,产L-乳酸最高达到86%。为米根霉半连续发酵产L-乳酸的工业化生产提供了研究基础。     

响应面法优化茂源链霉菌产谷氨酰胺转氨酶发酵条件

以茂源链霉菌为出发菌株,在单因素实验基础上,选择初始p H、转速、装液量和培养温度为主要影响因子,应用响应面Box-Behnken设计进行4因素3水平实验,以TG酶活为响应值,优化该菌株产TG酶的摇瓶发酵条件。结果表明,茂源链霉菌产TG的最适发酵条件为:初始p H为7.0,装液量为78 m L/250 m L,转速为150 r/min,培养温度为30℃,培养时间为96 h。在该条件下进行发酵,谷氨酰胺转氨酶活力可达(1.41±0.02)U/m L。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.