自由活塞斯特林发动机间隙密封泄漏特性分析

间隙密封技术是自由活塞斯特林发动机的一项关键技术,间隙密封避免了摩擦损耗,不需要润滑,对自由活塞斯特林发动机整机性能的提高起到了重要的作用。本文建立了自由活塞斯特林发动机间隙密封双边运动的一维层流模型,结合施密特等温分析法,对一台输出功率为100 W的自由活塞斯特林发动机计算了工作腔与缓冲腔之间的泄漏率曲线和单个循环工作腔向缓冲腔泄漏的泄漏量,并比较了不同间隙宽度情况下泄漏损失所占的比重,得到了最大允许的密封间隙宽度。同时,建立带有进出口的二维模型,运用Fluent进行了数值模拟,并与一维层流模型计算结果进行对比,得出二者泄漏率基本一致的结果,但由于间隙流动处进出口体积骤变的存在,二维模型数值模拟结果泄漏率略低于一维层流模型,更接近实际情况。     

自由活塞斯特林发动机的响应面法设计

以自由活塞斯特林发动机为研究对象,采用响应面优化法(RSM)研究各因素及其交互作用对响应值的影响规律。以输出功率和热效率作为响应值,选取活塞杆直径、加热器、回热器以及冷却器长度作为因变量,建立了二次回归模型。通过对回归方程的ANOVA分析和模型诊断,检验因变参数对斯特林发动机性能是否具有显著影响。此外,利用RSM的二维等高线图和三维表面图,揭示了斯特林发动机输出功率、热效率与各因素之间的相互作用关系。结果显示:发动机输出功率随加热器、回热器以及冷却器长度的增加而降低,而热效率随加热器和回热器长度的增加而增加,随冷却器的变化有最佳值。因此,需综合考虑各因素的影响关系再选取合适的结构参数。     

气-液双作用行波热声发动机的数值模拟

提出了一种兼具传统热声发动机使用寿命长和斯特林发动机功率密度高等优点的气-液双作用行波热声发动机,将3台或4台热声发动机通过注有液体的U型谐振管连成气-液耦合振荡的环路,每台发动机都能工作在比较理想的行波声场。对无负载情况和外接不同负载情况下3机或4机串联成环路的气-液双作用行波热声发动机进行了模拟计算,同时模拟分析了发动机个别参数不一致时对系统性能产生的影响。     

R1234ze(E)在冷藏车余热驱动型TORC-制冷循环系统运行性能分析

建立了冷藏车余热驱动型跨临界有机朗肯-制冷循环系统热力学计算模型,研究了R1234ze(E)在该循环系统中运行性能,系统地分析了冷凝温度为40℃、50℃、60℃时系统运行性能参数,得到冷凝温度为40℃时,对应发动机尾气温度约为140℃时,系统拥有最高的膨胀机做功量10.20 kW;对应发动机尾气温度约为165℃,系统拥有最优的TORC系统热效率9.49%和最大的TORC-制冷循环系统制冷量18.36kW以及最佳的热效率值19.12%。     

热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性的CFD研究第二部分:热声转换特性及热声声流的研究

研究了热声斯特林发动机的声场特性和热力特性,计算了波动压力和体积流率振幅及两者的相位差、截面平均温度以及声功流在系统内的沿程分布,与实验及预期的趋势相符合.对热声斯特林发动机内部的Gedeon声直流进行了研究.通过监测系统内截面的质量流率周期分布特性观测到Gedeon直流的存在,计算了直流量的大小及在系统内的分布特性,并采用风扇模型抑制了直流,给出了直流抑制过程中的系统性能变化.进一步验证了CFD研究的有效性.     

带压力放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动RC负载

进行了驻波型热声发动机压力放大器长度对系统性能的影响的模拟及实验研究,发现压力放大器的实际最佳长度应该小于系统波长,并且受热声发动机的加热功率、工作压力和负载大小的影响;在负载声阻固定的情况下,一定范围内振动频率、加热温度、负载入口声功随着压力放大器长度的增大而增大;压力放大器可以提高负载入口声功和效率,在本实验的热声系统中接入3.45 m压力放大器后,热声发动机的效率由1.45%提高到3.32%.     

液化天然气(LNG)冷能用于斯特林发动机和燃气轮机的联合系统研究

利用LNG冷能具有较好的节能潜力和经济效益,通过流程的创新设计,提出了一种将LNG冷能用于燃气轮机和斯特林发动机的联合系统。基于热力学第一、第二定律,对联合系统进行热力学分析,结果表明:在环境温度35℃条件下,联合系统的输出功率为5715.48kW,热效率为31.62%,效率为43.65%;相比燃气轮机系统和直接冷却进气系统,联合系统的输出功率分别提高了7.84%和0.78%,热效率分别提高了3.16%和1.18%,效率分别提高了4.23%和1.63%。联合系统在不同环境温度下,可将燃气轮机的进气温度降低10℃左右,系统的输出功率和效率随着进气温度的降低均有所提高。     

声学放大器对热声发动机性能的影响

对声学放大器的声功传输能力以及其对热声发动机性能的影响进行了实验研究,发现声学发大器只有在一定条件下才能提高热声发动机的输出压比,当末端阻抗减小时其放大能力也减小.声学放大器本身也是一个声学阻力部件,如果仅以负载引出功计算热声发动机的效率,声学放大器在输出端负载阻抗较大时能够提高系统热效率,当负载阻抗减小后,它将使发动机的热效率急剧降低.     

带压力放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动RC负载的模拟研究

对驻波型热声发动机压力放大器长度对系统性能的影响进行了模拟计算,根据计算分析得知压力放大器的实际最佳长度应该小于系统1/4波长,并且受热声发动机的加热功率、工作压力和负载大小的影响;在负载的声阻固定的情况下,一定范围内振动频率、加热温度、负载入口声功随着压力放大器长度的增大而增大;压力放大器可以提高负载入口声功和效率。     

航空发动机材料的现状和发展

航空发动机实际上是一种产生强大推力的高温气体发生器,它把燃油中的热能转变为机械能和电能,并使气体加热膨胀,产生强大的动力。 作为航空用途,对于发动机的重量及飞行阻力还有更高的要求,因此,常用推重比以及推力和迎风面积比来衡量发动机性能的优劣。而对于发动机材料,不仅要求具有所必须的成分和力学性能,而且要求在燃油燃气腐蚀环境中具有足够的可靠性。 新型航空发动机设计时的要求,仍然是功率大,油耗少,成本低,工艺性好等。为了满足这些要求,增大推重比以及推力迎风面积比便是至关重要的。降低成本的关键在于延长发动机的使用寿命,而降低油耗,增大推重比的途径为简化压气机,减少级数,加大负载,提高温度,最终是提高发动机的热效率。 提高发动机热效率的办法是提高空气压缩比和提高涡轮进气温度。图1a为空气压缩比和涡轮进气温度对发动机热效率的关系曲线。     

基于节点分析法斯特林发动机的参数优化

以斯特林发动机为研究对象,将斯特林发动机划分为6个控制容积,采用三阶节点分析法模拟了GPU-3斯特林发动机,得出其内部压力、温度、功率和效率等参数的动态变化规律。在此基础上对影响斯特林发动机工作腔容积与死容积的参数进行了优化分析,得到了发动机输出功达到最大时各参数的最优值。     

Stirling engine heat pumps

A Stirling engine is a thermal system that may be used to produce power from a high temperature heat source or as a refrigerator and heat pump to deliver energy at a higher temperature than abstracted from the source. A Stirling engine may therefore be used as the driver for natural gas heated air conditioning/heat pump Rankine cycle vapour compression systems or itself be used as the refrigerating/heat pump system requiring an input of work. Two Stirling systems, one acting as the driver, the other as the heat pump may be combined into the Stirling-Stirling or duplex Stirling arrangement. This paper touches briefly on a number of topics about fundamental aspects and recent developments in this field.     

斯特林热声发动机的直流研究

具有环路的斯特林热声发动机引入了反馈回路,实现了行波相位的热声转换,获得了较高的热声转换效率.然而,环路的拓扑结构使得声场中直流的产生成为可能,直流的出现将严重制约热声发动机的性能.本文以温度和压力测量作为重要实验手段,研究直流与热声发动机温度分布、压比、热声转化效率之间的关系,考察了直流抑制前后系统的性能,指出有效抑制直流能大幅度提高热声发动机的性能.     

Stirling cycle cooling engine with two-phase,two-component working fluid

A Stirling cycle cooling engine operates on a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle with compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature levels. Conventional engines use a gaseous working fluid but a significant improvement in refrigerating capacity may be gained with a two-phase, two-component working fluid. This consists of a gaseous carrier and a component which is liquid in the cold region and gaseous in the ambient temperature spaces with the phase change occurring during the regenerative process. This causes an increase in the range of the pressure excursion of the working fluid and consequently increases the refrigerating capacity with no penalties in terms of size, weight, or cost. The degree of improvement depends on the particular design and operating conditions of the engine. The effects of variation of some of these parameters are explored.     

Shape memory heat engines

The mechanical shape memory effect associated with a thermoelastic martensitic transformation can be used to convert heat directly into mechanical work. Laboratory simulation of two types of heat engine cycles (Stirling and Ericsson) has been performed to measure the amount of work available per cycle in a Ni-45 at% Ti alloy. Tensile deformations at ambient temperature induced martensite, while a subsequent increase in temperature, caused a reversion to the parent phase during which a load was carried through the strain recovery, i.e. work was accomplished. The amount of heat necessary to carry the engines through a cycle was estimated from calorimeter measurements and the work performed per cycle. The measured efficiency of the system tested reached a maximum of 1.4% which was well below the theoretical (Carnot) maximum efficiency of 35.6%.     

Thermoeconomic optimization of an irreversible Stirling cryogenic refrigerator cycle

This communication presents the thermoeconomic optimization of an irreversible Stirling cryogenic refrigerator cycle. The external irreversibility is due to finite temperature difference between the working fluid and the external reservoirs while the internal irreversibility is due to the regenerative heat loss. The thermoeconomic function is defined as the cooling load divided by the total cost of the system plus the running cost. The thermoeconomic function is optimized with respect to the working fluid temperatures and the values for various parameters at the optimal operating condition are calculated. The effects of different operating parameters on the performance of the cycle have been studied. It is found that the effect of regenerative effectiveness is more than those of the other parameters on all the performance parameters of the cycle, for the same set of operating condition.     

Effect of different working gases on the performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling engine

The performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine (TASHE) was investigated with three kinds of working gases experimentally and numerically. The examined performances focused on the operating frequency, onset temperature, pressure amplitude and some temperature characteristics after onset. The working frequency with nitrogen, argon and helium as the working gas was 45 Hz, 42 Hz and 130 Hz, respectively. The engine worked with helium in a much wider range of mean pressure than with nitrogen and argon. There was an optimal mean pressure for the minimum onset temperature for each working media. Using nitrogen and argon as working gas rather than helium, another optimal mean pressure for the highest pressure ratio was obtained in the experiment. The loop dimension was indispensable in determining the frequency and the highest pressure ratio was observed in the resonator cavity.     

A model for exergy analysis and thermodynamic bounds of Stirling refrigerators

A thermodynamic model based on exergy flow through a Stirling Refrigerator is developed. Important irreversibilities of the refrigerator due to external heat transfer with the reservoirs, heat leak, flow and heat transfer in regenerator are included in the model. Expansion and compression efficiencies are introduced in the model to account for the losses in these processes. The effect of a control phase shift between the mass flow rate and pressure across regenerator on the performance of the refrigerator is presented. Analytical solutions representing important quantities in the design of Stirling refrigerators such as the load curve, cooling power and efficiency in terms of basic system input parameters are developed. Thermodynamic bounds for the performance of Stirling refrigerators are obtained. Results indicating a compromise between cooling power and efficiency that are dependent on the constraint of the system are presented and discussed.     

Experimental analysis of fuel from fish processing industry waste in a diesel engine

In the present work, biofuel derived from industrial fish processing industry waste is used in diesel engines to study its suitability . Biofuel from industry fish waste is produced through catalytic cracking, and its quality has been improved through distillation. A single cylinder 4.5 kW at 1500 rpm was used to find the suitability of biofuel and undistilled biofuel in diesel engine. Experimental results show that the brake thermal efficiency of biofuel and undistilled biofuel is similar. Brake thermal efficiency for diesel, undistilled biofuel and biofuel is 29.98, 32.12 and 32.4%, respectively, at 80% load. Carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen emissions increase with undistilled biofuel compared to biofuel. There is a small reduction in carbon dioxide emission with undistilled biofuel compared to biofuel. Even though the cylinder pressure is high with undistilled biofuel, the intensity of premixed combustion is lower than distilled biofuel. The ignition delay and combustion duration increase with undistilled biofuel. Finally, it is concluded that the fuel derived from fish processing industry waste can be used as a fuel for diesel engine after distillation.     

回热损失对磁斯特林制冷循环制冷率的影响

从铁磁质的磁化强度一般表示式出发，探讨热阻和回热损失对磁斯特林制冷循环性能的影响，导出最大制冷率及其它性能参数。得到了结果适用于以顺磁质为工质的磁斯特林制冷循环。并指出在理想回热条件下的结论也适用于磁卡诺制冷循环。