我国城市道路雨水径流污染状况及控制措施

道路是城市汇水面的重要组成部分,也是城市受纳水体非点源污染的主要污染源之一,道路雨水径流污染问题日益引起人们的重视.总结了道路雨水径流污染物成分、来源,对国内外道路雨水径流的EMC进行了对比分析,基于对我国城市道路排水现状的调研分析和部分雨水径流水质数据,对我国几个主要城市道路雨水径流年污染负荷进行了估算,并归纳推荐了一些针对我国道路排水现状的适用性控制措施,同时对我国城市雨水径流污染控制提出了几点建议.     

初期雨水径流污染路面拦截装置

为了有效控制路面初期雨水径流污染,基于海绵城市设计思想,开发了一种新型的雨水路面拦截装置,分析其收集、净化、下渗排放作用原理,对拦截装置的截流净化效率进行实测,结果显示:装置对污染物质具有较好的拦截、净化效率,能够有效拦截初期径流污染物,控制径流污染.     

实现城市雨水的高效率控制——分流式初期雨水自动弃流控制方法与装置

近年来．城市雨水资源的利用受到越来越多的重视．是一个具有很大发展潜力的领域。同时，雨水径流冲刷大量的非点源污染物带入城市水系，导致城市水环境的恶化，显然．这对城市径流污染的控制也具有同样的重要性和很大的发展空间。对污染严重的初期雨水径流实施有效的控制是城市雨水径流污染控制和雨水资源利用的一项关键技术。要解决的两个主要难题是：（1）准确合理地确定需要截流的初期雨量．并实施有效的控制．（2）合理的设计．达到较小的设备投资规模和简易的操作控制系统。     

城市初期雨水和初期冲刷问题剖析

初期雨水和初期冲刷是城市雨水径流污染控制中两个不同的重要问题,然而,目前国内对这两个问题的认识还普遍存在明显的局限性.基于1999年以来对城市雨水径流污染规律的研究,并结合国内外学者的研究成果,对初期冲刷现象及其描述方法、污染物积累输送规律等进行分析,明确提出研究、讨论初期冲刷问题首先应区分两种不同的典型条件;归纳了初期冲刷的主要影响因素,并进一步对国内外一些学者讨论初期雨水和初期冲刷问题时存在的矛盾与困惑进行剖析,澄清初期雨水与初期冲刷的不同概念,为把握其基本规律、深入研究城市径流污染规律、有针对性地制定有效控制措施提供理论和科学依据.     

雨水径流携带污染负荷对水体影响的评价方法

分析了城市排水系统规划中对雨水径流所携带污染负荷进行评价的必要性,介绍了在德国ATV规范框架下雨水径流所携带污染负荷对水体影响的评价思路,提出了雨水径流所携带污染负荷对水体的影响以及雨水设施处理效果的量化评价方法。     

下凹式绿地调蓄净化城市径流

城市地表径流污染是指地表沉积物与大气沉降物等在降雨的淋溶和冲刷作用下,扩散性进入水体造成城市水环境质量下降的过程。地表径流是城市水体的主要面源污染之一,是造成城市内河环境问题的重要原因。有研究表明．美国湖泊中氮磷沉积物有76％来自非点源污染。对于污水（点源）采用二级处理的城市,BOD年负荷40％-90％来自暴雨所产生的径流．悬浮固体、重金属及碳氢化合物浓度在数量级上与未经处理的城市污水基本相同。下凹式绿地利用下凹空间充分蓄集雨水．显著增加了雨水下渗时间。具有渗蓄雨水、削减洪峰流量负荷、减轻污染浓度负荷．改善区域生态气候水文环境等多种等作用,是从中间过程控制城市雨水径流污染的有效措施。     

蓝色屋顶调节城市雨水径流的方法及可行性分析

针对我国目前一些城市所面临的开发强度大、场地受限、内涝频发、雨水径流污染严重等突出问题,介绍了利用平屋顶调节城市雨水径流的方法——蓝色屋顶。以某城市片区为例,借助SWMM模型对该片区在不同重现期下采用不同比例蓝色屋顶的雨水径流控制效果进行了模拟分析,并比较了在一定开发强度下屋顶调节与场地开发前的水文条件。结果表明:屋顶调节是削减场地开发后峰值流量的一种有效方法,尤其对一定重现期内的强降雨事件削峰效果更明显。因此,蓝色屋顶可作为城市内涝和雨水径流污染控制的有效手段之一,提高城市的"海绵"功能,尤其对于高强度开发区域,以及国内许多城市旧城改造中内涝问题的解决具有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市道路雨水初期径流快速处理工艺设计

针对城市道路雨水径流瞬时汇集量大、污染负荷高的特征,设计了一种快速处理工艺并初步研究了该工艺对雨水径流负荷削减的效能.快速处理工艺包括初雨储存和旋流过滤两个过程.结合当地实际情况和相应的设计规范,设计的初雨储存池能有效储存初期道路径流.试验结果表明:旋流器主要去除SS,相应去除率为36％;而滤池能较为有效地去除各污染物,相应去除率:SS为95％、COD为50％、氨氮为80％、总氮为30％、总磷为70％.该快速处理工艺能有效控制道路雨水径流污染.     

城市低影响开发与水环境保护融合建设研究——以深圳国际低碳城起步区城市设计为例

<正>我国城市河道、湖库等景观环境水体水质状况不容乐观,而且久治不愈。究其原因:我国城市环境水体不仅受到部分污水的污染,还受到全部雨水径流的污染,而且我国城市雨水径流污染物浓度比国外大几倍至十几倍,致使城市水体的污染负荷很重,往往为劣五类及以下水质。当前海绵城市建设方兴未艾,这能较大程度上控制雨水径流量,降低城市内涝风险,并能一定程度地缓解雨水径流对城市水体的污染,对城市水环境的改善大有裨益,但是我国城市水体污染既有增量污染,也有存量污染,所以必须有针对性地采取城市水体的强化净     

城市降雨径流污染及其控制的研究进展

城市降雨径流污染已成为危害城市水环境的重要污染源,本文综合国内外研究成果,对城市降雨径流污染的特征、影响因素、初期雨水设计标准以及污染程度进行了综合分析。通过对比发达国家以及国内部分城市径流污染的控制和管理模式,提出了城市降雨径流污染控制的建议。     

Pollution loads in urban runoff and sanitary wastewater

While more attention has been paid in recent years to urban point source pollution control through the establishment of wastewater treatment plants in many developing countries, no considerable planning nor any serious measures have been taken to control urban non-point source pollution (urban stormwater runoff). The present study is a screening analysis to investigate the pollution loads in urban runoff compared to point source loads as a first prerequisite for planning and management of receiving water quality. To compare pollutant loads from point and non-point urban sources, the pollutant load is expressed as the weight of pollutant per hectare area per year (kg/ha.year). Unit loads were estimated in stormwater runoff, raw sanitary wastewater and secondary treatment effluents in Isfahan, Iran. Results indicate that the annual pollution load in urban runoff is lower than the annual pollution load in sanitary wastewater in areas with low precipitation but it is higher in areas with high precipitation. Two options, namely, advanced treatment (in lieu of secondary treatment) of sanitary wastewater and urban runoff quality control systems (such as detention ponds) were investigated as controlling systems for pollution discharges into receiving waters. The results revealed that for Isfahan, as a low precipitation urban area, advanced treatment is a more suitable option, but for high precipitation urban areas, urban surface runoff quality control installations were more effective for suspended solids and oxygen-demanding matter controls, and that advanced treatment is the more effective option for nutrient control.     

中国城市径流污染控制量及其设计降雨量

介绍了中国城市径流污染状况,指出径流污染控制应纳入污染物总量控制范畴。介绍了国外径流污染控制量及控制参数的确定方法。对中国31个主要城市近30年的降雨资料（降雨量日值）进行了统计分析,得出径流污染控制量（WQV）的设计降雨量,为中国各城市实施径流污染控制提供了量化参数。同时指出,WQV的设计降雨量也可以作为设计雨水收集利用设施经济规模的一个很好的参考值。     

基于污染负荷控制的屋面初期径流弃除量探讨

初期径流污染是城市面源污染的主要组成部分,但目前对初期径流的定义、弃除量等都没有统一的说法,而且影响初期效应的因素多而复杂,并与地区特性紧密相关。通过对北京雨水利用示范区降雨及屋面径流水质监测数据的分析,初步探讨了不同初期径流弃除量对污染负荷的削减效果。在不同降雨特性下,屋面产流后弃除2 mm雨量可削减20%～45%的污染负荷,故建议北京市屋面初期径流弃除量标准按2 mm雨量考虑。     

Parameter uncertainty analysis of the non-point source pollution in the Daning River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China

The generation and formation of non-point source pollution involves great uncertainty, and this uncertainty makes monitoring and controlling pollution very difficult. Understanding the main parameters that affect non-point source pollution uncertainty is necessary to provide the basis for the planning and design of control measures. In this study, three methods were adopted to do the parameter uncertainty analysis with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Based on the results of parameter sensitivity analysis by the Morris screening method, the ten parameters that most affect runoff, sediment, organic N, nitrate, and total phosphorous (TP) were chosen for further uncertainty analysis. First-order error analysis (FOEA) and the Monte Carlo method (MC) were used to analyze the effect of parameter uncertainty on model outputs. FOEA results showed that only a few parameters had significantly affected the uncertainty of the final simulation results, and many parameters had little or no effect. The SCS curve number was the parameter with significant uncertainty impact on runoff, sediment, organic N, nitrate and TP, and it showed that the runoff process was mainly responsible for the uncertainty of non-point source pollution load. The uncertainty of sediment was the biggest among the five model output results described above. MC results indicated that neglecting the parameter uncertainty of the model would underestimate the non-point source pollution load, and that the relationship between model input and output was non-linear. The uncertainty of non-point source pollution exhibited a temporal pattern: It was greater in summer than in winter. The uncertainty of runoff was smaller compared to that of sediment, organic N, nitrate, and TP, and the source of uncertainty was mainly affected by parameters associated with runoff.     

生物滞留设施对城市雨水径流热污染的削减效应

径流热污染是水污染的重要方面,也是城市水体生态环境破坏的重要原因,生物滞留是缓解城市雨水径流热污染最有效的措施之一。通过不同填料的生物滞留实验,在人工模拟均匀降雨的条件下,探究了在不同降雨特征下不同填料生物滞留设施对城市雨水径流热污染的削减效果。结果表明,不同填料生物滞留设施热负荷削减效果从大到小依次为:炉渣、石英砂、陶粒、沸石;径流温度越高,所携带的热量越大,生物滞留设施的径流热污染负荷削减率也越高;体积削减对生物滞留设施削减雨水径流热污染的贡献大于热交换。     

A preliminary model for predicting heavy metal contaminant loading from an urban catchment

The toxicity of heavy metals to biota in urban catchments has been regarded as a very important non-point source pollution issue. Numerous studies on heavy metal pollution in urban receiving waters have found that metal transport by surface runoff is closely correlated to the partitioning of the metal forms between dissolved and particulate phases, where sediment plays an important role in the transport process. Sediment cycling on urban streets, metal binding form, and rainfall character in the catchment area are considered to be the key factors for metal transport. A preliminary model is developed based on these considerations. Starting from classical build-up and wash-off processes for the suspended sediment (SS) on the urban impervious surface, the model links the transport of suspended sediment to the transport of metal species. Monitoring data from a small highway catchment were used in the model development. A total of 47 rain events over 1 year were monitored intensively at short time intervals (5-10 min) for hydrological data, rainfall intensity, and stormwater quality. In developing the model, lead was used for the metal load prediction, as it has been a common fuel additive for urban transportation. Agreement between model results and monitoring data indicates that the model can be used in predicting metal load from impervious urban areas, such as streets and roadways, on a long-term basis.     

Spatial analysis of urban stormwater quality: Ramallah district as a case study, Palestine

Urban runoff pollution sources are formidable obstacles to achieving water source goals in numerous municipalities. Ramallah district currently holds one of the highest rates of urbanization in Palestine causing a significant increase in surface runoff. Consequently, this causes increased flooding and a significant decrease in water quality due primarily to the accumulation of pollutants. To date, most research has focused on specifying temporal variations of stormwater quality parameters that include high uncertainties and also increase the risk of pollution control structures' failure. Spatial variations of the runoff quality are the key factor in nonpoint source pollution studies. This research investigates the spatial variability of urban runoff quality parameters in relation to land use of urban catchments. The research estimated pollutant concentration for improved and efficient design of pollution control structures for each land use.     

Spatial variation and source apportionment of water pollution in Qiantang River (China) using statistical techniques

Understanding the spatial distribution and apportioning the sources of water pollution are important in the study and efficient management of water resources. In this work, we considered data for 13 water quality variables collected during the year 2004 at 46 monitoring sites along the Qiantang River (China). Fuzzy comprehensive analysis categorized the data into three major pollution zones (low, moderate, and high) based on national quality standards for surface waters, China. Most sites classified as “low pollution zones” (LP) occurred in the main river channel, whereas those classified as “moderate and high pollution zones” (MP and HP, respectively) occurred in the tributaries. Factor analysis identified two potential pollution sources that explained 67% of the total variance in LP, two potential pollution sources that explained 73% of the total variance in MP, and three potential pollution sources that explained 80% of the total variance in HP. UNMIX was used to estimate contributions from identified pollution sources to each water quality variable and each monitoring site. Most water quality variables were influenced primarily by pollution due to industrial wastewater, agricultural activities and urban runoff. In LP, non-point source pollution such as agricultural runoff and urban runoff dominated; in MP and HP, mixed source pollution dominated. The pollution in the small tributaries was more serious than that in the main channel. These results provide information for developing better pollution control strategies for the Qiantang River.     

西北半干旱地区既有城市道路海绵化改造模式探索——以西宁为例

西宁属于西北高海拔半干旱地区,具有年均降雨量少、蒸发量高的气候特征.城市道路是城市径流雨水产流的主要组成部分.西宁现状城市道路均采用传统快排方式,存在雨水利用不佳、污染城市末端水系生态环境等问题.根据城市道路等级、下垫面及现状植被生长情况,分析西宁海绵城市建设试点区道路改造项目的 特点,定制城市道路海绵化改造的技术路线...